The dawn of democracy in South Africa led to the development of Language in Education Policy (LiEP) as one of the pieces of legislations that promote languages in schools where parents, learners, who have come of age may choose a language for instruction. LiEP, together with the Constitution of South Africa, promote equal value of all eleven official languages spoken in this country. The promotion of language policies clearly shows that language is the bedrock of the academic development of every child. Unfortunately, Spaull, Van der Berg, Wills, Gustafsson and Kotzè (2016) found that South African Foundation Phase learners lack the most basic skill needed for academic achievement, reading for meaning. Spaull et.al (2016) findings show that language problems start during the early years of schooling. This study aimed at finding out the perceptions of school stakeholders about the use of English as LoLT in Grade 9 Social Sciences, and it is located in the Interpretivist Paradigm. In this study, stakeholders are learners because they are central to learning, parents, as they have the responsibility of choosing LoLT for their children and assist them in their schooling career. Lastly, teachers are stakeholders because of their critical role of imparting knowledge and skills during classroom interaction. The researcher uses a Qualitative approach to identify data-collecting tools suitable for this research, and chooses semi-structured interviews and observations. Semi-structured interviews are flexible and allow deeper probing during the interview. The sample consists of nine Grade 9 learners, three teachers of Grade 9 Social Sciences and six parents from the School Governing Body (SGB). The aim of conducting observations was to find out the language used by learners and teachers during classroom interaction. This study found out that most participants prefer learning Social Sciences in English than in isiXhosa. They are aware of the challenges experienced in the classroom when learning in English but they still choose it. From the sample used, participants clearly indicate that learning in English causes some barriers in the learning and teaching process. However, it also became clear that the benefits associated with learning in English make it difficult to put it at the same level as other languages and participants do not link mother tongue to career opportunities. It is also evident that English will enjoy its hegemony until such time that all stakeholders in Education view the mother tongue as a foundation for learning other languages and as a resource as well so that they can use it in the classroom to understand the content. Policy developers must look deeply into the question of LoLT so that learners receive instruction in a language that will assist them in improved academic performance. Teachers must be equipped with adequate skills to assist learners in developing reading and comprehension skills in the classroom. There is a dire need to develop the culture of reading in rural school learners; and teachers must expose learners to a variety of English reading material.

