Despite claims by some theorists to the contrary, investigators have shown that information about grammatical errors is available to young children learning language via the conversational responses of their parents. The present study described five categories of responses in the conversations of working mothers and fathers to their normally developing two-year-old sons, and investigated whether any of these responses were differentially related to well-formed vs. ill-formed child utterances. Subjects were six middle-class, monolingual (English) parent-child dyads. Parents worked full-time jobs and the children were enrolled in full-time daycare. Within a two week period, four 20-minute conversational samples were audio and video recorded for each dyad in the subjects' homes during freeplay activities of the subjects' choice. Results indicated that the pattern of responses for these six parents was very similar to that reported for other parent-child dyads. The most frequent type of response for all parents was one that continued the conversation without either repeating or clarifying the child's previous utterance. The least frequent type of response was one that explicitly corrected portions of the child's utterance. Of all responses, repetitions--both clarifying and nonclarifying--appeared to be the type of response most differentially related to well-formed and ill-formed child utterances. Exact repetitions were more likely to follow well-formed utterances, while the remaining repetitions were more likely to follow ill-formed utterances. This pattern of differential responses was similar for all six dyads. Very few differences regarding the style or pattern of interaction were noted for fathers and mothers. Implications were drawn regarding the nature of linguistic input that is available to two-year-old children learning language.

Veiksmažodžių darybiniai sinonimai yra bendrašakniai, skirtingus darybos afiksus ir panašią arba tapačią leksinę reikšmę turintys vediniai. Iš Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos žodyno (2000, Vilnius) buvo išrinkti 1477 veiksmažodžių vediniai ir sudarytos 709 darybinių sinonimų eilės. Darybiniai sinonimai pagal darybos būdų santykiavimą suskirstyti į sinonimiškus priesagų vedinius ir sinonimiškus priešdėlių vedinius. Veiksmažodžių darybiniai sinonimai nepasižymi didele stilistine įvairove: tai dažniausiai neutralūs žodžiai (1412 vedinių), tačiau yra tokių vedinių, kurių bent vienas narys turi kokią nors pažymą: šnekamosios kalbos žodžiai (32 vediniai), tarmybės (12 vedinių). Veiksmažodžių vediniai gali turėti variantų (sudarytos 8 darybinių variantų poros). Veiksmažodžių darybiniai sinonimai gali skirtis vartosenos dažnumu. / Derivative synonyms of verbs are the kind of synonyms which have the same root, different derivational affixes and similar or identical lexical meaning. 1477 derivatives from the Dictionary of Modern Lithuanian published in 2000 were included into 709 rows of derivative synonyms. The rows of derivative synonyms are formed of the derivatives with various suffixes and prefixes. There are many derivative synonyms of verbs (1412 derivatives) which do not differ stylistically – all the synonyms belong to neutral lexicon. Stylistically marked items of the synonyms of verbs are colloquialism (32 derivatives), vernacularisms (12 derivatives). The derivatives of verbs can have variants (8 couple of derivative variants were formed). Derivative synonyms of verbs may be different in intensity – used frequently or seldom.

Darbo objektas - VDU Kauno botanikos sodo kolekcijoje auginamos paprastojo putino veislės (išvestos Rusijoje – ‘Krasnaja Grozd‘, ‘Leningradskaja Otbornaja‘, ‘Souzga‘, ‘Zarnica‘, ‘Šukšinskaja‘, Ukrainoje – ‘Kijevskaja Sadovaja‘) ir klonai ‘Zarnica 2‘, ‘Upninkai‘ bei dvi naujos Lietuvoje natūraliai neaptinkamos rūšys V. sargentii ir V. trilobum. Tyrimų tikslas ištirti ir įvertinti Lietuvoje natūraliai augančių ir intradukuotų putinų rūšis ir veisles, jų tinkamumą dekoratyviniam želdinimui ir uogų auginimui. Tikslui pasiekti numatyti uždaviniai: 1.Vertinti Lietuvoje auginamų putinų rūšis ir veisles, 2. Atrinkti ir pasiūlyti tinkamiausias putinų veisles uogų auginimui, 3. Atrinkti ir pasiūlyti tinkamiausias putinų rūšis ir veisles dekoratyvniam želdinimui. Darbui atlikti buvo: išanalizuoti informaciniai šaltiniai ir mokslinė literatūra, nustatytos sezoninio vystymosi ypatybės (fenologiniai stebėjimai), įvykdyti ūglių matavimo stebėjimai, nustatytas putino veislių ir rūšių produktyvumas, įvykdyti biometriniai matavimai jie apdoroti statistiškai. Išsiaiškinta, kad Lietuvoje sėkmingai gali būti auginamas ne tik čia savaime augantis paprastasis putinas, bet ir kitos (intodukuotos) putinų rūšys ir iš jų išvestos veislės. Paprastojo putino veislės ir klonai vaisiuose sukaupia antioksidacinėmis savybėmis pasižyminčių cheminių medžiagų: antocianinų, askorbo rūgšties, karotinoidų, flavonolių. Pagal fenologinių tarpsnių terminus ir vegetacijos laikotarpį galima išskirti ankstyvas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work object - VDU Kaunas botanical garden, in which the collection of simple cranberrybushes are cultivated (derived in Russia – ‘Krasnaja Grozd‘, ‘Leningradskaja Otbornaja‘, ‘Souzga‘, ‘Zarnica‘, ‘Šukšinskaja‘, Ukraine – ‘Kijevskaja Sadovaja‘), clones ‘Zarnica 2‘, ‘Upninkai‘ and two new species, which naturally are not growing in Lithuania - V. sargentii and V. Trilobum. Main research goal is to explore and estimate cranberry types and species growing naturally in Lithuania and derived in other countries, their suitability for decorative afforestation and berry cultivation. To achieve this goal fallowing tasks are performed: 1. Estimation of types and species of cranberrybushes growing in Lithuania, 2. Selection and offering the best cranberrybush species for berry cultivation, 3. Estimation and offering the best cranberrybush species for decorative afforestation. These task are performed by analysing literature and scientific articles, by estimating the seasonal evolutional property of cranberrybush, by making measures of growing shoots, by estimating productivity of the cranberrybush species and by making biometrical measures. The research showed, that by side simple cranberrybush Viburnum opulus may other species derived in foreign countries grown and could used for decorative afforestation. The cranberrybushes can be divided to early species as 'Šukšinskaja' and 'Zarnica ', middle species as 'Kijevskaja Sadovaja', 'Upninkai', 'Leningradskaja Otbornaja' 'Zarnica-2'... [to full text]

