Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T15:14:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gislaine.pdf: 2310319 bytes, checksum: b37946c49f66052a1cd53c2223c1b3df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Energy issues have been discussed intensively in the search for alternative energy sources, environmentally friendly and sustainable, since the prospect of depletion of fossil fuel reserves are eminent, thus reviving attention to alternative energy sources, among them, biofuels. Fish oil shows up as an alternative technology for the recovery of waste from processing of tilapia, as a way to add value to this material, with a focus on cleantech. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance and acidity of the oil tilapia depending on the type of fish waste, indicate a methodology that promotes neutralizing the acidity of the oil, produce and characterize physicochemically biodiesel fish through the process transesterification via base catalysis, methylic route and compare the results with the parameters set as mandatory for the commercialization of biodiesel used in the national territory, by Resolution No. 07, 19.3.2008 - 20.3.2008 DOU National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and (ANP). By the method used was not possible to obtain oil from the scales and skin of Tilapia. The viscera had oil content of 22% and the mixture of waste presented oil content of 6.12%. The oil obtained showed the viscera acid number unsuitable for the production of biodiesel transesterification process, thus necessitating undergo a neutralization process for its transformation into biodiesel. The other had acid value waste suitable for transesterification and biodiesel production. The neutralization process with continuous separation of oil-sludge system with filtering paper filter was effective in neutralizing the acidity of the fish oil, favoring the use of raw materials and high acidity oils, neutralized oil in a yield of about 80% and providing the fish oil, after the neutralization process can be transesterified via base catalysis for biodiesel production. The analysis of the calorific value of biodiesel showed similar to petroleum diesel, biodiesel values that give the fish a good combustibility compared to diesel fuel, some parameters characterize physicochemically biodiesel fish according to the specifications laid down in Resolution No. 07/ANP, indicating that fish oil is promising for producing biodiesel via transesterification reaction process / As questões energéticas têm sido discutidas de forma intensa na busca de fontes de energia alternativas, ecológicas e sustentáveis, visto que as perspectivas de esgotamento das reservas de combustíveis fósseis são eminentes, renascendo assim a atenção por fontes alternativas de energia, dentre elas, os biocombustíveis. O óleo de peixe mostra-se como alternativa tecnológica para o aproveitamento dos resíduos do processamento da tilápia, como uma maneira de agregar valor a este material, sob o enfoque da tecnologia limpa. Deste modo, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar o rendimento e a acidez do óleo de tilápia em função do tipo de resíduo de peixe, indicar uma metodologia que promova a neutralização da acidez do óleo, produzir e caracterizar físico-quimicamente o biodiesel de peixe através do PR ocesso de transesterificação via catálise básica, rota metílica e comparar os resultados com os parâmetros estabelecidos como obrigatórios para a comercialização do biodiesel utilizado em território nacional, pela resolução nº 07 de 19.3.2008 DOU 20.3.2008 da Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis (ANP). Pelo método utilizado não foi possível obter óleo das escamas e da pele da tilápia. As vísceras apresentaram teor de óleo de 22% e a mistura dos resíduos apresentou teor de óleo de 6,12%. O óleo obtido das vísceras apresentou índice de acidez inadequado para a produção de biodiesel pelo processo de transesterificação, necessitando assim sofrer um processo de neutralização para sua transformação em biodiesel. Os demais resíduos apresentaram índice de acidez adequados para a transesterificação e produção de biodiesel. O processo de neutralização contínua com separação do óleo-borra com sistema de filtragem por filtro de papel foi eficiente na neutralização da acidez do óleo de peixe, favorecendo o uso de matérias primas como óleos de alta acidez, apresentando rendimento em óleo neutralizado em torno de 80% e proporcionando ao óleo de peixe, após o processo de neutralização poder ser transesterificado via catálise básica para produção de biodiesel. A análise do poder calorífico do biodiesel apresentou valores próximos ao do diesel de petróleo, valores que conferem ao biodiesel de peixe uma boa combustibilidade em relação ao óleo diesel, alguns parâmetros avaliados caracterizam físico-quimicamente o biodiesel de peixe de acordo com as especificações estabelecidas na resolução nº 07/ANP, indicando que o óleo de peixe mostra-se promissor para produção de biodiesel através do processo de reação de transesterificação

This study investigated the influences of sea-land breezes (SLBs) and northeastern monsoon (NEM) on the transportation and dispersion of air pollutants over coastal region in southern Taiwan. The physicochemical properties of particulate matter (PM) was simultaneously sampled and analyzed at both inland and offshore sites during eight intensive sampling periods. This study further used a SURFER 2-D plotting software, a backward trajectory model, a 3-D meteorological model (MM5), and a comprehensive air quality model (CAMx) to simulate surface wind fields and spatial distribution of air pollutants over the coastal region during the intensive sampling periods of SLBs and NEM. According to the meteorological condition and the synoptic weather patterns of the observation data showed that the SLBs sampling periods commonly occurred the weather patterns were zone of low pressure, pacific high pressure, and west stretch of the pacific high pressure when the main prevailing wind direction were west wind and southwest wind. During the NEM sampling periods, the weather patterns were strong northeastern monsoon, standard northeastern monsoon, and outflow rebound with high pressure in southern Taiwan, and then the main prevailing wind direction were northwest wind and northeast wind. However, during the MIX sampling periods, the weather patterns were outflow circulation of typhoon, weak northeastern monsoon, and