Resumo: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as maneiras de uma melhor utilização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar nas suas diferentes formas. Deve-se avaliar então o processo de produção de açúcar e álcool; o aumento da área de plantio de cana, assim como a quantidade produzida; além do destino do uso da cana e do bagaço. A variação do poder calorífero dos tipos de bagaço e seu valor comercial, varia de acordo com o seu tipo, cru, seco ou hidrolisado, item também discutido. O trabalho também apresenta um pouco da história da cana-de-açúcar, do açúcar, do álcool e do pró-álcool. A importância de se investir em novas tecnologias para se obter um grau de poluição menor e também um custo menor para as usinas sucroalcooleiras, é mostrado. Um maior aproveitamento do bagaço de cana nas usinas reduz os custos e aumenta o aproveitamento da matéria-prima em sua totalidade, considerando o seu valor comercial e sobre tudo seu valor energético. O bagaço em sua aplicação final, nos diferentes tipos, pode ser comparado economicamente e os resultados apresentam, numa primeira instância, algum balizamento para a destinação final desse resíduo da indústria sucroalcooleira, em função de suas características próprias. / Abstract: The objective of this paper is to evaluate the methods for a better usage of sugar cane bagasse in its different forms. Therefore, the following aspects should be analyzed: the sugar and alcohol production process; the increase of cultivate area for sugar cane, as well as the amount produced; besides the destination of the use of cane and its bagasse. The variation of heating power of the kinds of bagasse and their commercial value, ranges according to its type, raw, dry or hydrolyzed, a topic also discussed here. The paper presents, too, a little of the history of sugar cane, sugar, alcohol and pro-alcohol. It's shown the importance of investing in new technologies in order to obtain a smaller degree of pollution and also reduced costs for the sugar-alcohol plant. A better use of sugar cane bagasse in the plants reduces the costs and provides total utilization of raw material, considering its commercial value and above all, its energy producing power. The bagasse in its final application, it different types, can be economically compared and the results show, at first, some allot for the final destonation of this residue from the sugar-alcohol industry, in function of its own characteristics. / Orientador: Luiz Roberto Carrocci / Coorientador: Luiz Fernando Costa Nascimento / Banca: João Andrade de Carvalho Júnior / Banca: Antonio Carlos França / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-07-14Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:20:27Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 nascimento_ga_me_guara.pdf: 574804 bytes, checksum: 109dcf4670a3578e1c34ea4db948c1dc (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar as maneiras de uma melhor utilização do bagaço de cana-de-açúcar nas suas diferentes formas. Deve-se avaliar então o processo de produção de açúcar e álcool; o aumento da área de plantio de cana, assim como a quantidade produzida; além do destino do uso da cana e do bagaço. A variação do poder calorífero dos tipos de bagaço e seu valor comercial, varia de acordo com o seu tipo, cru, seco ou hidrolisado, item também discutido. O trabalho também apresenta um pouco da história da cana-de-açúcar, do açúcar, do álcool e do pró-álcool. A importância de se investir em novas tecnologias para se obter um grau de poluição menor e também um custo menor para as usinas sucroalcooleiras, é mostrado. Um maior aproveitamento do bagaço de cana nas usinas reduz os custos e aumenta o aproveitamento da matéria-prima em sua totalidade, considerando o seu valor comercial e sobre tudo seu valor energético. O bagaço em sua aplicação final, nos diferentes tipos, pode ser comparado economicamente e os resultados apresentam, numa primeira instância, algum balizamento para a destinação final desse resíduo da indústria sucroalcooleira, em função de suas características próprias. / The objective of this paper is to evaluate the methods for a better usage of sugar cane bagasse in its different forms. Therefore, the following aspects should be analyzed: the sugar and alcohol production process; the increase of cultivate area for sugar cane, as well as the amount produced; besides the destination of the use of cane and its bagasse. The variation of heating power of the kinds of bagasse and their commercial value, ranges according to its type, raw, dry or hydrolyzed, a topic also discussed here. The paper presents, too, a little of the history of sugar cane, sugar, alcohol and pro-alcohol. It’s shown the importance of investing in new technologies in order to obtain a smaller degree of pollution and also reduced costs for the sugar-alcohol plant. A better use of sugar cane bagasse in the plants reduces the costs and provides total utilization of raw material, considering its commercial value and above all, its energy producing power. The bagasse in its final application, it different types, can be economically compared and the results show, at first, some allot for the final destonation of this residue from the sugar-alcohol industry, in function of its own characteristics.