Synonymous codon usage bias has been extensively studied in Bacteria and Eukaryotes and yet there has been little investigation in the third domain of life, the Archaea. In this thesis I therefore examine the coding sequences of nearly 70 species of Archaea to explore patterns of codon bias. Heterogeneity in codon usage among genes was initially explored for a single species, Methanococcus maripaludis, where patterns were explained by a single major trend associated with expression level and attributed to natural selection. Unlike the bacterium Escherichia coli, selection was largely restricted to two-fold degenerate sites. Analyses of patterns of codon usage bias within genomes were extended to the other species of Archaea, where variation was more commonly explained by heterogeneity in G+C content and asymmetric base composition. By comparison with bacterial genomes, far fewer trends were found to be associated with expression level, implying a reduced prevalence of translational selection among Archaea. The strength of selected codon usage bias (S) was estimated for 67 species of Archaea, and revealed that natural selection has had less impact in shaping patterns of codon usage across Archaea than across many species of Bacteria. Variation in S was explained by the combined effects of growth rate and optimal growth temperature, with species growing at high temperatures exhibiting weaker than expected selection given growth rate. Such a relationship is expected if temperature kinetically modulates growth rate via its impact upon translation elongation, since rapid elongation rates at high temperatures reduce the selective benefit of optimal codon usage for the efficiency of translation. Consistent with this, growth temperature is negatively correlated with minimal generation time, and numbers of rRNA operons and tRNA genes are reduced at high growth temperatures. The large fraction of thermophilic Archaea relative to Bacteria account for the lower values of S observed. Two major trends were found to describe variation in codon usage among archaeal genomes; the first was attributed to GC3s and the second was associated with arginine codon usage and was linked both with growth temperature and the genome-wide excess of G over C content. The latter is unlikely to reflect thermophilic adaptation since the codon primarily underlying the trend appears to be selectively disfavoured. No correlations were observed with genome wide GC3s and optimal growth temperature and neither was GC3s associated with aerobiosis. The identities of optimal codons were explored and found to be invariant across U and C-ending two-fold degenerate amino acid groups. The identity of optimal codons and anticodons across four and six-fold degenerate amino acid groups was found to vary with mutational bias. As was first observed in M. maripaludis, selected codon usage bias was consistently greater across two-fold relative to four-fold degenerate amino acid groups across Archaea. This broad pattern could reflect ancestral patterns of optimal codon divergence, prevalent among four-fold but not two-fold degenerate amino acid groups. Consistent with this, the strength of selected codon usage bias was found to be reduced following the divergence of optimal codons, and implies that optimal codon divergence typically proceeds following the relaxation of selection. Finally, a method was developed to partition the strength of selection (S) into separate components reflecting selection for translational efficiency (Seff) and selection for translational accuracy (Sacc) by comparing the codon usage across conserved and nonconserved amino acid residues. While estimates of Sacc are somewhat sensitive to the designation of conserved sites, a general pattern emerged whereby accuracy-selected codon usage bias was consistently strongest across a subset of the most highly conserved sites. Several estimates of Sacc were consistently higher than the 95% range of null values regardless of the dataset, providing evidence for accuracy-selected codon usage bias in these species.