outflow rebound with high pressure, while the wind directions didn¡¦t change regular. Thus, at coastal sites, the sea-land breezes induce an inland transport of air pollutants during the daytime and a seaward return of air pollutants at nighttime, causing a recirculation of air pollutants back to inland regions each day during the SLBs sampling periods. During the NEM sampling period was mainly brought from the northeastern wind which transported air pollutants from the northern region to Kaohsiung metropolitan area. The results of PM concentration and size distribution indicated that the inland sites had a higher fraction of fine particles (PM2.5), whereas the offshore sites had a higher fraction of coarse particles (PM2.5-10). These phenomena were attributed to the fact that marine aerosols are generally abundant in the coarse particles. PM concentration is relatively higher during the NEM sampling periods than during the SLBs and MIX sampling periods. For PM concentration, the order of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) was NEM > MIX > SLBs, while the SIA/Ions ratio of PM2.5 were approximately 50% during sampling periods. The [NO3-]/[SO42-] ratios of PM2.5 and PM2.5-10 during the SLBs sampling periods were always lowest than those during the NEM and MIX sampling periods. It is suggested that the PM concentrations during the SLBs sampling periods were highly influenced by stationary sources emissions. The crustal elements indicated that the Al, Ca, Fe, and K contributed major composition of particles. Artificial metals, such as Mg, Pb, V, and Zn were also enriched in the atmospheric PM during the NEM sampling periods. In addition, the higher concentration of Fe was attributed to local anthropogenic emission and weak northeastern monsoon during the MIX sampling periods. Regardless of inland or offshore sites, a high concentration of secondary organic carbon (SOC) during the NEM and MIX sampling periods was consistent with OC/EC ratio higher than 2.2 indicates the potential formation of secondary aerosols. Chloride deficit of PM at inland sites were lost easily for approximately 40.28% during the NEM sampling periods. Moreover, the lowest [Cl-]/[Na+] ratio occurred during the sampling periods when the chloride deficit was relative high at inland sites. According to the results of neutralization ratio (NR), regardless of the periods (SLBs, NEM, and MIX), the particulates of inland and offshore sites were both acid. During the NEM and MIX sampling periods, sulphur oxidation ratio (SOR) of PM2.5 over coastal region in southern Taiwan were above 0.25. It is suggested that the results of SOR during those sampling periods were highly influenced by long transportation. In addition, the nitrogen oxidation ratio was lower influenced than SOR over coastal region in southern Taiwan. It is suggested that air quality of Kaohsiung metropolitan area were influenced by the industrial source emissions. During the SLBs sampling period, sea breezes blown in the morning transported the offshore PM10 back to the inland sites in the Kaohsiung metropolitan area. In contrast, the air mass observed during the NEM sampling period was brought to the Kaohsiung metropolitan area mainly by a northerly wind which transported air mass originating in the northern region (i.e. Chiayi counties). The backward trajectory modeling of the MIX sampling periods suggested that the winds were dominated by the Northeastern Monsoon, and as such, likely inhibited the influences of sea-land breezes. Local surface air mass circulation over southern Taiwan obtained from MM5 model influenced by the southwestern monsoon during the SLBs sampling period. The weather in southern Taiwan during the NEM intensive sampling period was occasionally influenced by the Northeastern Monsoon as well as by complex terrain. During the MIX sampling periods, air mass recirculation was frequently observed in the coastal region of southern Taiwan. The results of CAMx model showed that air pollutions were occurred apparent sea breezes in the afternoon and land breezes at night during the SLBs sampling period. During the NEM sampling period, a strong Northeastern Monsoon blew air pollutions from the north to the southern region. We have compared the model simulation with field measured O3 and PM10 concentrations for inland and offshore regions. The order of correlation coefficients of ¬the model simulation and the measurement for O3¬ and PM10 in sampling periods is SLBs>MIX>NEM and NEM>MIX>SLBs, respectively. Overall, the correlation coefficients of the model simulation and the measurement were middle and high correlation.

In this research, a model for ethically questionable decision-making is developed by amalgamating several decision-making theories. The variables of interest are the techniques of neutralization, perceived moral intensity, Machiavellianism, unethical intentions, and ethical judgment. Using a sample of 276 U.S. marketing professionals, partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to validate the model. Findings reveal that U.S. marketing professionals rationalize their ethically questionable intentions through their: (1) perception of moral intensity (i.e., minimizing the harms on others, perceiving their self-interest as most salient, and indifference to social consensus), (2) reliance on various neutralization techniques, and; (3) judgment of their ethically questionable intentions as ethical. After controlling for the Machiavellian personality trait, Machiavellianism did not have a profound effect on the decision-making process, which implies that marketers, in general, are capable of the cognitive distortions found in this study. The main contribution to knowledge is the synthesis of the techniques of neutralization and the perceived moral intensity construct. Through this amalgamation, knowledge of the intermediary steps in the decision-making process has emerged. A contribution to knowledge involves testing the relationship between Machiavellianism and unethical intentions through the mediating variable of the techniques of neutralization. Through this investigation, it was found that the Machiavellian personality is inconsequential to the decision-making process. As a contribution to managerial knowledge, it was found that through cognitive distortions, marketers are capable of various illicit behaviours, which have been shown to be costly to not only stakeholders, but also to the profitability and reputations of organisations.

O vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) e o vírus parainfluenza canino (CPIV) afetam uma ampla variedade de hospedeiros e encontram-se distribuídos mundialmente. O CDV é considerado um dos mais importantes agentes infecciosos dentro das populações caninas. Este vírus é o agente causal da cinomose, uma doença potencialmente letal em membros das famílias Canidae, Mustelidae e Procionidae, sendo recentemente detectado como causa de morbidade e mortalidade em carnívoros aquáticos e grandes felinos. O CPIV, por sua vez, é altamente contagioso entre cães, podendo infectar roedores e gatos em infecções experimentais. Geralmente, o CPIV produz uma traqueobronquite aguda auto-limitante, porém pode atuar sinergicamente com outros agentes infecciosos, como o CDV, causando sinais clínicos mais graves. Como em nosso meio são escassas as informações sobre estes vírus, o presente estudo visou aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a prevalência de CDV e CPIV em cães e felinos silvestres mantidos em cativeiro. Para tanto, soros destes animais foram testados em busca de anticorpos neutralizantes contra amostras padrão do CDV (Rockborn e Snyder Hill) e do CPIV (V660). Inicialmente, foram testados soros de 173 cães de rua mantidos em canis municipais em Novo Hamburgo e Porto Alegre, RS. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-CDV frente às amostras de vírus da cinomose Rockborn e Snyder Hill, foi de 9,3 % e 4,1 %, respectivamente. Somente dois cães apresentaram títulos de anticorpos considerados protetores contra CDV Rockborn (igual ou maior que 100) e nenhum soro apresentou título de anticorpos neutralizantes considerado protetor para a amostra Snyder Hill (igual ou maior que 100). Contra a amostra de parainfluenza canino V660, a prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes encontrada foi de 51,4 %. Conclui-se, portanto, que a população de cães de rua amostrada apresenta poucos indícios de contato prévio com CDV, sugerindo grande susceptibilidade à cinomose. Por outro lado, o CPIV parece circular amplamente nesta população. Na segunda parte do presente estudo, como no Brasil não existem relatos sobre CDV e CPIV em felinos silvestres, buscou-se verificar a possibilidade da ocorrência dessas infecções em felinos silvestres brasileiros. Para tanto, foram testados soros de 84 felinos silvestres de seis diferentes espécies nativas do Brasil (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), todos mantidos em cativeiro em criatórios de distintas regiões do País. Todos os felinos amostrados apresentaram-se soronegativos frente às amostras de CDV e CPIV utilizadas. Estes resultados indicam que CDV e CPIV parecem não circular nas populações de felinos silvestres amostradas. / Canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infect a great variety of hosts ranges and are distributed worldwide. CDV is one of the most important infectious agents in dogs. This virus may cause potentially lethal disease among members of the Canidae, Mustelidae and Procionidae families. It has also caused diseases of significant morbidity and mortality in aquatic carnivores and large felids. CPIV, on its turn, is highly contagious among dogs, whilst rodents and cats are susceptible to experimental infections. CPIV is usually associated with an acute selflimiting tracheobronchitis. However, it can act sinergistically with other infectious agents, such as CDV, and cause clinical signs of variable severity. As information on CDV and CPIV infections in our millieu are scarce, this study was carried out aiming to increase knowledge on the prevalence of CDV and CPIV in stray dogs as well as in captive Brazilian wild felids. In order to have an estimate on such prevalences, sera from these animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill, and to CPIV strain V660. Initially, 173 sera from stray dogs kept in kennels from the municipalities of Novo Hamburgo and Porto Alegre, RS, were examined. The prevalences of neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill were 9.3 % and 4.1 %, respectively. Only two dogs had antibody levels which could be correlated to protection (that is, titre ≥ 100) to CDV Rockborn whereas no sera presented antibody titres high enough to be considered protective to CDV strain Snyder Hill (that is, titre ≥ 100). Regarding CPIV, the prevalence of anti-V660 neutralizing antibodies was 51.4 %. It can be concluded that the stray dog populations under study shows few serological evidence of previous contact with CDV and seem largely susceptible to CDV infections. On the other hand, CPIV seems to circulate widely in the examined population. In the second part of this study, as there are no reports on CDV and CPIV infections in wild felids in Brazil, it was aimed to determine whether there would be any evidence of such infections among some of such species. For that, 84 sera from wild felids of six different Brazilian native species (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), all kept in captivity in different regions of the country, were tested for neutralizing antibodies to both CDV and CPIV. All wild felid sera tested were negative for antibodies to the two strains of CDV as well as to CPIV. These results indicate that CDV and CPIV do not seem to circulate among the wild felid populations examined.

