This thesis studies the soundscapes of five different urban courtyards in Västerås, Sweden and presents suggestions on how to improve them. Due to the increasing urbanization there is now an increased need for housing in cities, this leads to buildings that are close to both other buildings, roads and noise emitting activities. On the grounds of that there is now a higher amount of effort required to make urban courtyards a somewhat quiet and tranquil space. The need for such a courtyard is due to the negative health effects connected to a bad soundscape. Noise pollution can lead to both hearing loss and cardio-vascular diseases. The study was done by first conducting a research of the scientific literature about the subject and then making measurements and observations at the courtyards. The soundscapes of the studied courtyards ranged from annoying to pleasing and comfortable. The sound levels measured from 46 to 57 dBA, this difference of 11 dBA is perceived as about twice as loud by the human ear. To solve the issue with noise pollution we suggest a variety of solutions to the different courtyards. These mainly include noise barriers, green walls and roof, vegetation and sound masking techniques. The main conclusions are that even the best performing courtyard could be acoustically enhanced and that solutions that employ vegetation both reduce the sound level and introduce natural sounds that are pleasing to most humans.

Ce travail de thèse présente un dispositif expérimental original permettant la mesure, dans des conditions comparables, des fluctuations de l'aimantation d'un échantillon et de sa réponse à un champ magnétique. Une comparaison quantitative permet, via le théorème de fluctuation-dissipation, une mesure absolue de la température lorsque l'échantillon est à l'équilibre thermodynamique. Pour des systèmes vitreux, la "température effective" ---une extension conservant le formalisme du théorème de fluctuation-dissipation de la température pour les système à faible production d'entropie--- est rendue accessible. Un échantillon "verre de spin" ($CdCr_{1,7}In_{0,3}S_4$) aux propriétés vitreuses étudiées depuis de nombreuses années a permis cette mesure. Le régime fortement vieillissant, non-stationnaire, est étudié; la mesure nécessaire des fluctuations thermiques est très délicates (l'amplitude de ces fluctuations correspond à la réponse de l'échantillon à des variations de l'ordre du millionième du champ magnétique terrestre). <br> Les résultats obtenus montrent en premier lieu une dynamique de quasi-équilibre, confirmant des résultats précédents. Le régime fortement vieillissant est maintenant également atteint. Toutefois, les mesures ne peuvent pas être traduites directement en terme de température effective, car expérimentalement, on observe systématiquement la coexistence d'une dynamique stationnaire et de la dynamique de vieillissement. Une analyse par scaling est proposée pour séparer ces deux contributions. Sous réserve de validité de cette analyse, les mesures confirment alors les principales caractéristiques attendues pour la température effective, et notamment son indépendance en fonction de l'âge du système. <br> Les différents modèles connus ne permettent cependant pas d'expliquer complètement toutes les caractéristiques de la température effective mesurée, certaines d'entre elles paraissant encore antinomiques...

The corrosion behaviour of cast Al-Mg alloy A535 and its composites containing 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% fly ash, and 10 wt.% hybrid reinforcement (5 wt.% fly ash + 5 wt.% SiC) was investigated using weight-loss and electrochemical corrosion tests, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The tests were conducted in fresh water collected from the South Saskatchewan River and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature. The pH of the salt solution varied from 3 to 9. For comparison, two other aluminum alloys, AA2618 and AA5083-H116, were tested in the same electrolytes. The results of the weight-loss corrosion test showed that unreinforced A535 alloy had a lower corrosion rate in fresh water and seawater environments than the composites at all the tested pH values. The corrosion rate of the composites increased with increasing fly ash content. As expected, the corrosion rates of A535 alloy and the composites tested in fresh water were lower than those in salt solution. The results of the potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization electrochemical tests showed that the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and pitting potential (Epit) of the alloy were more positive than those of the composites. The corrosion and pitting potentials of the composites became more negative (active) with increasing fly ash content. The composites showed more positive (noble) repassivation or protection potential (Erp) than the matrix alloy, with the positivity increasing with fly ash content. Analysis of the electrochemical noise data showed that pitting corrosion was the dominant mode of corrosion for the alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Optical microscopy and SEM revealed that Mg2Si phase and Al-Mg intermetallics corroded preferentially to the matrix. The EDS data indicated that the protective oxide film formed on A535 contained Al2O3 and MgO.