Der Marketing-Lehrstuhl der Universität Leipzig führte erstmals eine Online-Umfrage über Bedürfnisse von Internet-Nutzern durch.

This study analyzes the depiction of drug usage, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption in movies in terms of character stereotyping and typecasting. Because movies are focused on making money they are being used as marketing tools by alcohol and cigarette conglomerates (Grube, 2004). The study also explores youth perception of such content and tries to determine the behavioral implications or influence of such content on young children. The goal of this research is to analyze the social cognitive influence of movies on the youth and the effects of censorship in movies today. The research compares this effect in the two largest movie markets - the American market (Hollywood) and the Indian market (Bollywood) and the effect of these depictions on the youth to see whether this issue warrants a global understanding and awareness. The aim of this study is to understand the nature of the movie markets and the depiction of such content in movies. It analyses the issue solely from the perspective of a youth audience to better understand how the youth today perceive movies and to see if depiction of cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and drug usage has a positive or negative effect on the youth audience. A part of the analysis of the study is to also better understand censorship techniques employed for both movie markets to see if they are effective or need to be improved upon. Finally the study asks the question of social responsibility and whether movies and movie stars have a responsibility to maintain higher censorship standards or they are merely depiction art through the medium and should not be held accountable for their depictions on screen.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Context: In the present world, there is an increase in the usage of com- munication services. The growth in the usage and services relying on the communication network has brought in the increase in energy consumption for all the resources involved like computers and other networking compo- nent. Energy consumption has become an other efficient metric, so there is a need of efficient networking services in various fields which can be obtained by using the efficient networking components like computers. For that pur- pose we have to know about the energy usage behavior of that component. Similarly as there is a growth in use of large data-centers there is a huge requirement of computation resources. So for an efficient use of these re- sources we need the measurement of each component of the system and its contribution towards the total power consumption of the system. This can be achieved by power profiling of different heterogeneous computers for es- timating and optimizing the usage of the resources. Objectives: In this study, we investigate the power profiles of different heterogeneous computers, under each system component level by using a predefined workload. The total power consumption of each system compo- nent is measured and evaluated using the open energy monitor(OEM). Methods: In oder to perform the power profile an experimental test bed is implemented. Experiments with different workload on each component are conducted on all the computers. The power for all the system under test is measured by using the OEM which is connected to each system under test(SUT). Results: From the results obtained, the Power profiles of different SUT’s are tabulated and analyzed. The power profiles are done in component level under different workload scenarios for four different heterogeneous comput- ers. From the results and analysis it can be stated that there is a variation in power consumed by each component of a computer based on its con- figuration. From the results we evaluate the property of super positioning principle.

Abstract The aim of this study has been to present the percieved influence of Facebook usage among young adults. Five subjects, two men and three women aged 20-25, was the respondents of qualitative, semistructured, interviews with an emphesis on social phenomenons that might affect psychosocial health. After applying coding and thematc analasis to the collected data, the findings were analyzed using socialpsychological theory and theory of identity and earlier findings on the subject. The results show that the interviewed young adults tend to express that Facebook usage is affecting their health in different ways, that Facebook as such has both positive and negative sides and lastly that the individuals’ usage and represenatation on Facebook can be linked to different roles and that the process of representation on Facebook can affect the identification process.

A Research Report submitted to Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science. Johannesburg July 2016. / The study reported in this research report was motivated by the continuous poor performance by South African learners in physical sciences. This poor performance is evidenced by the below expectations year in, year out grade 12 physical science final examinations results. Several factors may be contributing to this poor performance such as lack of resources (both financial and human resources), overcrowding, ineffective teaching methods, and the language of teaching and learning. The assertion for this study was that teacher’s oral classroom instructional language impacts on learning of classroom science. The study, hence investigated how South African physical science teachers use their oral instructional language to enhance the understanding of science concepts. The raw data was gathered through naturalistic observation and video recording of physical science lessons by two participant South African physical science teachers drawn from two different high schools located in the Gauteng Province. The two school were chosen on the basis of their matric results that are also below average. Follow up educator interviews were also conducted and video recorded. The videos of the lesson observations and educator interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed. The study revealed that the participant educators were not explaining the meanings of all technical and non-technical words that were used in the observed lessons. Teachers did not distinguish between the everyday meanings and scientific meanings of non-technical words used. Participant educators did not seek and make use of the participant learners’ pre-instructional meanings of non-technical words to help learners understand better the new scientific meanings of these words. One of the participant educators did not engage learners in the ongoing lesson talk. The findings of this study will sensitise physical science teachers to important role of their oral instructional language to successful learning of science concepts in the classroom. This might help in ensuring science teachers use their oral instructional language effectively to enhance understanding of science concepts, by adopting teaching approaches that facilitate shared meanings of vocabulary used in science classrooms. Key words: technical and non-technical words, instructional language, science language. / LG2017