No presente estudo, buscou-se avaliar quais seriam as cepas de herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 (BoHV-1) e 5 (BoHV-5) seriam mais adequadas para uso como vírus de confrontação em testes de soroneurtralização (SN). Oitocentas e dez amostras de soros de duas regiões geograficamente distintas foram avaliadas à SN frente a seis diferentes cepas virais, incluindo tipos e subtipos diversos (BoHV-1.1: EVI123/98 e Los Angeles; BoHV-1.2a: SV265/96; BoHV-5a: EVI88/95; BoHV-5b: A663 e BoHV-5c: ISO95/97). A maior sensibilidade foi revelada pelo somatório de soropositivos identificados com as seis cepas utilizadas no estudo. Uma combinação de quatro vírus (BoHV-1.1: LA e EVI123/98, BoHV-5a: EVI88/95 e BoHV-5b: A663) foi capaz de detectar 99,1% das amostras soropositivas. Estes quatro vírus foram selecionados para serem utilizados em um levantamento soroepidemiológico com o intuito de estimar a prevalência das infecções causadas pelos BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, soros de 2200 fêmeas bovinas adultas (>24 meses), representativos da população bovina do Rio Grande do Sul, foram submetidos à SN frente às quatro cepas virais escolhidas. om esta combinação, a soroprevalência média das infecções por BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 encontrada foi de 29,2%. Além disso, analisando outros fatores que pudessem influenciar a prevalência das infecções, foram considerados fatores de risco o tipo de exploração corte, a ausência da prática de ordenha, o contato dos bovinos com ovinos/caprinos e animais silvestres, a venda de animais de reprodução, o uso de piquetes de parto/pós-parto, o uso de assistência veterinária privada e a criação de animais de raças européias de corte. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstraram que, para que a SN seja capaz de detectar animais soropositivos ao BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 com a máxima sensibilidade, o teste deve ser realizado com várias amostras de BoHV-1 e BoHV-5, não necessariamente de tipos ou subtipos diferentes, pois amostras do mesmo tipo de vírus apresentarrm diferentes sensibilidades. Além disso, as amostras de confrontação podem variar de acordo com a região geográfica de origem dos soros. Os resultados obtidos nesse levantamento revelam que anticorpos anti-BoHV-1 e anti-BoHV-5 encontram-se amplamente distribuidos nos rebanhos gaúchos. No entanto, não foi possível determinar a prevalência tipo-específica destas infecções com os testes realizados. Assim, a proporção de animais que estão infectados com o BoHV-1 ou com o BoHV-5 (ou ambos) na região examinada permanece desconhecida. / In this study a search was carried out to determine which of a number of available strains/isolates of bovine herpesviruses types 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) would be more suitable for use as challenge virus in serum neutralization (SN) tests. Eight hundred and ten bovine serum samples collected from two geographically distinct regions were evaluated in SN tests against six BoHVs of different types and subtypes (BoHV-1.1: EVI123/98 and Los Angeles; BoHV-1.2a: SV265/96; BoHV-5a: EVI88/95; BoHV-5b: A663 and BoHV-5c: ISO95/97). The highest sensitivity was achieved when the SN-positive sera obtained with the six different viruses were added. A combination of four viruses (BoHV-1.1 LA, and EVI123/98, BoHV-5a EVI88/95 and BoHV-5b A663), was able to detect 99.1% of the seropositive samples. These four viruses were selected to carry out a seroepidemiological survey to estimate BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 prevalence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to achieve that, sera from 2,200 bovine female cows (>24 months-old), representative of the bovine population of Rio Grande do Sul state were tested on SN tests against the four selected viruses. With such combination, seroprevalence of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections was 29.2%. After examining potential factors that might affect the prevalence of such infections, the following were considered as significant risk factors: the type of exploitation (beef cattle > dairy), use of milking procedures, concomitant presence of sheep, goats or wild animals in farm; sale of animals for reproductive purposes; use of pre and postparturition paddocks; use of private veterinary assistance and farming of European beef breeds. The results obtained here indicate that for the SN test to provide the highest sensitivity in detecting BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 seroposivive animals, it must be performed against a number of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 strains, though not necessarily of different types and subtypes as viruses within a same subtype may display different sensitivities. Besides, challenge viruses may vary for geographically distinct areas. The serological survey performed with four distinct bovine herpesviruses reveal that antibodies to BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 are widely distributed among cattle flocks in Rio Grande do Sul. However, it was not possible to determine type-specific prevalence with the tests performed. Thus, the proportion of cattle actually infected with either BoHV-1 or BoHV-5 (or both) in the examined region remains undetermined.