The corrosion behaviour of cast Al-Mg alloy A535 and its composites containing 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% fly ash, and 10 wt.% hybrid reinforcement (5 wt.% fly ash + 5 wt.% SiC) was investigated using weight-loss and electrochemical corrosion tests, optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS). The tests were conducted in fresh water collected from the South Saskatchewan River and 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at room temperature. The pH of the salt solution varied from 3 to 9. For comparison, two other aluminum alloys, AA2618 and AA5083-H116, were tested in the same electrolytes. The results of the weight-loss corrosion test showed that unreinforced A535 alloy had a lower corrosion rate in fresh water and seawater environments than the composites at all the tested pH values. The corrosion rate of the composites increased with increasing fly ash content. As expected, the corrosion rates of A535 alloy and the composites tested in fresh water were lower than those in salt solution. The results of the potentiodynamic and cyclic polarization electrochemical tests showed that the corrosion potential (Ecorr) and pitting potential (Epit) of the alloy were more positive than those of the composites. The corrosion and pitting potentials of the composites became more negative (active) with increasing fly ash content. The composites showed more positive (noble) repassivation or protection potential (Erp) than the matrix alloy, with the positivity increasing with fly ash content. Analysis of the electrochemical noise data showed that pitting corrosion was the dominant mode of corrosion for the alloy in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution. Optical microscopy and SEM revealed that Mg2Si phase and Al-Mg intermetallics corroded preferentially to the matrix. The EDS data indicated that the protective oxide film formed on A535 contained Al2O3 and MgO.

Given the interest on underwater axisymmetric cylindrical bodies for the development of high-speed underwater weapons, characterization of the boundary layer flow-induced noise received by a Sound NAvigation and Ranging (SONAR) is very important to improve sonar detection ranges. The debate on generating mechanisms of the flow induced noise received at the stagnation point is still on as there is no experimental evidence conclusively suggesting whether it is a near-field or far-field phenomenon, thereby introducing an element of uncertainty in the prediction models. Further, the models developed thus far were based on low Reynolds numbers involving flows in water tunnels and buoyant vehicles. Therefore, the main focus of the thesis is to measure the flow induced noise using a sonar fitted at the most forward stagnation point of an underwater axisymmetric body as realistically as possible and predict the same theoretically for identifying a suitable flow noise model for future use by designers. In order to meet the stated goal, two exclusive experiments were conducted at sea using an underwater autonomous high-speed axisymmetric vehicle fitted with a planar hydrophone array (8X8) in its nose cone which measured the flow noise signature. Two different sets of existing models are used in characterizing the flow noise received by the array, while the first set comprises of models developed based on the Turbulent Boundary Layer induced noise and other is based on the transition zone radiated noise model. Through this study, it was found that the transition zone radiated noise model is in close agreement with the measured data.

A constante mudança nos meios de trabalho ocorre devido a evolução tecnológica e industrial. Entretanto, com o advento de tais inovações, dificilmente o trabalhador da indústria não é submetido aos mais variados riscos ocupacionais resultantes dos processos produtivos. Diante deste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal avaliar os níveis de vibração e de ruído aos quais os trabalhadores de uma empresa do setor da construção civil, especializada na manutenção e reformas de pisos industriais, estavam expostos durante suas jornadas de trabalho em duas frentes de trabalho. As medições foram realizadas em locais e dias distintos nos municípios de Curitiba e de São José dos Pinhais, ambos no estado do Paraná. Para a avaliação da vibração ocupacional, utilizou-se um acelerômetro junto ao trabalhador e um sensor triaxial acoplado na empunhadura dos equipamentos objeto de estudo, que foram duas diferentes fresadoras de piso. Posteriormente os dados foram processados e comparados com o novo texto do Anexo no 08 da Norma Regulamentadora NR-15, apresentado para consulta pública pelo Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego entre os meses de janeiro e fevereiro de 2014. Já para a medição do ruído utilizou-se um dosímetro de ruído junto ao trabalhador, cujo resultado final possibilitou a comparação com o Anexo no 01 da mesma Norma Regulamentadora. Os resultados finais indicaram níveis de exposição excessivos, superiores aos limites de tolerância determinados pela Legislação, tanto para vibração quanto para o ruído, gerando insalubridade para os trabalhadores expostos, em todos os locais onde foram realizadas as medições. / The constant change in the means of work is done by technological and industrial developments. However, with the advent of such innovations, hardly the work of the industry is not subject to a variety of occupational hazards resulting from production processes. Given this context, the present study aimed to monitor the working hours of the employees of a company in the construction industry, specializing in industrial floor maintenance and renovations, as exposure of vibration and noise on two fronts work in the cities of Curitiba - PR and São José dos Pinhais – PR. The program took place in two locations and on different days. The workday adopted by the company is six hours daily. For the evaluation of vibration, we used accelerometer with the worker and coupled to the handle of the equipment object of study, a mill floor, triaxial sensor subsequently the data were processed and compared with the new text of Annex No. 08, NR 15, submitted for public consultation by the Ministry of Labour and Employment in the months of January and February 2014. As for noise measurement used a dosimeter with the worker, whose final results enabled comparison with the regulatory norm 15 - Annex No. 01. The final results indicate excessive exposure to the tolerance specified by the legislation, both vibration and sound pressure level, featuring unhealthy at all locations where measurements were performed.

