The primary purpose of the study was to investigate stakeholders' opinions concerning campus laboratory school program quality in three areas: (1) quality of teacher education, (2) research, and (3) childcare. There were 653 participants in the study: 246 parents whose children were enrolled in laboratory schools, 200 pre-service students who were taking early childhood or child development classes, and 207 faculty who were associated with campus laboratory schools. The study participants came from 122 campus children centers in the United States. These campus centers were members of either the National Coalition for Campus Children's Centers (NCCCC) or the National Organization of Laboratory Schools (NOLS). The first three research questions investigated whether parents, students, and faculty were satisfied with program quality. A one-way analysis of variance indicated a statistically significant mean difference between the three groups. The parents had a higher mean level of program quality satisfaction than students and faculty. The last three research questions investigated whether parents, students, and faculty supported the ongoing existence of campus laboratory school programs. Opinions were scaled from 1=not ever to 5=definitely. The overall mean ratings for Parents (4.54), students (4.18), and faculty (4.07) indicated that they supported the ongoing existence of campus laboratory programs. Future research should investigate cross-cultural issues related to campus laboratory school programs. It would also be important to study the effectiveness of Pell Grants that could provide funding of campus laboratory schools for a diverse group of children. A study could also be conducted that would explore differences in campus laboratory school programs and determine whether they respond differently to childcare demands.

Outward Bound and the National Outdoor Leadership School (NOLS) are two of the United State’s largest providers of outdoor education and adventure recreation programs. While many studies have examined the outcomes of the different organizations individually, there is very little comparative research. This study compared the attributes, consequences, and values obtained by 510 participants of courses 14 days or longer in the Rocky Mountain region during the summer of 2006. Means-end theory was used to analyze data obtained from participants through personal interviews. Means-end theory links the physical objects or services, the means, with the outcomes and the personal values of the individual, the ends (Klenosky, Frauman, Norman, & Gengler 1998). The theory focuses on the interrelationship among attributes, consequences, and values, as three levels of abstraction (Goldenberg, Klenosky, O’Leary, & Templin, 2000). Data were collected using a convenience sampling method from OB schools in Leadville, Marble, and Silverton, Colorado and the NOLS headquarters in Lander, Wyoming, for a total of 162 OB participants and 348 NOLS participants. Interview questions were entered into LadderMap software, a program used to analyze means-end data. Content codes were developed and then tested by an additional researcher to measure intercoder reliability. An implication matrix was then created to tabulate the frequency of concepts being associated with one another. Hierarchical value maps (HVMs) were then created to graphically depict the themes and relationships that surfaced in the implication matrix. Seven HVMs were developed to visually present the data for all participants, all NOLS participants, all OB participants, OB males, OB females, NOLS males, and NOLS females. Though all HVMs were varied, some themes emerged by organization. For example, all NOLS participants had slightly more significant links to hard skills development than did their OB counterparts. NOLS and OB females stated being challenged and interactions as their most significant consequences yet corresponding males had slightly less emphasis on being challenged and more emphasis on new experience. This study produced more similarities than differences among the various subsets of the population. For example all HVMs showed a clear link from multiple attributes to independence, and ultimately to transference and additional values. The HVMs showed that new experiences, being challenged, and group interactions were significant components for all participants. The most common values obtained also demonstrate great similarity among participant demographics. These values include transference, sense of accomplishment, self respect/esteem/confidence, and self-awareness.

Le premier membre de la famille des rétrovirus humains HTLV (Virus T-lymphotropique Humain), HTLV-1, a été découvert en 1980 et l’on estime aujourd’hui à plus de 10 millions le nombre d’individus infectés à travers le monde. Après une période de latence d’environ 40 ans, 5% des individus infectés développent des leucémies, des lymphomes adultes de lymphocytes T (ATLL) ou encore une myélopathie associée à HTLV-1/ paraparésie spastique tropicale (HAM/TSP). L’apparition de la maladie serait en grande partie orchestrée par deux protéines virales, soit Tax et HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ). L’expression du génome viral se fait à partir d’un transcrit sens de pleine longueur suite à un épissage alternatif, à l’exception du gène HBZ. HBZ est produite à partir d’un transcrit antisens initié dans la séquence terminale longue répétée (LTR)’3. Elle a été décrite comme étant capable de réguler négativement la transcription virale dépendante de Tax en se dimérisant avec des facteurs de transcription cellulaires tels que CREB-2 et certains membres de la famille Jun. HBZ a aussi un pouvoir prolifératif et bien que nous ne sachions toujours pas le mécanisme moléculaire menant à l’oncogenèse par HBZ, nous savons qu’elle module une multitude de voies de transduction de signaux, dont AP-1. Nous avons récemment mis en évidence un transcrit antisens nommé Antisense Protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) chez HTLV-2 qui n’est associé qu’à une myélopathie apparentée au HAM/TSP. Ce n’est qu’en 2005 que HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 se sont rajoutés au groupe HTLV. Cependant, aucune corrélation avec le développement d’une quelconque maladie n’a été montrée jusqu’à ce jour. Le premier volet de ce projet de doctorat avait pour objectif de détecter et caractériser les transcrits antisens produits par HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 et d’étudier les protéines traduites à partir de ces transcrits pour ainsi évaluer leurs similitudes et/ou différences avec HBZ et APH-2. Nos études de localisation cellulaire réalisées par microscopie confocale ont montré que APH-3 et APH-4 sont des protéines nucléaires, se retrouvant sous la forme de granules et, dans le cas d’APH-3, partiellement cytoplasmique. Ces granules co-localisent en partie avec HBZ. Les analyses à l’aide d’un gène rapporteur luciférase contenant le LTR 5’ de HTLV-1 ont montré que APH-3 et APH-4 peuvent aussi inhiber la transactivation du LTR 5’ par Tax. Aussi, des études faisant appel au gène rapporteur précédé d’un promoteur de collagénase (site AP-1), ont montré que ces deux protéines, contrairement à HBZ, activent la transcription dépendante de tous les membres des facteurs de transcription de la famille Jun. De plus, les mutants ont montré que le motif fermeture éclair (LZ) atypique de ces protéines est impliqué dans cette régulation. En effet, APH-3 et APH-4 modulent la voie Jun-dépendante en se dimérisant via leur LZ atypique avec la famille Jun et semblent activer la voie par un mécanisme ne faisant pas par d’un domaine activateur autonome. Dans un deuxième volet, nous avions comme objectif d’approfondir nos connaissances sur la localisation nucléolaire de HBZ. Lors de nos analyses, nous avons identifié deux nouveaux partenaires d’interaction, B23 et la nucléoline, qui semblent être associés à sa localisation nucléolaire. En effet, ces interactions sont plus fortes suivant une délétion des domaines AD et bZIP de HBZ qui dans ce cas est localisée strictement au nucléole. De plus, bien que APH-3 et APH-4 puissent se localiser aux nucléoles, HBZ est la seule protéine traduite à partir d’un transcrit antisens pouvant interagir avec B23. Finalement, ces travaux ont clairement mis en évidence que HTLV-3 et HTLV-4 permettent la production de transcrits antisens comme chez d’autres rétrovirus. Les protéines traduites à partir de ces transcrits antisens jouent d’importants rôles dans la réplication rétrovirale mais semblent avoir des fonctions différentes de celles de HBZ au niveau de la régulation de la transcription de la voie Jun. HBZ semble aussi jouer un rôle unique dans le nucléole en ciblant les protéines nucléolaires de la cellule. Ces études démontrent que les protéines produites à partir de transcrits antisens chez les rétrovirus HTLV partagent plusieurs ressemblances, mais démontrent aussi des différences. Ainsi, les APH pourraient, en tant qu’outil comparatif, aider à mieux cibler les mécanismes moléculaires importants utilisés par HBZ pour induire la pathogénèse associée à une infection par HTLV. / The first human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) family member was discovered in 1980 and it is estimated that approximately 10 million people are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide. After about 40 years, 5% of infected individuals will develop an adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) while another 4% will develop HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). It is believed that two viral proteins, Tax and HBZ, together orchestrate the oncogenic process. The viral proteins are expressed from an alternatively spliced sense transcript except for the HBZ gene. HBZ is translated from an antisense transcript initiated in the long terminal repeat (LTR)’3. This viral protein is capable of inhibiting Tax transactivation of the LTR5’ by dimerizing with cellular transcription factors such as CREB-2 and c-Jun. HBZ also has proliferating capacities and while the molecular mechanisms leading to the disease still need to be elucidated, it is well known that HBZ can modulate a multitude of signal transduction pathways like AP-1. We have recently discovered an antisense transcript termed Antisense Protein of HTLV-2 (APH-2) produced in HTLV-2. HTLV-2 is only associated to myelopathies resembling HAM/TSP. HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 were discovered in 2005 and have not been associated with any type of disease thus far. The first goal of this PhD project was hence to detect and characterize the antisense transcripts produced in HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, to study the functions of these translated proteins and to evaluate their similarities and/or differences shared with HBZ and APH-2. Our localization studies using confocal microscopy demonstrated that APH-3 and APH-4 are found in the nucleus as speckles, and for APH-3, also partially cytoplasmic. These two proteins can also partially colocalize with HBZ. Using a luciferase reporter plasmid bearing the HTLV-1 LTR5’, we demonstrated that APH-3 and APH-4 could inhibit Tax transactivation of the LTR5’. We also used a luciferase reporter plasmid bearing the collagenase promoter, which bears an AP-1 site, and demonstrated that both viral proteins could activate transcription in the presence of any of the Jun family of transcription factors. We generated several mutants and the atypical leucine zipper (LZ) found in APH-3 and APH-4 is crucial for this regulation. In fact, APH-3 and APH-4 using their atypical LZ dimerize with Jun family members and activate this pathway using a mechanism other than an autonomous activation domain. Our next goal was to investigate the significance of the HBZ nucleolar localization. During this project, we identified two new interacting partners, B23 and nucleolin, which seem to be associated with its nucleolar localization. In fact, these interactions are stronger when HBZ is deleted of its AD and bZIP domains and hence when HBZ demonstrates a stronger nucleolar distribution. Moreover, while APH-3 and APH-4 are also found in the nucleolus, HBZ is the only antisense protein able to interact with B23. Finally, this work clearly demonstrates that HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 can produce an antisense transcript alike other retroviruses. The encoded proteins play an important role in retroviral replication and seem to regulate Jun-dependant transcription differently than HBZ. HBZ also seems to have a unique role in the nucleoli by targeting specific cellular nucleolar proteins. Similarities but also differences are shared between the antisense proteins. Thus, the APH proteins represent a good comparative tool in order to better understand the molecular mechanisms involved in HTLV induced diseases.