京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(文学) / 甲第22680号 / 文博第843号 / 新制||文||694(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院文学研究科行動文化学専攻 / (主査)准教授 黒島 妃香, 教授 Anderson James Russell, 教授 平田 聡 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

A visão de cores em vertebrados necessita de pelo menos duas classes de cones, (fotorreceptores presentes na retina) e a existência de um substrato neural para que os fótons de luz sejam comparados, processados e posteriormente resultar na sensação da cor. Primatas do Velho Mundo, incluindo humanos, apresentam visão de cor tricromata, enquanto que primatas do Novo Mundo apresentam um polimorfismo nos genes dos pigmentos visuais e, entre os primatas, são os únicos que podem apresentar indivíduos com visão dicromata ou tricromata. O polimorfismo encontrado em primatas do Novo Mundo ocorre devido à variabilidade dos genes que expressam as opsinas responsáveis por absorver comprimentos de onda médios ou longos. Os estudos genéticos das opsinas são essenciais para compreensão do processamento e da sensação de cores nesses animais, e podem ajudar a entender a evolução da visão de cores nos Primatas. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a diversidade dos pigmentos visuais (LWS/MWS e SWS1) das espécies de primatas do Novo Mundo através de análises genéticas e descrever a sequência de aminoácidos observados para estimar o pico de sensibilidade espectral das opsinas. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, fezes e/ou pelo de seis gêneros de primatas provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte e São Paulo) e pertencentes às espécies Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth e Brachyteles arachnoides e posteriormente foram analisados os genes que expressam as opsinas nesses indivíduos. As sequências de aminoácidos encontradas nas posições importantes do gene SWS1 (52, 86, 93, 114 e 118) foram diferentes para algumas espécies. No gene SWS1 as espécies C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth e B. arachnoides apresentam a sequência de aminoácidos LLPAT e as espécies C. jacchus, A. caraya e A. clamitans apresentaram a sequência de aminoácidos LLPGT. Foi descoberto que variações de aminoácidos na posição 50 do gene SWS1 em primatas do Novo Mundo podem ser importantes na determinação do pico de absorção espectral dos pigmentos expressos por este gene. Os genes LWS e MWS de indivíduos da espécie C. jacchus foram estudados e os aminoácidos localizados nas posições 180, 277 e 285 das opsinas foram identificados. Os resultados dos alelos encontrados nesses grupos tiveram cinco combinações diferentes (SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA e AYT), os alelos AYA e SYA foram descritos pela primeira vez neste grupo e a partir do resultado genético foi inferido o pico de absorção espectral da opsina. Este trabalho preencheu algumas lacunas da bibliografia e trouxe novas informações a respeito da diversidade genética dos pigmentos visuais em primatas do Novo Mundo / Color vision in vertebrates requires the presence of at least two different classes of cones in the retina, and a neural substrate capable to compare the activation of the different photoreceptors, which ultimately leads to color perception. Old World Monkeys (OWM), including humans, have trichromatic color vision, whereas New World Monkeys (NWM) have visual pigment genes polymorphism and among primates, are the only group with dichromatic or trichromatic individuals in the same species. This polymorphism in NWM occurs due to the variability of genes that express the opsins responsible for absorbing medium or long wavelengths. The genetic studies of color vision are fundamental for the comprehension of color perception in these animals and it could help to understand the color vision evolution in Primates. The aim of this work is to characterize the visual pigment diversity (LWS/MWS and SWS1) in NWM species by genetic analysis and estimate the opsin spectral absorption peak, based on the amino acid sequence. Blood, feces and hair were collected from six primate genres from different regions of Brazil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte and São Paulo): Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth and Brachyteles arachnoides. The amino acid sequences found in important positions of the SWS1 gene (52, 86, 93, 114 and 118) were different among some species. In C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth and B. arachnoides was found the amino acid sequence LLPAT. In C. jacchus, A. caraya and A. clamitans the amino acid sequence was LLPGT. It was observed in previous studies that residue 50 of the SWS1 gene in the New World primates is important to determining the spectral absorption peak of the visual pigments expressed by this gene. The LWS and MWS genes of C. jacchus have been studied and the amino acids located at positions 180, 277 and 285 have been identified. Five different combinations were found among the individuals analyzed: SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA and AYT. Two alleles, AYA and SYA, were described for the first time in this species. The present study filled some gaps in the literature and brought new information on the genetic diversity of visual pigments in New World primates

