0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

The study investigated the critical success factors of funding infrastructure development in South Africa and how they can be used by the BRICS' New Development Bank (NDB) to develop strategies for funding infrastructure development in the country. The quantitative research methodology was used in the investigation. The study used IDC and DBSA employees as the population and simple random sampling was used to select 20 employees from the two Development Finance Institutions (DFIs). Data was collected through questionnaires sent to 20 employees and descriptive analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and ranking analysis were then utilised to analyse the collected data. The results indicate that (DFIs) are the preferred source of funds for infrastructure development in South Africa and the appropriate strategy is the Private-Public Partnerships (PPPs). Critical success factors to successful infrastructure development funding were found to include project attributes, financing attributes, government attributes, the borrower or implementing agency attributes, and political and economic attributes. Factors that were found to have the highest impact on infrastructure development funding include economic viability of the project, the risk profile of borrower or implementing agency, availability of funding, strong financial instruments, financial risk, political and economic stability, political support and the social and economic benefits of the project. The first recommendation for the study is that it is suitable for the NDB to fund infrastructure development in the country and secondly that the NDB should employ PPPs to fund infrastructure development in the country. Furthermore, the DFI should only fund economically viable projects, projects that are accepted by the community and projects for borrowers or implementing agencies with a low-risk profile. Finally, the NDB ought to lobby the government for support and creation of conducive political and legal environments to guarantee successful funding of the infrastructure projects.

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

0 / SPK / specialcollections@tulane.edu

Implementation of the Flood and Water Management Act (2010) will place increased responsibility on local planning authorities (LPAs) in England for planning approval and future maintenance of sustainable drainage (SUDS) installations. LPAs have limited experience in assessing SUDS, and there is a need for additional guidance to support decision making. A method was developed to analyse environmental and institutional characteristics of existing published datasets using a Geographical Information System (GIS), and to create maps indicating feasible locations for SUDS devices at the strategic scale of a full LPA area. The method was applied to an example study site: Coventry, UK, covering 98.7 km2, of which 33% was impermeable, estimated from Ordnance Survey land cover. The method was reliant on the accuracy of the underlying datasets, although data uncertainties were identified, e.g. the incorrect classification of some land cover and lack of definition in private gardens. Construction of a framework allowed a structured approach to collection and presentation of information, and is a point of reference for other strategic scale investigations of SUDS feasibility. Feasibility maps were generated for SUDS in new developments, on both greenfield and previously developed land, and for retrofit of existing developments, across five main categories of SUDS: source control, infiltration, filtration, conveyance, and detention & retention. In new developments, source control, filtration and detention & retention SUDS were possible in 99% of Coventry, filtration SUDS in 95% and infiltration solutions 17%. The higher number of restrictions imposed on retrofit resulted in a smaller area where SUDS were feasible: source control 68%, infiltration 11%, filtration 64%, conveyance 57% and detention 79%. Soil impermeability and depth to water table were the principal spatial limitations on infiltration and detention SUDS in new developments. Water bodies imposed the small number of restrictions on source control, filtration and conveyance in new developments. Existing land cover was the main driver of feasible locations for retrofit. Smaller parcels of land were available for retrofit (median 35 m2) than for new development (median 100 m2). Private gardens occupied 23% of the city, forming a large part of suburban land cover. Large scale retrofit in these areas would necessitate convincing a significant number of individual landowners of the benefits of SUDS. Use of feasibility maps created using the method developed in this research might encourage more specific and earlier consideration of SUDS in the planning process. Retrofit feasibility maps, in conjunction with datasets identifying problem locations, would assist strategic reviews of SUDS options.

A presente dissertação tem como objeto central de estudo o conceito de Desenvolvimento mediante a compreensão das estruturas historicamente estabelecidas pelo fruto do Produto Social. Para entender tal conceito, faz-se necessário percorrer o caminho das discussões com a tarefa de desvelar como as aspirações individuais interferem no coletivo e como o resultado coletivo interfere na particularidade dos indivíduos. O texto traz uma discussão sobre os caminhos do Desenvolvimento (crescimento e bem-estar), da importância do Ambiente Institucional na trajetória do desenvolvimento e apresenta um estudo de caso aplicado à gestão de bancos de fomento, em especial, o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS. Apesar das expectativas positivas e do cenário promissor de crescimento dos BRICS, a incerteza sempre rodeou o ambiente institucional de tais países pelo modo de relacionamento político-social causado pela ambiguidade de governantes e empresários e da inércia social perante os fatos. Neste contexto, o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento foi criado para estreitar as relações intragrupo e ampliar os esforços para superar os obstáculos do desenvolvimento via ambiente institucional. / This dissertation has as main object of study the concept of development by understanding of historically existent structures as a result of Social Product. To understand the concept, it is necessary to pursue the course of discussions with the task of revealing how individual aspirations interfere with collective and how the collective result interferes with individual particularities. The text provides a discussion on the course of development (growth and well-being), the importance of institutional environment in the course of development and a case study of development banks, in particular, the New Development Bank of BRICS. Despite positive expectations and the favorable scenario for the growth of the BRICS countries, the uncertainty has always surrounded the BRICS countries by the mode of social-political relationship caused by the ambiguity of politicians, businessmen and the social inertia facing the facts. In this context, the New Development Bank was created to strengthen intragroup relations and expand efforts to overcome obstacles to development across institutional environment.