No presente estudo, buscou-se avaliar quais seriam as cepas de herpesvírus bovinos tipos 1 (BoHV-1) e 5 (BoHV-5) seriam mais adequadas para uso como vírus de confrontação em testes de soroneurtralização (SN). Oitocentas e dez amostras de soros de duas regiões geograficamente distintas foram avaliadas à SN frente a seis diferentes cepas virais, incluindo tipos e subtipos diversos (BoHV-1.1: EVI123/98 e Los Angeles; BoHV-1.2a: SV265/96; BoHV-5a: EVI88/95; BoHV-5b: A663 e BoHV-5c: ISO95/97). A maior sensibilidade foi revelada pelo somatório de soropositivos identificados com as seis cepas utilizadas no estudo. Uma combinação de quatro vírus (BoHV-1.1: LA e EVI123/98, BoHV-5a: EVI88/95 e BoHV-5b: A663) foi capaz de detectar 99,1% das amostras soropositivas. Estes quatro vírus foram selecionados para serem utilizados em um levantamento soroepidemiológico com o intuito de estimar a prevalência das infecções causadas pelos BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Para tanto, soros de 2200 fêmeas bovinas adultas (>24 meses), representativos da população bovina do Rio Grande do Sul, foram submetidos à SN frente às quatro cepas virais escolhidas. om esta combinação, a soroprevalência média das infecções por BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 encontrada foi de 29,2%. Além disso, analisando outros fatores que pudessem influenciar a prevalência das infecções, foram considerados fatores de risco o tipo de exploração corte, a ausência da prática de ordenha, o contato dos bovinos com ovinos/caprinos e animais silvestres, a venda de animais de reprodução, o uso de piquetes de parto/pós-parto, o uso de assistência veterinária privada e a criação de animais de raças européias de corte. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho demonstraram que, para que a SN seja capaz de detectar animais soropositivos ao BoHV-1 e BoHV-5 com a máxima sensibilidade, o teste deve ser realizado com várias amostras de BoHV-1 e BoHV-5, não necessariamente de tipos ou subtipos diferentes, pois amostras do mesmo tipo de vírus apresentarrm diferentes sensibilidades. Além disso, as amostras de confrontação podem variar de acordo com a região geográfica de origem dos soros. Os resultados obtidos nesse levantamento revelam que anticorpos anti-BoHV-1 e anti-BoHV-5 encontram-se amplamente distribuidos nos rebanhos gaúchos. No entanto, não foi possível determinar a prevalência tipo-específica destas infecções com os testes realizados. Assim, a proporção de animais que estão infectados com o BoHV-1 ou com o BoHV-5 (ou ambos) na região examinada permanece desconhecida. / In this study a search was carried out to determine which of a number of available strains/isolates of bovine herpesviruses types 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) would be more suitable for use as challenge virus in serum neutralization (SN) tests. Eight hundred and ten bovine serum samples collected from two geographically distinct regions were evaluated in SN tests against six BoHVs of different types and subtypes (BoHV-1.1: EVI123/98 and Los Angeles; BoHV-1.2a: SV265/96; BoHV-5a: EVI88/95; BoHV-5b: A663 and BoHV-5c: ISO95/97). The highest sensitivity was achieved when the SN-positive sera obtained with the six different viruses were added. A combination of four viruses (BoHV-1.1 LA, and EVI123/98, BoHV-5a EVI88/95 and BoHV-5b A663), was able to detect 99.1% of the seropositive samples. These four viruses were selected to carry out a seroepidemiological survey to estimate BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 prevalence in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. In order to achieve that, sera from 2,200 bovine female cows (>24 months-old), representative of the bovine population of Rio Grande do Sul state were tested on SN tests against the four selected viruses. With such combination, seroprevalence of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 infections was 29.2%. After examining potential factors that might affect the prevalence of such infections, the following were considered as significant risk factors: the type of exploitation (beef cattle > dairy), use of milking procedures, concomitant presence of sheep, goats or wild animals in farm; sale of animals for reproductive purposes; use of pre and postparturition paddocks; use of private veterinary assistance and farming of European beef breeds. The results obtained here indicate that for the SN test to provide the highest sensitivity in detecting BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 seroposivive animals, it must be performed against a number of BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 strains, though not necessarily of different types and subtypes as viruses within a same subtype may display different sensitivities. Besides, challenge viruses may vary for geographically distinct areas. The serological survey performed with four distinct bovine herpesviruses reveal that antibodies to BoHV-1 and BoHV-5 are widely distributed among cattle flocks in Rio Grande do Sul. However, it was not possible to determine type-specific prevalence with the tests performed. Thus, the proportion of cattle actually infected with either BoHV-1 or BoHV-5 (or both) in the examined region remains undetermined.

O vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) e o vírus parainfluenza canino (CPIV) afetam uma ampla variedade de hospedeiros e encontram-se distribuídos mundialmente. O CDV é considerado um dos mais importantes agentes infecciosos dentro das populações caninas. Este vírus é o agente causal da cinomose, uma doença potencialmente letal em membros das famílias Canidae, Mustelidae e Procionidae, sendo recentemente detectado como causa de morbidade e mortalidade em carnívoros aquáticos e grandes felinos. O CPIV, por sua vez, é altamente contagioso entre cães, podendo infectar roedores e gatos em infecções experimentais. Geralmente, o CPIV produz uma traqueobronquite aguda auto-limitante, porém pode atuar sinergicamente com outros agentes infecciosos, como o CDV, causando sinais clínicos mais graves. Como em nosso meio são escassas as informações sobre estes vírus, o presente estudo visou aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a prevalência de CDV e CPIV em cães e felinos silvestres mantidos em cativeiro. Para tanto, soros destes animais foram testados em busca de anticorpos neutralizantes contra amostras padrão do CDV (Rockborn e Snyder Hill) e do CPIV (V660). Inicialmente, foram testados soros de 173 cães de rua mantidos em canis municipais em Novo Hamburgo e Porto Alegre, RS. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-CDV frente às amostras de vírus da cinomose Rockborn e Snyder Hill, foi de 9,3 % e 4,1 %, respectivamente. Somente dois cães apresentaram títulos de anticorpos considerados protetores contra CDV Rockborn (igual ou maior que 100) e nenhum soro apresentou título de anticorpos neutralizantes considerado protetor para a amostra Snyder Hill (igual ou maior que 100). Contra a amostra de parainfluenza canino V660, a prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes encontrada foi de 51,4 %. Conclui-se, portanto, que a população de cães de rua amostrada apresenta poucos indícios de contato prévio com CDV, sugerindo grande susceptibilidade à cinomose. Por outro lado, o CPIV parece circular amplamente nesta população. Na segunda parte do presente estudo, como no Brasil não existem relatos sobre CDV e CPIV em felinos silvestres, buscou-se verificar a possibilidade da ocorrência dessas infecções em felinos silvestres brasileiros. Para tanto, foram testados soros de 84 felinos silvestres de seis diferentes espécies nativas do Brasil (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), todos mantidos em cativeiro em criatórios de distintas regiões do País. Todos os felinos amostrados apresentaram-se soronegativos frente às amostras de CDV e CPIV utilizadas. Estes resultados indicam que CDV e CPIV parecem não circular nas populações de felinos silvestres amostradas. / Canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infect a great variety of hosts ranges and are distributed worldwide. CDV is one of the most important infectious agents in dogs. This virus may cause potentially lethal disease among members of the Canidae, Mustelidae and Procionidae families. It has also caused diseases of significant morbidity and mortality in aquatic carnivores and large felids. CPIV, on its turn, is highly contagious among dogs, whilst rodents and cats are susceptible to experimental infections. CPIV is usually associated with an acute selflimiting tracheobronchitis. However, it can act sinergistically with other infectious agents, such as CDV, and cause clinical signs of variable severity. As information on CDV and CPIV infections in our millieu are scarce, this study was carried out aiming to increase knowledge on the prevalence of CDV and CPIV in stray dogs as well as in captive Brazilian wild felids. In order to have an estimate on such prevalences, sera from these animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill, and to CPIV strain V660. Initially, 173 sera from stray dogs kept in kennels from the municipalities of Novo Hamburgo and Porto Alegre, RS, were examined. The prevalences of neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill were 9.3 % and 4.1 %, respectively. Only two dogs had antibody levels which could be correlated to protection (that is, titre ≥ 100) to CDV Rockborn whereas no sera presented antibody titres high enough to be considered protective to CDV strain Snyder Hill (that is, titre ≥ 100). Regarding CPIV, the prevalence of anti-V660 neutralizing antibodies was 51.4 %. It can be concluded that the stray dog populations under study shows few serological evidence of previous contact with CDV and seem largely susceptible to CDV infections. On the other hand, CPIV seems to circulate widely in the examined population. In the second part of this study, as there are no reports on CDV and CPIV infections in wild felids in Brazil, it was aimed to determine whether there would be any evidence of such infections among some of such species. For that, 84 sera from wild felids of six different Brazilian native species (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), all kept in captivity in different regions of the country, were tested for neutralizing antibodies to both CDV and CPIV. All wild felid sera tested were negative for antibodies to the two strains of CDV as well as to CPIV. These results indicate that CDV and CPIV do not seem to circulate among the wild felid populations examined.

