This thesis investigates the origins of the political and religious movement which developed within the New Model army between March 1647 and May 1649, by examining the preceding period (1644-1647) when the army was formed and began its activity. It tries to elucidate how an army, raised with strictly military aims and subjected to a particularly rigorous discipline, could develop representative structures (General Council, agitators) and constitutional programmes. As there is relatively little direct evidence concerning the army's religion and politics before 1647, I have analysed the influences to which the soldiers would have been subjected. Two main factors have been isolated, which contributed to the process of politicisation in the New Model. One concerns the army more directly and specifically: the propaganda addressed to soldiers by Parliament (newsbooks, declarations) army commanders and especially preachers. By instilling a sense of personal commitment to a cause and justifying resistance of subjects to their King, this propaganda encouraged the soldiers to think and decide for themselves. This, in turn, tended to conflict with the unquestioning obedience required by the military code. The other factor is more long-term and tends to involve English society at large. It is a complex of processes taking place in church and state on the eve and during the civil war. In both spheres a greater participation of common people in public affairs began to develop. The spreading of "gathered churches" and the campaign of popular petitions and demonstrations in 1640-1642 are the most significant examples. Finally, some attention has been paid to the early manifestations of a political or religious radical consciousness, in the New Model and other parliamentary armies. The experience of the latter may also have had an influence on Fairfax' s army.

No description available.

Les organisations, tentées par la perspective de transformer un poste de dépense considérable en véritable ressource organisationnelle, envisagent généralement leur espace comme un potentiel outil de management, mais de l'espace conçu à l'espace vécu, on observe souvent un décalage remarquable. Cette thèse pose la question de ce que peut révéler un espace organisationnel du management pratiqué en son sein : au-delà des déclarations d'intention, que peut-on comprendre de l'espace? De la façon dont il est administré? Notre terrain d'observation est le siège social d'une grande banque internationale, de son projet architectural initial (rédigé en 1989) jusqu'à nos jours, soit six ans de construction (livraison des tours en 1995), et dix-neuf années de pratique spatiale. Ce cas emblématique a retenu notre attention car le projet consistait à faciliter la mise en place d'un "New Model Worker" par un aménagement spatial particulier, propice à la communication informelle. L'analyse de nos données nous a finalement permis de mettre au point une grille de lecture - regroupant la territorialisation, la valorisation et la localisation - pour mieux appréhender l'espace des organisations. / Willing to turn a tremendous item of expenditure into a real organizational resource, organizations usually perceive their spaces as potential management tools, but from conceived spaces to lived ones, a noticeable gap is often to be found. This thesis aims at understanding what an organizational space can reveal about the ongoing management practices: what can we understand from the way space is organized, beyond official discourses? Our research is focused on a case: an international bank's headquarter, from its original architectural project document (written in 1989) to 2014, that is to say: six years of construction (as the towers were delivered in 1995) and nineteen years of spatial practice. This is particularly interesting for those towers were supposed to help implement a "New Model Worker" through a particular spatial setting, favorable to informal communication. From our collected data, we've been able to build up a fresh perspective - an analysis grid gathering space, place, and artefacts - to better understand organizational spaces.

A new “best match” match model has been developed to account for adduct formation on multiply charged peptides observed in negative ion electrospray mass spectrometry. To obtain a stable adduct, the model necessitates an approximate matching of apparent gas-phase basicity (GBapp) of a given proton bearing site on the peptide with the gas-phase basicity (GB) of the anion attaching at that site. Evidence supporting the model is derived from the fact that singly charged adducts were only observed for lower GB anions: HSO4-, I-, CF3COO-. Ions that have medium GBs (NO3-, Br-, H2PO4-) only form adducts having -2 charge states, whereas Cl- (higher GB) can form adducts having -3 charge states. Hydrogen bonds are the main interactions pertinent to the “Best Match” model, however, ion-ion interactions formed between peptides ([Glu]Fibrinopeptide B, Angiotensin I or [Asn1,Val5]-Angiotensin II) and low GB anions (ClO4- or HSO4-) have been established by CID-MS/MS. Evidence for ion-ion interactions comes especially from product ions formed during the first dissociation step, where, in addition to the expected loss of the anion or neutral acid, other product ions that require covalent bond cleavage (i.e., H2O or NH3 loss) are also observed. In this study, the “Best Match” model is further supported by the decomposition behavior of adducts formed when Na+/H+ exchange has occurred on peptides. Na+/H+ exchanges were found to occur preferentially at higher acidity sites. Without any Na+/H+ exchange, F- and CH3COO- can hardly form observable adducts with [Glu]Fibrinopeptide B. However, after multiple Na+/H+ exchanges, F- and CH3COO- do form stable adducts. This phenomenon can be rationalized by considering that Na+ cations serve to “block” the highly acidic sites, thereby forcing them to remain overall neutral. This leaves the less acidic protons available to match with higher GB anions. According to the "best match" model, high GB anions will match with high GBapp sites on the peptide, whereas low GB anions will match with low GBapp peptide sites. High charge states readily augment GBapp of the peptide (through-space effect). Na+/H+ exchanges substantially decrease GBapp by neutralizing charged sites, while slightly increasing intrinsic GBs by the inductive effect.