A discussão dos elementos políticos, econômicos e financeiros relacionados ao debate sobre bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento (BMDs) se tornou ainda mais interessante com o surgimento de novas instituições multilaterais, como o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS (NBD). Apesar de ainda não ter realizado empréstimos, o NBD desperta expectativas com relação a mudanças tanto em termos de método operacional como também de resultados. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do significado da criação e da possibilidade de crescimento de um novo BMD governado por esses países emergentes. Quais são os desafios que o NBD irá enfrentar? Qual a sua capacidade de superar essas dificuldades? Quão distinta do Banco Mundial esta nova instituição será? Essas são as questões que norteiam esta dissertação, cujo objetivo geral é identificar e analisar os principais dilemas e obstáculos políticos e institucionais que os BMDs em geral, e em particular o NBD, encontram em suas trajetórias e a capacidade de superação dessas instituições. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um método que combina elementos teóricos e históricos, e avalia informações extraídas de documentos oficiais e discursos dos líderes dos BMDs estudados. A pesquisa é estruturada em cinco capítulos, além da introdução e das conclusões. A dissertação inicia com uma discussão teórica a respeito dos propósitos e processo decisório dos BMDs. O segundo capítulo é dedicado às questões financeiras referentes à captação de recursos, gestão de riscos e concessão de crédito dos BMDs. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo é descrever a evolução do capital, da governança e do crescimento do Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), mais conhecido como Banco Mundial, durante o período que se estende desde sua fundação até o presente. O quarto capítulo discute a forma como o BIRD administrou os riscos apresentando as principais características das suas políticas financeiras e de crédito ao longo da sua existência. O objetivo do quinto capítulo é analisar a criação do NBD, as características da sua estrutura de capital e de governança, as prováveis políticas financeiras e de crédito e as possibilidades de crescimento desta nova instituição, estabelecendo sempre um paralelo com a discussão anterior sobre os BMDs e com a história do BIRD. Na conclusão, são apresentados resultados que indicam potencial do NBD para crescer e contribuir com o financiamento do desenvolvimento a partir de um modelo diferente do que tem sido praticado historicamente pelo BIRD. / The discussion regarding the political, economic, and financial aspects related to multilateral development banks (MDBs) has become more interesting with the appearing of new multilateral institutions, such as the New Development Bank (NDB). Despite still not having a history with lending, the NDB is expected to bring some changes in terms of operational method and results. Yet, the real meaning about the creation and possibility of growth of this new MDB, governed by emerging countries, is unknown. What are the challenges the NDB is going to face? What is its capacity to overcome the difficulties ahead? How different from the World Bank this new institution will be? These are the questions that guide this dissertation, whose general goal is to identify and analyse the main dilemmas and political and institutional obstacles that MDBs in general, and the NDB in particular, find in their trajectories and the capacity of these institutions to overcome the challenges. This research is developed through a method that combines theoretical and historical elements, and evaluates information gathered from official documents and speeches of leaders of the MDBs studied. The research is structured in five chapters, besides the introduction and the conclusions. The dissertation begins with a theoretical discussion about the purposes and decision process of MDBs. The second chapter is dedicated to financial questions regarding borrowing of resources, risk management, and lending. In the third chapter, the objective is to describe the evolution of the capital, governance, and loans growth of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), more commonly known as the World Bank, during the period which extends since its origins until the present. The fourth chapter discusses the way the IBRD managed its risks, presenting the main characteristics of its financial and credit policies. The objective of the fifth chapter is to analyse the creation of the NDB, the characteristics of its capital and governance structure, its most probable financial and credit policies, and the chances of growth of this institution, always establishing a parallel with the previous discussion regarding the MDBs and the IBRD. In the conclusion, the results are presented indicating the NDB potential to grow and contribute to development finance with a model that has some differences in relation to the historical practices of the IBRD.