As raias são peixes peçonhentos e estão frequentemente associadas a acidentes em seres humanos, principalmente na região Norte do Brasil, favorecidos pelo hábito desses peixes de permanecerem no fundo de águas rasas e pela contínua utilização humana dos rios. Os ferrões das raias causam lesões dolorosas, edema, necrose, e o muco que recobre toda a extensão do corpo desses peixes pode aumentar a gravidade desses ferimentos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta imunológica induzida pelo muco de Paratrygon aiereba nativo ou irradiado por raios gama de 60Co em modelos animais. Foram realizados ensaios imunoenzimáticos e Western blotting para verificar a resposta humoral e reatividade cruzada dos soros provenientes de camundongos Swiss e coelhos New Zealand previamente imunizados contra o veneno, muco nativo ou irradiado. A indução da produção de anticorpos in vitro, as subclasses de IgG e a quantificação de citocinas foram analisados. Além de realizados ensaios de soroneutralização da atividade edematogênica in vitro e in vivo e de viabilidade celular. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análise de variância. O protocolo de imunização possibilitou a obtenção de soros com títulos satisfatórios de anticorpos policlonais. O muco e veneno de P. aiereba são imunogênicos e apresentam reatividade antigênica. O muco nativo ou irradiado induziu a produção de anticorpos IgG e esses reconheceram antígenos presentes no muco de outras espécies de raias. Células esplênicas de animais imunizados contra o muco irradiado produziram IFN-γ, TNF- α e IL-10 e também foi observada a produção sérica de TNF-α (grupo imunizado contra o muco irradiado) e de IL-6 e IL-17 (grupo imunizado contra o muco nativo). O soro anti-muco irradiado reduziu a atividade edematogênica in vitro, ao contrária da in vivo que não foi neutralizada. Os resultados corroboram o uso da radiação ionizante, com produção de anticorpos altamente responsivos e melhor resposta imune, além de comprovar que o muco de Paratrygon aiereba foi capaz de estimular resposta imune adaptativa celular e humoral. / Freshwater stingrays are venomous animals, frequently associated with accidents in northern Brazil where the shallow waters and the human use of the rivers favour close proximity between the fish and potential victims. Ray stings induce painful lesions, edema, necrosis, and the mucus that covers the body of these fishes may increase the severity of the wounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the immune response induced by native or 60Co Paratrygon aiereba mucus in animal models. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays and western blots were performed to compare humoral immune response as well as cross reactivity using antibodies raised in mice or rabbits against venom or mucus, the latter either in its native or irradiated form. Antibody production in vitro, immunoglobulins subclasses and cytokines production were evaluated. Immunization resulted in good levels of antibodies. Interestingly, both the mucus and the venom share many cross reactive components. Furthermore, antibodies raised against native mucus or its irradiated counterpart were cross-reactive against the mucus of other stingray species. Splenic cells from mice immunized with irradiated mucus secreted IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-10. The serum raised against irradiated mucus reduced edematogenic activity in vitro, but not in vivo, when the venom and the serum are injected separately. Our results corroborate the potential of ionizing radiation as a detoxifying agent for immunogens, with production of high antibody titers and, that the highly abundant mucus of freshwater stingrays contains basically the same repertoire of antigens as the venom, inducing the synthesis of high levels of neutralizing antibodies.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:26:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_mc_me_jabo.pdf: 308908 bytes, checksum: 64bbc47e580df30ef60b342b4c429d6c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O Vírus da Diarréia Viral Bovina (BVDV) é um dos patógenos mais importantes na pecuária bovina em todo mundo, principalmente por desencadear manifestações clínicas relacionadas à esfera reprodutiva. A infecção em fêmeas gestantes pode resultar em abortamentos, reabsorções embrionárias, mumificações fetais, má formações e nascimento de bezerros fracos além do aparecimento de animais persistentemente infectados e imunotolerantes ao vírus, que são a principal fonte de infecção e disseminação da doença nos rebanhos. Atualmente, a complexidade do diagnóstico e consequentemente a patogenia, estão relacionados às diferenças genotípicas do agente. Por isso, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo verificar a ocorrência dos genótipos BVDV-1 (Singer) e BVDV-2 (VS-253) em vacas, e respectivos fetos, abatidas em um frigorífico no Estado de São Paulo por meio da análise do soro sanguineo por meio da técnica de virusneutralização. No contexto geral, 52,51% (115/219) das vacas testadas foram reagentes, mas nenhum feto (0/219) reagiu na virusneutralização. Pela análise cruzada conforme a estirpe viral, observou-se que 42% (92/219) das vacas foram reagentes tanto para o genótipo BVDV-1 como para o genótipo do BVDV-2. Por outro lado 4,10% (9/219) reagiram apenas para o genótipo BVDV-1 e 6,39% (14/219) reagiram apenas para o genótipo do BVDV 2. Notou-se portanto que ambas as estirpes estão disseminadas nas regiões estudadas, fato que justifica o emprego de antígenos diferentes para evitar diagnóstico falso-negativo. Por fim, não foi observado qualquer alteração nos fetos que pudessem ser caracterizada como patologia da enfermidade. / The Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the pathogens in bovine livestock worldwide most important mainly triggered by clinical manifestations related to the reproductive sphere. The infection in pregnant females may result in abortions, embryonic resorptions, fetal mummification, poor training, birth of weak calves in addition to persistently infected and virus immunotolerant animals, which are the main source of infection and spread of the disease. Currently, the complexity to diagnosis and consequently to the pathogenesis are related genotypic differences that he presents. Therefore, this research aimed to verify the occurrence of BVDV- 1 (Singer) and BVDV-2 (VS-253) genotypes in cows and their respective fetuses slaughtered in a abattoir at the state of São Paulo by analyzing the blood serum using virusneutralization technique. In the general context, 52.51% (115/219) of cows were reagents, but no fetus (0/219) reacted in virusneutralization. After a cross-examination we observed that 42% (92/219) of cows reacted for both BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 genotype. Furthermore 4,10% (9/219) reacted only to the genotype BVDV-1 and 6,39% (14/219) responded only to the genotype 2 of BVDV. It was noted therefore that both strains are widespread in the regions studied, which also justifies the use of different antigens to avoid false-negative diagnosis. Finally, there was no change in fetuses that could be characterized as a pathology of the disease.