This thesis represents marketing plan and strategy formulation for launch of new model Dacia Sandero on czech market. Logical structure of this thesis is split into three parts. First part is focused on definition of used terms and metodology used in analytic part of the thesis. Following part is describing Dacia brand and Renault Czech republic to get all relevant information, which influences the brand it self. Last part starts with market analysis in european market context followed by portfolio analysis. Next part is focused on market and segment forecast and marketing mix specification. Last chapter is comparing the strategy from the thesis with real used strategy.

[pt] que torna complexo o processo de formação do preço da energia, já que o mesmo depende do comportamento das afluências futuras, que é altamente incerto. Em função dessa incerteza, o preço pode apresentar comportamento volátil, se tornando um fator de alto risco para os agentes do setor elétrico. No entanto, é comum que comercializadoras utilizem o mercado a vista para alavancar seus ganhos, visto que podem negociar energia elétrica entre diferentes submercados lucrando com as diferenças de preços existentes entre eles. A gestão do risco inerente a essas operações geralmente é realizada pelas próprias empresas que utilizam modelos financeiros para otimização de portfólio de contratos levando em conta métricas de risco. Uma prática comum é o Swap de energia elétrica no mercado a vista que consiste na compra e venda de energia para liquidação em determinada data. Na prática a comercializadora fica vendida na ponta ativa e comprada na ponta passiva, em submercados diferentes. Quando da liquidação financeira a comercializadora irá receber ou pagar um valor em dinheiro dependendo dos preços de cada submercado. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo oferece um modelo de decisão ótima em Swaps de energia elétrica utilizando como balizador de desempenho a medida Ômega com restrição de valor em risco (VaR – Value at Risk) de forma a auxiliar comercializadores a maximizarem seus lucros minimizando riscos por meio de operações casadas. Os resultados mostraram que a medida Omega é uma excelente métrica de decisão ótima de Swaps de energia elétrica visto que consegue incorporar toda a curva estatística da distribuição dos resultados simulados para as operações. A medida Omega também leva em conta um nível de retorno ou valor meta chamado de limite (L) definido pelo gestor, o qual é a fronteira entre o que se considera como ganho e como perda. A decisão ótima de Swap com base na maximização da medida Omega para contratos de energia elétrica em um horizonte de 12 meses resultou no conjunto das seguintes operações: CSE-VNE+CSE-VN (Compra Sudeste e Vende Nordeste + Compra Sudeste e Vende Norte). / [en] The Brazilian electric sector underwent a major restructuring that began at the end of the 1990s, which aimed to increase the efficiency of the agents and the market as a whole. This process created the Regulated Contracting Environment (ACR) where the generators sell their energy through government-organized auctions, and the Free Contracting Environment (ACL) which enables deals between producers and consumers whose demand exceeds 3MW, directly or via brokers. Purchases in the ACL may be at fixed or previously-set prices, or even at floating prices based on the Spot Price (PLD). The PLD may be volatile, becoming a high risk factor for the electric sector agents. Energy supply is divided into four sub-markets: North, South, Northeast and Southeast/Midwest, and each presents a distinct PLD due to restrictions on the transmission lines and other factors. However, it is common for agents to trade in electric power swaps, which means trading energy among different sub-markets and profiting from price differences. The management of risk inherent in such operations is usually performed by the companies themselves, which use financial models to optimize contract portfolios, taking into account risk metrics. Thus, the trader will book a profit or loss depending on the prices in each sub-market. Against this backdrop, this study offers a model of optimal decision in Electric Power Swaps (buying and selling the same amount of energy) using the Omega Measurement as a performance indicator, restricted by value at risk (VaR) to help brokers maximize their profit while minimizing risks.