Orientador: Jose Roberto de França Arruda / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T19:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nunes_Osmar_M.pdf: 3751336 bytes, checksum: 2fc3b9c3cc2af03451617cae482065d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: As características acústicas de compressores herméticos têm se tomado cada vez mais críticas no projeto destes equipamentos e as predições destas características ao longo do projeto, obrigatórias para a adequação deste produto às condições de consumo. Este trabalho apresenta um método de avaliação vibro-acústica de compressores herméticos através de modelos de elementos finitos. Para estas avaliações, forças harmônicas com amplitudes unitárias são aplicadas em pontos específicos da carcaça e os seus campos de pressão sonora resultantes são calculados sob condições anecóicas, sendo que, estas condições foram modeladas através de elementos infinitos acústicos. Através deste método, é possível obter numericamente a potência acústica irradiada por diferentes versões de projeto, compará-las, escolher a versão mais adequada e, se for o caso, obter informações para direcionar modificações em uma versão para a sua adequação aos níveis de potência sonora exigidos. O trabalho mostra as verificações executadas durante o processo de desenvolvimento desta metodologia como análise modal, análises de convergência e comparações de resultados numéricos com analíticos através de modelos de fontes omnidirecionais. Para a verificação de seu funcionamento, são apresentadas as análises vibro-acústicas numéricas de duas versões de compressor. Além disto, dois protótipos com características semelhantes aos modelos analisados foram testados em câmara reverberante para a obtenção de suas potências sonoras e a comparação com os resultados numéricos. Os resultados obtidos desta comparação mostraram boas correlações entre numérico e experimental e fornecem subsídios para avaliar o desempenho entre as diferentes versões de projeto / Abstract: The importance of the acoustic characteristics in design of hermetic compressors has increased along the years. As a consequence, to predict these characteristics in the design phase is mandatory for this product to meet the consumption requirements. This work presents a method for evaluating the vibration and acoustic characteristics of hermetic compressors through finite element models. To perform these evaluations, harmonic forces with unitary amplitudes are applied in specific locations of the compressor housing and their resulting acoustic pressure fields are ca1culated under anechoic conditions obtained through the acoustic infinite elements. By using this method, it is possible to numerically obtain the acoustic power level irradiated by different versions of design in order to compare them and to choose the most adequate version. With the use of this method it is also possible to obtain information to guide modifications in the design and suit it to desired acoustic power levels. This work presents the verifications performed during the development process of this methodology such as modal analysis, convergence analysis and comparisons between analytical and numerical results by using omnidirectional sources. To validate this methodology, the acoustic numerical analysis of two versions of compressor' s housing was presented. Furthermore, two prototypes similar to the models characteristics were submitted to tests in reverberant chamber for obtaining their acoustic power levels and compared with the numerical results. The obtained results of this comparison presented a satisfactory correlation between numerical and experimental results and provided relevant information to evaluate different design versions / Mestrado / Mecanica Computacional / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientador: Stelamaris Rolla Bertoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-05T23:46:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_Christiandos_M.pdf: 3511506 bytes, checksum: d365f6dc71d5566b93533834923018e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004 / Resumo: A existência de fenômenos acústicos depende de três fatores: a fonte, o meio e o receptor. Para a prevenção de condições ruidosas em certos ambientes, é necessário o conhecimento de uma característica própria da fonte que não sofre interferência do meio na propagação da energia sonora, como é o caso da potência sonora. O IBAMA em conjunto com o INMETRO iniciou um programa que visa informar e minimizar o ruído (nível de potência sonora) produzido por aparelhos elétricos etiquetando-os. Este programa se chama Selo Ruído. Existe uma previsão de inclusão de ferramentas elétricas neste programa de etiquetagem. A furadeira elétrica é uma destas ferramentas que tem inclusão prevista. Com o intuito de investigar os métodos de ensaio para determinação de potência sonora, este trabalho propõe a realização de ensaios de diversos métodos normalizados de determinação de nível de potencia sonora aplicando-os para furadeiras elétricas. Os métodos escolhidos para os ensaios foram os que utilizam salas reverberantes especiais (ISO 3743 ¿ Engineering Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms e ISO 3741 ¿ Precision Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms). Estes métodos são referenciados na norma nacional NBR 13910:1997-Parte 1- Diretrizes de ensaios para a determinação de ruído acústico de aparelhos eletrodomésticos e similares. Com os resultados obtidos dos ensaios realizados, foi feita uma análise de qualificação das metodologias empregadas. A partir de cada item destas metodologias foi analisada a aplicabilidade destes itens a ser empregado no método de ensaio proposto. A construção das etapas do método foi obtida a partir dos itens qualificados e aplicáveis ao programa de etiquetagem Selo Ruído / Abstract: In the acoustic phenomena there are three main variables: the source, the medium and the receptor. For the prevention of noise conditions in certain places, it is necessary to know a source characteristic that does not change with medium variations. This characteristic is the sound power radiated by the source. To consider this prevention, IBAMA and INMETRO started a program that labels the household appliances according to the noise level emitted by them. This program is called ¿Selo Ruído¿. There is a prevision to include the electric tools in this label program. The drill is one of these electric tools that will be included. To investigate the methods for determination of the sound power levels, this work proposes some tests of drills in several standarded methods. The methods used for the tests were the ones that use reverberation rooms (ISO 3743 ¿ Engineering Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms and ISO 3741 ¿ Precision Methods for Special Reverberations test Rooms). These methods are referenced at the Brazilian standard NBR 13910:1997 ¿ Part 1 ¿ ¿Diretrizes de ensaios para a determinação de ruído acústico de aparelhos eletrodomésticos e similares¿. A qualification analysis of the methodologies applied was done, based on the tests results. An application of these items was done from each item of these methodologies in the test method proposed. The construction of the steps in the proposed method was made from the items qualified and applied to the ¿Selo Ruído¿ program / Mestrado / Edificações / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