A visão de cores em vertebrados necessita de pelo menos duas classes de cones, (fotorreceptores presentes na retina) e a existência de um substrato neural para que os fótons de luz sejam comparados, processados e posteriormente resultar na sensação da cor. Primatas do Velho Mundo, incluindo humanos, apresentam visão de cor tricromata, enquanto que primatas do Novo Mundo apresentam um polimorfismo nos genes dos pigmentos visuais e, entre os primatas, são os únicos que podem apresentar indivíduos com visão dicromata ou tricromata. O polimorfismo encontrado em primatas do Novo Mundo ocorre devido à variabilidade dos genes que expressam as opsinas responsáveis por absorver comprimentos de onda médios ou longos. Os estudos genéticos das opsinas são essenciais para compreensão do processamento e da sensação de cores nesses animais, e podem ajudar a entender a evolução da visão de cores nos Primatas. O objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar a diversidade dos pigmentos visuais (LWS/MWS e SWS1) das espécies de primatas do Novo Mundo através de análises genéticas e descrever a sequência de aminoácidos observados para estimar o pico de sensibilidade espectral das opsinas. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, fezes e/ou pelo de seis gêneros de primatas provenientes de diferentes regiões do Brasil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte e São Paulo) e pertencentes às espécies Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth e Brachyteles arachnoides e posteriormente foram analisados os genes que expressam as opsinas nesses indivíduos. As sequências de aminoácidos encontradas nas posições importantes do gene SWS1 (52, 86, 93, 114 e 118) foram diferentes para algumas espécies. No gene SWS1 as espécies C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth e B. arachnoides apresentam a sequência de aminoácidos LLPAT e as espécies C. jacchus, A. caraya e A. clamitans apresentaram a sequência de aminoácidos LLPGT. Foi descoberto que variações de aminoácidos na posição 50 do gene SWS1 em primatas do Novo Mundo podem ser importantes na determinação do pico de absorção espectral dos pigmentos expressos por este gene. Os genes LWS e MWS de indivíduos da espécie C. jacchus foram estudados e os aminoácidos localizados nas posições 180, 277 e 285 das opsinas foram identificados. Os resultados dos alelos encontrados nesses grupos tiveram cinco combinações diferentes (SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA e AYT), os alelos AYA e SYA foram descritos pela primeira vez neste grupo e a partir do resultado genético foi inferido o pico de absorção espectral da opsina. Este trabalho preencheu algumas lacunas da bibliografia e trouxe novas informações a respeito da diversidade genética dos pigmentos visuais em primatas do Novo Mundo / Color vision in vertebrates requires the presence of at least two different classes of cones in the retina, and a neural substrate capable to compare the activation of the different photoreceptors, which ultimately leads to color perception. Old World Monkeys (OWM), including humans, have trichromatic color vision, whereas New World Monkeys (NWM) have visual pigment genes polymorphism and among primates, are the only group with dichromatic or trichromatic individuals in the same species. This polymorphism in NWM occurs due to the variability of genes that express the opsins responsible for absorbing medium or long wavelengths. The genetic studies of color vision are fundamental for the comprehension of color perception in these animals and it could help to understand the color vision evolution in Primates. The aim of this work is to characterize the visual pigment diversity (LWS/MWS and SWS1) in NWM species by genetic analysis and estimate the opsin spectral absorption peak, based on the amino acid sequence. Blood, feces and hair were collected from six primate genres from different regions of Brazil (Pará, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Norte and São Paulo): Cebus apella, Callithrix jacchus, Alouatta clamitans, Alouatta caraya, Lagothrix lagothricha, Ateles belzebuth and Brachyteles arachnoides. The amino acid sequences found in important positions of the SWS1 gene (52, 86, 93, 114 and 118) were different among some species. In C. apella, L. lagotricha, A. belzebuth and B. arachnoides was found the amino acid sequence LLPAT. In C. jacchus, A. caraya and A. clamitans the amino acid sequence was LLPGT. It was observed in previous studies that residue 50 of the SWS1 gene in the New World primates is important to determining the spectral absorption peak of the visual pigments expressed by this gene. The LWS and MWS genes of C. jacchus have been studied and the amino acids located at positions 180, 277 and 285 have been identified. Five different combinations were found among the individuals analyzed: SFT, SYA, SYT, AYA and AYT. Two alleles, AYA and SYA, were described for the first time in this species. The present study filled some gaps in the literature and brought new information on the genetic diversity of visual pigments in New World primates

Understanding spatial and temporal diversity and distribution patterns of species along with the drivers of these patterns has long been a theme of community ecology. Primates, a very species-rich taxonomic group, able to occupy various habitat types, are known for their broad behavioral repertoire and flexibility. This, in turn, allows them to adapt quickly to different ecological conditions. Therefore, they represent an ideal group for examining aspects of community ecology such as species diversity and co-occurrence, distribution patterns, and the ecological determinants of such factors. This dissertation investigates the ways in which members of a multispecies primate community inhabiting a mosaic landscape comprised of flooded and non-flooded forests in northeastern Peru (western Amazonia) distributes themselves across time and space. The main objectives of this study are threefold: 1) to categorize, confirm, and differentiate previously identified habitat types across a mosaic landscape; 2) to examine the diversity and distribution patterns (spatial and temporal) of a large multispecies primate community, and 3) to combine the habitat data with the primate data in order to determine which habitats are occupied by which species and to suggest ways in which the primates share and utilize the landscape throughout an annual cycle. However, special attention is paid to one