No description available.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans la contribution des premières recherches en sciences de gestion sur la performance de la politique d'essaimage en Tunisie, au regard du modèle des < 3F >, tentant de mettre à jour les implications de la politique d'essaimage face au problème notamment de l'emploi des jeunes. Pour répondre à sa question de recherche, I'auteure pose le socle de compréhension de son sujet de recherche depuis l'environnement entrepreneurial tunisien jusqu'à son protocole scientifique qui s'alimente d'un substrat théorique complexe autour de l'essaimage / spin-off en tant que structure d'accompagnement décidée politiquement. Pour défendre sa thèse, l'auteure montre que I'essaimage des entreprises tunisiennes est peu performant globalement en raison notamment de la lourdeur de ses différentes étapes. Pour situer le contexte de sa recherche, l'auteure met en valeur les grandes étapes qui expliquent le cheminement économique et entrepreneurial de la Tunisie tout en mettant en exergue les points de rupture. L'auteure a essayé, après une étude qualitative et une autre quantitative, de conceptualiser un nouveau modèle de processus d'essaimage spécifique avec une formulation des recommandations pour simplifier sa mise en oeuvre et tirer plus d'avantages du potentiel de cette pratique entrepreneuriale en Tunisie. / This work is part of the contribution to the early research in management on the performance of the spin-off policy in Tunisia under the model of "3F", and will attempt to update the implications of the spin-off policy forces including the problem of youth employment. To answer the question of research, the author raises the base of understanding of the subject of research from the Tunisian business environment to its scientific protocol that feeds a complex theoretical substrate around the spin / spin-off as support structure is decided politically. To support this thesis, the author shows that surge of Tunisian enterprises has a little overall performance mainly because of the heaviness of its various stages. To set the context of this research, the author pinpoints the major steps that explain the economic and entrepreneurial progress of Tunisia while highlighting the breakpoints. The author has tried, after a qualitative study and a quantitative study, to conceptualize a new model for specific spin process whilst making recommendations to simplify its implemenfation and benefit more from the potential of this business practice in Tunisia.

The research question addressed by this thesis is: To what degree the results of the statistical analysis will corroborate the main theoretical assumptions of the proposed theoretical model of new authentic transformatory cultural tourism experience as transmodern phenomenon of equality of two Cartesian levels of reality, material (objective authenticity) and experiential (constructive authenticity) in informing the intrapersonal existential authenticity as outcome transformatory tourist experience. The main reason for undertaking this study is to resolve the evident crisis of postmodern authenticity discourse arising from a failure of postmodern theoretical framework to integrate three social authenticity theories into a coherent authenticity discourse. The research design adopted in the study is theory-testing theory-building paradigm which incorporates both deductive and inductive logic and was applied in three successive phases. In the first phase the new theoretical model of transformatory cultural tourism experience was proposed, underpinned by transmodern flat ontology and philosophy of the Speculative Realism. In the second phase the main theoretical assumptions of equal contribution of objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables in informing the transformatory experience as dependent variable were empirically tested by standard multiple regression analysis. In the last deductive phase the results of all empirical tests were inferred onto initial theoretical assumptions of the original model and new modified model of transformatory cultural tourism experience has been proposed with an addition of two newly identified transmodern experiential constructs, epistemological and ontological authenticity. For a primary data collection the instrument was a self-administered questionnaire and the sampling strategy was a non-probability sampling. The data was collected during the period 01st and 18 April 2011 at two sites, Constitution Hill and Hector Peterson Memorial in Johannesburg. The sample size from two sites was N=406. The scales of measurements were already developed in the earlier questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the variables contained in each factor, namely objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables and transformatory experience as the dependent variable. The results of a standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the importance of the model as independent variables explained 30.7% of the variances (R2=.307) in the model. An unexpected result was that objective authenticity explained 34.5% of the variance in the model (β = .345) which is significantly higher than 30.5% of variance explained by constructive authenticity (β = .305). The results of standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the main theoretical assumption of the model of equality of material and experiential levels of Cartesian duality in informing the new transformatory experience regarded as a transmodern phenomenon. The standard, stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression tests were further conducted to establish if any moderating variables should be added into the original model containing two independent variables. The tests included five demographic variables (gender, place of residence, connection with culture, and two items of education (pre-tertiary education and Bachelors degree) and none of the variables explained a level of variability which warranted their inclusion into the model. Consequently, the results of the retests of the model did not change its initial conceptualisation. Finally, the t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests identified a significant difference between the two groups in the level of authenticity of their experience derived from two sites. A group having stronger inclination for authenticity is identified as Cultural Creatives, who are known as the forerunners of transmodernism. Based on the results of all statistical tests the final model was modified to reflect the important theoretical findings pertaining to two new types of transmodern authenticity. Epistemological authenticity denotes combined effects of objective and constructive authenticity in feeding the ontological authenticity of transformatory experience. The ontological authenticity is further identified as a confirmation of authentic-self which is required by Cultural Creatives. With proposition of new modified model the theory-testing theory-building research design came to its conclusion. The importance of research findings presented in this study lies not only in resolving the current crises of authenticity discourse in tourism but in the proposed New theoretical and conceptual model of transformatory cultural tourism experience underpinned by objective ·and constructive authenticity which will open a whole new field in tourism research arising from new transmodern experiential paradigm. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014