A discussão dos elementos políticos, econômicos e financeiros relacionados ao debate sobre bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento (BMDs) se tornou ainda mais interessante com o surgimento de novas instituições multilaterais, como o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS (NBD). Apesar de ainda não ter realizado empréstimos, o NBD desperta expectativas com relação a mudanças tanto em termos de método operacional como também de resultados. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do significado da criação e da possibilidade de crescimento de um novo BMD governado por esses países emergentes. Quais são os desafios que o NBD irá enfrentar? Qual a sua capacidade de superar essas dificuldades? Quão distinta do Banco Mundial esta nova instituição será? Essas são as questões que norteiam esta dissertação, cujo objetivo geral é identificar e analisar os principais dilemas e obstáculos políticos e institucionais que os BMDs em geral, e em particular o NBD, encontram em suas trajetórias e a capacidade de superação dessas instituições. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um método que combina elementos teóricos e históricos, e avalia informações extraídas de documentos oficiais e discursos dos líderes dos BMDs estudados. A pesquisa é estruturada em cinco capítulos, além da introdução e das conclusões. A dissertação inicia com uma discussão teórica a respeito dos propósitos e processo decisório dos BMDs. O segundo capítulo é dedicado às questões financeiras referentes à captação de recursos, gestão de riscos e concessão de crédito dos BMDs. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo é descrever a evolução do capital, da governança e do crescimento do Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), mais conhecido como Banco Mundial, durante o período que se estende desde sua fundação até o presente. O quarto capítulo discute a forma como o BIRD administrou os riscos apresentando as principais características das suas políticas financeiras e de crédito ao longo da sua existência. O objetivo do quinto capítulo é analisar a criação do NBD, as características da sua estrutura de capital e de governança, as prováveis políticas financeiras e de crédito e as possibilidades de crescimento desta nova instituição, estabelecendo sempre um paralelo com a discussão anterior sobre os BMDs e com a história do BIRD. Na conclusão, são apresentados resultados que indicam potencial do NBD para crescer e contribuir com o financiamento do desenvolvimento a partir de um modelo diferente do que tem sido praticado historicamente pelo BIRD. / The discussion regarding the political, economic, and financial aspects related to multilateral development banks (MDBs) has become more interesting with the appearing of new multilateral institutions, such as the New Development Bank (NDB). Despite still not having a history with lending, the NDB is expected to bring some changes in terms of operational method and results. Yet, the real meaning about the creation and possibility of growth of this new MDB, governed by emerging countries, is unknown. What are the challenges the NDB is going to face? What is its capacity to overcome the difficulties ahead? How different from the World Bank this new institution will be? These are the questions that guide this dissertation, whose general goal is to identify and analyse the main dilemmas and political and institutional obstacles that MDBs in general, and the NDB in particular, find in their trajectories and the capacity of these institutions to overcome the challenges. This research is developed through a method that combines theoretical and historical elements, and evaluates information gathered from official documents and speeches of leaders of the MDBs studied. The research is structured in five chapters, besides the introduction and the conclusions. The dissertation begins with a theoretical discussion about the purposes and decision process of MDBs. The second chapter is dedicated to financial questions regarding borrowing of resources, risk management, and lending. In the third chapter, the objective is to describe the evolution of the capital, governance, and loans growth of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), more commonly known as the World Bank, during the period which extends since its origins until the present. The fourth chapter discusses the way the IBRD managed its risks, presenting the main characteristics of its financial and credit policies. The objective of the fifth chapter is to analyse the creation of the NDB, the characteristics of its capital and governance structure, its most probable financial and credit policies, and the chances of growth of this institution, always establishing a parallel with the previous discussion regarding the MDBs and the IBRD. In the conclusion, the results are presented indicating the NDB potential to grow and contribute to development finance with a model that has some differences in relation to the historical practices of the IBRD.