La thèse présente la modélisation, l'étude expérimentale et le contrôle actif des instabilités aéroacoustiques rencontrées en cavité sous écoulement turbulent à faible nombre de Mach. On propose une formulation problème de stabilité de l'interface fluide séparant deux écoulements uniformes de vitesse différente en integrant les effets acoustiques. Les modes d'instabilité de l'interface sont alors étudiés en fonction du nombre de Mach et de la configuration géométrique. Une maquette comportant une cavité de dimensions réglables est ensuite étudiée en soufflerie à l'aide de mesures de pression. Ces données valident en partie l'approche analytique adoptée. On conçoit alors un dispositif de contrôle des modes d'instabilité, appliqué en particulier dans le cas de leur couplage avec l'acoustique de la veine d'essais. Enfin, un système de vélocimétrie par images de particules synchronisé sur les modes d'oscillation permet de valider l'étude théorique et la stratégie de contrôle.

Master’s thesis is focused on making the acquaintance of EMC issues and ways of electromagnetic field scanner RS321 utilization for pre-compliance measurements. First part contains analysis of available equipment’s influence on measurement results on the basis of gathered specification. Next part includes an example measurement used as operational manual for scanner and its controlling program. The most important part is correction evaluation for performed EMI measurement of signal generator using its EMC certification protocol and application of gained correction curve on independent EMI measurement of device tested by EMC testing laboratory. Other possibilities of scanner utilization are mentioned in the next chapters. Last part of the thesis contains suitability evaluation of EMC scanner on the basis of findings from performed measurements.