particular species, the red uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii), because of its unusually large home and day ranges and its fluid social system known to change in size and composition daily and even hourly. One of the least studied primates to date, red uakaris, are investigated in order to determine whether or not their behavior varies across habitat types, seasons, and when other primates are present as they navigate a mosaic landscape. By identifying the ways in which uakaris modify their behaviors as they traverse multiple habitats throughout the year, determining both habitat-typical behaviors and seasonal behaviors exhibited by uakaris becomes possible. Moreover, shedding light on the community structure and habitat requirements of one of the least known primates has conservation implications. Research was conducted at the Tahuayo River Amazon Research Center (TRARC), located in northeastern Peru. Systematic data collection on primates and the environment occurred between September 2012 and February 2014, except April 2013. Sampling methods for primates consisted of two parts—a combination of line transect and reconnaissance (recce) surveys in order to determine encounter rates for each species across habitat types and 10-minute interval scan sampling during uakari follows in order to determine the effect that environmental and social factors have on their behavior as they traverse multiple habitats. Environmental sampling occurred in thirty plots established throughout the various habitat types. All trees within the test plots with a diameter breast height (DBH) > 10 cm were marked and the following parameters were recorded: DBH, height, and taxonomic classification. Additionally, plots were monitored monthly to record flooding data in order to determine variation in flooding patterns across habitat types. Plots allowed for the determination of which floristic variables and flood patterns are suitable to differentiate the habitat types described at the TRARC. Results indicate flood duration, average tree height, and (Importance Value Indices [IVIs] at the family, genus, and species levels) are suitable measures for defining and differentiating the five previously identified habitat types at the TRARC. Analysis of the entire primate community showed that the occurrence of species and patterns of distribution across a mosaic landscape vary throughout the year. Distribution patterns are more dependent on forest structure (habitat type) than on rainfall seasonality. While a few primates showed preferences for particular habitats (e.g., Lagothrix) or for certain seasons (e.g. Saimiri), the majority of primates demonstrated more generalized modes of ranging and foraging, with relatively equal encounter rates in all habitats across both wet and dry seasons. Results of the uakari data revealed that habitat and season had an effect on their behavior. There were meaningful differences in the behavioral categories of vocalizing, resting, moving, feeding, infant clinging, and being in polyspecific associations (PSAs) between flooded and non-flooded habitat types. Seasonal differences were seen for vocalizing, traveling, resting, and time spent in PSAs. Although results revealed that red uakaris spent the majority of the time alone (71.86%), when they were in PSAs with one other primate species, squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) were the most common monkeys. When uakaris were in PSAs with two other species, squirrel monkeys were always present, but woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha poeppigii) were the second most frequent species. In general, uakaris demonstrated behavioral differences across habitats and seasons. However, some behavioral consistencies across seasons were evident (e.g., moving, feeding, infant clinging), suggesting ecological flexibility in the species. Results of this dissertation provide a basis for understanding ecological parameters best suited for characterizing and differentiating habitat types in upper Amazonia and describe the diversity and distribution patterns of a multispecies community of primates occurring across a mosaic landscape, reinforcing the view that New World primates are largely ecological generalists within forest environments. Understanding the spatio-temporal relationships between species and their environments can aid in predictions of species occurrence/abundance and contribute to better management strategies and conservation prioritization.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T12:02:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andriano Fernandes Ferreira.pdf: 3250606 bytes, checksum: 6443386e37e31b5a27168a5385e26d10 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T12:02:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andriano Fernandes Ferreira.pdf: 3250606 bytes, checksum: 6443386e37e31b5a27168a5385e26d10 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-15 / The purpose of this study was to establish the hematological, biochemical and proteinogram profiles of tufted capuchin monkeys housed at the zoo from the João Pessoa’s city and the Center for Wild Animals Screening of the IBAMA. The 50 animals lived in captivity and conditions of management, food and environmental characteristics and climate similar and were grouped according to gender and age. Were determined the hemogram, biochemical studies (glucose, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, AST, ALT, AP, GGT, LDH, CPK, cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, chloride, amylase, lipase, total direct and indirect bilirubin) and proteinogram (total protein, albumin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, globulin and its fractions alpha1, alpha2, beta and gamma). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and F test for comparison of means at 5% level of probability. The average values of erythrocyte, hemoglobin and hematocrit, were statistically higher in males, while lymphocytes were higher in females regardless of age. For the age group, it was observed that the erythrocyte, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocytes, bands neutrophils, eosinophils and lymphocytes showed higher values in young animals, regardless of sex. Urea, creatinine, GGT and CPK were higher in males than females, regardless of age. The urea and creatinine concentrations were higher in adults than young, while calcium, phosphorus, AP and CPK concentrations were higher in young monkeys, regardless of sex. Serum albumin’sconcentration was higher in females regardless of age. The sex affects the levels of betaglobulin, with greater concentration in the female group and the general group formed exclusively by adults. The age factor influence the concentration of total protein and albumin, where the adults had higher serum levels of total protein and lower levels of albumin, both in general group as those formed exclusively by male or female. In conclusion, the values for the variables of hemogram, biochemistry and proteinogram can be used as parameters of normality for evaluation of capuchin monkey created under the same conditions and using similar methodology, and that factors such as gender and age may influence some variables must therefore be considered when carrying a laboratory examination in this animals. / Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar o perfil hematológico, bioquímico e o proteinograma de macacos-prego procedentes do jardim zoológico da Cidade de João Pessoa e Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres do IBAMA. Os 50 animais eram mantidos em cativeiro e em condições de manejo, alimentação e características ambientais e climáticas semelhantes e foram agrupados segundo o sexo e a faixa etária. Realizaram-se o hemograma, dosagens bioquímicas (glicose, uréia, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo, AST, ALT, GGT, LDH, FA, CK, colesterol, triglicerídeos, sódio, potássio, cloro, amilase, lipase, bilirrubinas total, direta e indireta) e proteinograma (proteínas totais, albumina, fibrinogênio, proteína c reativa, fibrinogênio, globulinas e suas frações alfa1, alfa2, beta e gama). Os resultados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste F, para comparação de médias, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Os valores médios de hemácias, hemoglobina e hematócrito apresentaramse estatisticamente maiores nos machos, enquanto linfócitos foram superiores em fêmeas. Em relação à faixa etária, hemácias, hematócrito, hemoglobina, leucócitos, neutrófilos bastonetes, eosinófilos e linfócitos apresentaram valores médios superiores em jovens, independentemente do sexo. Os níveis séricos de uréia, creatinina, GGT e CK foram maiores no grupo formado por machos do que nas fêmeas. Os níveis de uréia e creatinina forammaiores em indivíduos adultos do que jovens; enquanto cálcio, fósforo, FA e CK foram maiores em jovens, independentemente do sexo. No proteinograma, o sexo influiu sobre os níveis de beta-globulina, com maior concentração em fêmea no grupo geral e no grupo formado por adultos. O fator etário exerceu influência sobre a concentração de proteínas totais e albumina, onde os adultos apresentaram maiores níveis de proteínas totais e menores de albumina. Conclui-se que os valores obtidos para o hemograma, bioquímica sangüínea e proteinograma podem ser usados como parâmetros de normalidade para avaliação de macacos-prego criados sob as mesmas condições e utilizando metodologia semelhante e que, fatores como sexo e faixa etária podem influenciar algumas variáveis, portanto, devem ser levados em consideração quando da realização de um exame laboratorial nesses animais.

Titi monkeys have long been known for their complex vocal behaviour with numerous high- and low-pitched calls, which can be uttered singly or combined in more complex structures. However, up to date very little is known concerning the function, meaning and context-specific use of these vocal utterances, and virtually nothing is known about their vocalisations in the predation context. This thesis presents a detailed description of the form and function of the anti-predator behaviour of one species of titi monkeys, the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), with a specific focus on their alarm call behaviour. A second aim was to determine the exact mechanisms of alarm calling behaviour, with an emphasis on production and comprehension. Data were collected from several habituated groups in the Caraça Reserve, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results showed that, when detecting predator species, C nigrifrons produce sequences that initially contain two types of brief, high-pitched calls with distinct frequency contours. Further evidence suggested that some of these sequences are meaningful to conspecific receivers, by indicating the general predator class and location of threat. There were also indications that, within the terrestrial threats, additional information may be encoded by acoustic and compositional differences. Analyses of call order and number of calls per sequence suggested that callers may be able to convey information on both predator type and location. The black-fronted titi monkeys’ vocal system thus provides a further example of zoo-syntax, in which acoustically fixed units of a vocal repertoire are combined into higher order sequences that are meaningful to recipients. According to current definitions, this type of calling behaviour qualifies as functionally referential, by indicating general predator class, terrestrial predator type and location. As such, this is the first empirical demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system that conveys information on both predator category and location.

No description available.