A discussão dos elementos políticos, econômicos e financeiros relacionados ao debate sobre bancos multilaterais de desenvolvimento (BMDs) se tornou ainda mais interessante com o surgimento de novas instituições multilaterais, como o Novo Banco de Desenvolvimento do BRICS (NBD). Apesar de ainda não ter realizado empréstimos, o NBD desperta expectativas com relação a mudanças tanto em termos de método operacional como também de resultados. No entanto, pouco se sabe a respeito do significado da criação e da possibilidade de crescimento de um novo BMD governado por esses países emergentes. Quais são os desafios que o NBD irá enfrentar? Qual a sua capacidade de superar essas dificuldades? Quão distinta do Banco Mundial esta nova instituição será? Essas são as questões que norteiam esta dissertação, cujo objetivo geral é identificar e analisar os principais dilemas e obstáculos políticos e institucionais que os BMDs em geral, e em particular o NBD, encontram em suas trajetórias e a capacidade de superação dessas instituições. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida através de um método que combina elementos teóricos e históricos, e avalia informações extraídas de documentos oficiais e discursos dos líderes dos BMDs estudados. A pesquisa é estruturada em cinco capítulos, além da introdução e das conclusões. A dissertação inicia com uma discussão teórica a respeito dos propósitos e processo decisório dos BMDs. O segundo capítulo é dedicado às questões financeiras referentes à captação de recursos, gestão de riscos e concessão de crédito dos BMDs. No terceiro capítulo, o objetivo é descrever a evolução do capital, da governança e do crescimento do Banco Internacional para Reconstrução e Desenvolvimento (BIRD), mais conhecido como Banco Mundial, durante o período que se estende desde sua fundação até o presente. O quarto capítulo discute a forma como o BIRD administrou os riscos apresentando as principais características das suas políticas financeiras e de crédito ao longo da sua existência. O objetivo do quinto capítulo é analisar a criação do NBD, as características da sua estrutura de capital e de governança, as prováveis políticas financeiras e de crédito e as possibilidades de crescimento desta nova instituição, estabelecendo sempre um paralelo com a discussão anterior sobre os BMDs e com a história do BIRD. Na conclusão, são apresentados resultados que indicam potencial do NBD para crescer e contribuir com o financiamento do desenvolvimento a partir de um modelo diferente do que tem sido praticado historicamente pelo BIRD. / The discussion regarding the political, economic, and financial aspects related to multilateral development banks (MDBs) has become more interesting with the appearing of new multilateral institutions, such as the New Development Bank (NDB). Despite still not having a history with lending, the NDB is expected to bring some changes in terms of operational method and results. Yet, the real meaning about the creation and possibility of growth of this new MDB, governed by emerging countries, is unknown. What are the challenges the NDB is going to face? What is its capacity to overcome the difficulties ahead? How different from the World Bank this new institution will be? These are the questions that guide this dissertation, whose general goal is to identify and analyse the main dilemmas and political and institutional obstacles that MDBs in general, and the NDB in particular, find in their trajectories and the capacity of these institutions to overcome the challenges. This research is developed through a method that combines theoretical and historical elements, and evaluates information gathered from official documents and speeches of leaders of the MDBs studied. The research is structured in five chapters, besides the introduction and the conclusions. The dissertation begins with a theoretical discussion about the purposes and decision process of MDBs. The second chapter is dedicated to financial questions regarding borrowing of resources, risk management, and lending. In the third chapter, the objective is to describe the evolution of the capital, governance, and loans growth of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), more commonly known as the World Bank, during the period which extends since its origins until the present. The fourth chapter discusses the way the IBRD managed its risks, presenting the main characteristics of its financial and credit policies. The objective of the fifth chapter is to analyse the creation of the NDB, the characteristics of its capital and governance structure, its most probable financial and credit policies, and the chances of growth of this institution, always establishing a parallel with the previous discussion regarding the MDBs and the IBRD. In the conclusion, the results are presented indicating the NDB potential to grow and contribute to development finance with a model that has some differences in relation to the historical practices of the IBRD.

This topic is immersed within the study program of the current Plan of Studies «D»for the License in Geography and Territorial Management, Unit 11, New Production and Spatial lmpact's Models. The objective of this program is:to make a detailed analysis of the new industrial facts, especially in relation to the organization foundations and strategic management of industry. lt strengths changes in the re-adaptation processes followed by industry in the developed countries as well as in the Third World. On this basis, it tries to valuate the spatial impacts of thestrategies and new industrial models. (UAEM s/f: 56)Then, the objective of this paper is to show how current world industrial restructuring is leading to deep changes in the territorial organization' patterns. It stresses the modernization of industrial equipment, giving insights about their territorial implications that are leading to industrial restructuring, such as is the case of the maquilas in Mexico. / El tema que se presenta  se ubica  dentro del programa  de Geografía  Industrial,  delactual plan de estudios D de la licenciatura en Geografía y Ordenación del Territorio, unidad 11 («Nuevos modelos de producción e impacto espacial»), cuyo objetivo es:Analizar detalladamente la nueva realidad industrial, en especial todo lo referente a los fundamentos organizativos y a las directrices estratégicas de comportamientos de la industria. Se hace hincapié en los cambios y en los procesos de readaptación seguidos en la industria de los países desarrollados así como en los países del tercer mundo. Sobre esta base, se trata de valorar con profundidad el impacto espacial de las estrate­ gias y nuevos modelos de industrialización. (UAEM s/f: 56)El objetivo del presente ensayo es mostrar cómo la actual reestructuración indus­ trial, que se da en el ámbito mundial, desencadena profundas modificaciones en los patrones de organización territorial. Se incide en la modernización de los aparatos industriales y se reflexiona acerca de las implicaciones  territoriales que impulsa la reestructuración industrial, en especial, en el caso de las maquilas de México.