O vírus da cinomose canina (CDV) e o vírus parainfluenza canino (CPIV) afetam uma ampla variedade de hospedeiros e encontram-se distribuídos mundialmente. O CDV é considerado um dos mais importantes agentes infecciosos dentro das populações caninas. Este vírus é o agente causal da cinomose, uma doença potencialmente letal em membros das famílias Canidae, Mustelidae e Procionidae, sendo recentemente detectado como causa de morbidade e mortalidade em carnívoros aquáticos e grandes felinos. O CPIV, por sua vez, é altamente contagioso entre cães, podendo infectar roedores e gatos em infecções experimentais. Geralmente, o CPIV produz uma traqueobronquite aguda auto-limitante, porém pode atuar sinergicamente com outros agentes infecciosos, como o CDV, causando sinais clínicos mais graves. Como em nosso meio são escassas as informações sobre estes vírus, o presente estudo visou aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a prevalência de CDV e CPIV em cães e felinos silvestres mantidos em cativeiro. Para tanto, soros destes animais foram testados em busca de anticorpos neutralizantes contra amostras padrão do CDV (Rockborn e Snyder Hill) e do CPIV (V660). Inicialmente, foram testados soros de 173 cães de rua mantidos em canis municipais em Novo Hamburgo e Porto Alegre, RS. A prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes anti-CDV frente às amostras de vírus da cinomose Rockborn e Snyder Hill, foi de 9,3 % e 4,1 %, respectivamente. Somente dois cães apresentaram títulos de anticorpos considerados protetores contra CDV Rockborn (igual ou maior que 100) e nenhum soro apresentou título de anticorpos neutralizantes considerado protetor para a amostra Snyder Hill (igual ou maior que 100). Contra a amostra de parainfluenza canino V660, a prevalência de anticorpos neutralizantes encontrada foi de 51,4 %. Conclui-se, portanto, que a população de cães de rua amostrada apresenta poucos indícios de contato prévio com CDV, sugerindo grande susceptibilidade à cinomose. Por outro lado, o CPIV parece circular amplamente nesta população. Na segunda parte do presente estudo, como no Brasil não existem relatos sobre CDV e CPIV em felinos silvestres, buscou-se verificar a possibilidade da ocorrência dessas infecções em felinos silvestres brasileiros. Para tanto, foram testados soros de 84 felinos silvestres de seis diferentes espécies nativas do Brasil (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), todos mantidos em cativeiro em criatórios de distintas regiões do País. Todos os felinos amostrados apresentaram-se soronegativos frente às amostras de CDV e CPIV utilizadas. Estes resultados indicam que CDV e CPIV parecem não circular nas populações de felinos silvestres amostradas. / Canine distemper virus (CDV) and canine parainfluenza virus (CPIV) infect a great variety of hosts ranges and are distributed worldwide. CDV is one of the most important infectious agents in dogs. This virus may cause potentially lethal disease among members of the Canidae, Mustelidae and Procionidae families. It has also caused diseases of significant morbidity and mortality in aquatic carnivores and large felids. CPIV, on its turn, is highly contagious among dogs, whilst rodents and cats are susceptible to experimental infections. CPIV is usually associated with an acute selflimiting tracheobronchitis. However, it can act sinergistically with other infectious agents, such as CDV, and cause clinical signs of variable severity. As information on CDV and CPIV infections in our millieu are scarce, this study was carried out aiming to increase knowledge on the prevalence of CDV and CPIV in stray dogs as well as in captive Brazilian wild felids. In order to have an estimate on such prevalences, sera from these animals were tested for neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill, and to CPIV strain V660. Initially, 173 sera from stray dogs kept in kennels from the municipalities of Novo Hamburgo and Porto Alegre, RS, were examined. The prevalences of neutralizing antibodies to CDV strains Rockborn and Snyder Hill were 9.3 % and 4.1 %, respectively. Only two dogs had antibody levels which could be correlated to protection (that is, titre ≥ 100) to CDV Rockborn whereas no sera presented antibody titres high enough to be considered protective to CDV strain Snyder Hill (that is, titre ≥ 100). Regarding CPIV, the prevalence of anti-V660 neutralizing antibodies was 51.4 %. It can be concluded that the stray dog populations under study shows few serological evidence of previous contact with CDV and seem largely susceptible to CDV infections. On the other hand, CPIV seems to circulate widely in the examined population. In the second part of this study, as there are no reports on CDV and CPIV infections in wild felids in Brazil, it was aimed to determine whether there would be any evidence of such infections among some of such species. For that, 84 sera from wild felids of six different Brazilian native species (Leopardus tigrinus, Puma concolor, Leopardus wiedii, Herpailurus yaguarondi, Panthera onca), all kept in captivity in different regions of the country, were tested for neutralizing antibodies to both CDV and CPIV. All wild felid sera tested were negative for antibodies to the two strains of CDV as well as to CPIV. These results indicate that CDV and CPIV do not seem to circulate among the wild felid populations examined.