The research question addressed by this thesis is: To what degree the results of the statistical analysis will corroborate the main theoretical assumptions of the proposed theoretical model of new authentic transformatory cultural tourism experience as transmodern phenomenon of equality of two Cartesian levels of reality, material (objective authenticity) and experiential (constructive authenticity) in informing the intrapersonal existential authenticity as outcome transformatory tourist experience. The main reason for undertaking this study is to resolve the evident crisis of postmodern authenticity discourse arising from a failure of postmodern theoretical framework to integrate three social authenticity theories into a coherent authenticity discourse. The research design adopted in the study is theory-testing theory-building paradigm which incorporates both deductive and inductive logic and was applied in three successive phases. In the first phase the new theoretical model of transformatory cultural tourism experience was proposed, underpinned by transmodern flat ontology and philosophy of the Speculative Realism. In the second phase the main theoretical assumptions of equal contribution of objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables in informing the transformatory experience as dependent variable were empirically tested by standard multiple regression analysis. In the last deductive phase the results of all empirical tests were inferred onto initial theoretical assumptions of the original model and new modified model of transformatory cultural tourism experience has been proposed with an addition of two newly identified transmodern experiential constructs, epistemological and ontological authenticity. For a primary data collection the instrument was a self-administered questionnaire and the sampling strategy was a non-probability sampling. The data was collected during the period 01st and 18 April 2011 at two sites, Constitution Hill and Hector Peterson Memorial in Johannesburg. The sample size from two sites was N=406. The scales of measurements were already developed in the earlier questionnaire and the confirmatory factor analysis was used to confirm the variables contained in each factor, namely objective and constructive authenticity as independent variables and transformatory experience as the dependent variable. The results of a standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the importance of the model as independent variables explained 30.7% of the variances (R2=.307) in the model. An unexpected result was that objective authenticity explained 34.5% of the variance in the model (β = .345) which is significantly higher than 30.5% of variance explained by constructive authenticity (β = .305). The results of standard multiple regression analysis confirmed the main theoretical assumption of the model of equality of material and experiential levels of Cartesian duality in informing the new transformatory experience regarded as a transmodern phenomenon. The standard, stepwise and hierarchical multiple regression tests were further conducted to establish if any moderating variables should be added into the original model containing two independent variables. The tests included five demographic variables (gender, place of residence, connection with culture, and two items of education (pre-tertiary education and Bachelors degree) and none of the variables explained a level of variability which warranted their inclusion into the model. Consequently, the results of the retests of the model did not change its initial conceptualisation. Finally, the t-test and Mann-Whitney U tests identified a significant difference between the two groups in the level of authenticity of their experience derived from two sites. A group having stronger inclination for authenticity is identified as Cultural Creatives, who are known as the forerunners of transmodernism. Based on the results of all statistical tests the final model was modified to reflect the important theoretical findings pertaining to two new types of transmodern authenticity. Epistemological authenticity denotes combined effects of objective and constructive authenticity in feeding the ontological authenticity of transformatory experience. The ontological authenticity is further identified as a confirmation of authentic-self which is required by Cultural Creatives. With proposition of new modified model the theory-testing theory-building research design came to its conclusion. The importance of research findings presented in this study lies not only in resolving the current crises of authenticity discourse in tourism but in the proposed New theoretical and conceptual model of transformatory cultural tourism experience underpinned by objective ·and constructive authenticity which will open a whole new field in tourism research arising from new transmodern experiential paradigm. / PhD (Tourism Management), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014