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar as relações entre estilos parentais percebidos e uso de drogas por adolescentes, além de testar o poder preditivo dos estilos parentais para o consumo dessas substâncias psicoativas. Para tanto, aplicou-se um inventário sobre o uso de drogas e uma escala de estilos parentais em 649 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares, 55% eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 14,9 anos (DP=1,6). Constatou-se maior frequência de usuários de drogas entre os participantes do ensino fundamental, os de escolas públicas e os com percepção de estilo parental negligente. As variáveis idade, tipo de escola, exigência e responsividade parental compuseram um modelo preditivo para o consumo de drogas. Os resultados indicaram a importância do estilo autoritativo para a prevenção e do negligente para o risco do uso de drogas. / The aim of this study was to verify the relationship between perceived parenting styles and drug use by adolescents, in addition to test the predictive power of parenting styles for the consumption of psychoactive substances. The instruments used were an inventory about the use of drugs and the Brazilian adaptation of a parenting styles scale. The participants were 649 students from public and private schools, 55% were female with a mean age of 14.9 years (SD=1.6). The results showed a higher frequency of drug users among students of elementary and public schools, and among those who presented a perception of negligent parenting style. The variables age, type of school, demandingness and responsiveness composed a predictive model for drug use. The results pointed out the importance of the authoritative style for prevention and the negligent style as a risk factor for drug use.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar criticamente a recomendação clássica proposta por Huber (1978), que há necessidade de se promover novo período de adaptação à uréia dietética se os bovinos se abstiverem de receber este nutriente por mais de três dias. Vinte e cinco garrotes foram alimentados com dieta baixa em proteína bruta (10%) e sem uréia dietética e em seguida distribuídos aleatoriamente em cinco grupos iguais, ou seja: controle (O) dieta basal; grupos A, B, C e D alimentados durante 21 dias com a dieta basal e uréia (1% MS). Todos os grupos foram desafiados com uma infusão intravenosa de solução de cloreto de amônio (1,5 M) até o surgimento da convulsão, quando esta foi interrompida. O desafio no grupo A ocorreu no 22o dia do recebimento de uréia; nos grupos B, C e D os desafios foram respectivamente nos dias 4, 15 e 30 dias da abstinência da uréia dietética. O exame clínico e a coleta de amostras de sangue e urina total foram realizados durante a infusão e nas três horas seguintes. Os animais adaptados à uréia (A, B, C e D) necessitaram de maior quantidade de cloreto de amônio para manifestarem convulsão (p<0,001), e demoraram mais para exibirem este sintoma que o grupo controle. Em relação ao grupo controle, os garrotes adaptados, com exceção do grupo C, tiveram um quadro clínico mais brando, se recuperaram mais prontamente e não necessitaram de tratamento médico após o término do experimento. Isto ocorreu devido a maior queda na concentração de amônia sangüínea, causada por uma maior atividade do ciclo da uréia, maior volume urinário e eliminação de amônio neste. Demonstrou-se ainda que a maior produção e eliminação de uréia pelos rins provocou maior diurese, que por sua vez estimulou maior excreção de amônio pela urina, aumentando a eficiência de desintoxicação, especialmente no momento mais crítico do quadro (até uma hora pós-convulsão). Concluiu-se que os animais alimentados previamente com uréia e com abstinência desta na dieta por até um mês não necessitam de novo período de adaptação, contrariando o axioma preconizado por Huber (1978). / This study was carried out to investigate the recommendation stated by Huber (1978) that there is a need to re-adapted cattle that were fed previously with dietary urea, but subsequently were deprived of this nutrient for more than 3 d. Twenty four steers fed a low crude protein ration, deprived of urea, were randomly distributed into 5 equal groups, and were fed as follows: O (control; basal diet); the remaining groups (A,B, C and D) were fed the basal diet + urea (1% D.M.) for 21 d; afterwards the groups B,C and D were fed only the basal diet for 4, 15 and 30 d, respectively. Thereafter, all steers were challenged with an intravenous infusion of ammonium chloride (1.5 M) up to the outcome of convulsion when the infusion was stopped. Throughout the infusion and for 3 h later clinical examination was carried out; blood samples and whole urine were also collected. The steers adapted to urea (A,B,C and D) needed a greater amount of ammonium chloride to cause convulsion (p < 0.001) and took longer to exhibited this symptom than the control group. As compared to the control, all the adapted groups, but the C, had a less severe clinical picture and recovered sooner, and did not require any medical treatment after the end of the experiment. This resistance was due a faster fall in the blood ammonia level, caused by a greater activity of the urea cycle, excretion of a higher excretion of ammonium and urinary volume. It was demonstrated that the higher the production and excretion urea by the kidneys, the greater the diuresis, that by its turn increased the excretion of ammonium into the urine improving the efficiency of detoxification, principally at the most critic moment of the poisoning (from the convulsion up to 1st h later). It was concluded that cattle fed previously with urea and afterwards restricted of urea for up to 30 d do not require a new re-adaptation period, contradicting Huber\'s axiom.

Es scheint in den letzten Jahren eine deutliche Veränderung in der Art der Kommunikation mit den sogenannten Neuen Kommunikationstechnologien stattgefunden zu haben, und zwar im Längsschnitt, also etwa über die letzten 10, 15 Jahre, wie auch zwischen den sich aus heutiger Sicht herausentwickelt habenden Nutzergruppen. Quantitative Erhebungen, am ausgeprägtesten die regelmäßig unternommenen und von den Medien wiedergegebenen "Internetumfragen", ebnen solche Veränderungen naturgemäß vollständig ein. Auch die vorhandenen qualitativen Arbeiten reflektieren solche Veränderungen meist nicht, da zeitliche Dimensionen üblicherweise in den Fragestellungen fehlen. Der Beitrag versucht eine Skizze dieser Entwicklungen, möchte einige Mißverständnisse im Zusammenhang mit neuer "Elektronischer Kommunikation" korrigieren helfen und kommunikationsökonomische Aspekte beisteuern.

Ph.D. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

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In South Africa, there is concern about the poor achievement by first additional language (FAL) English learners in mathematics, and this is a consequence not solely of the apartheid era but more appropriately, the existing current situation in the classroom. Since 2006, the Department of Basic Education in South Africa introduced mathematical literacy (ML) as another learning area for the Further Education and Training (FET) band. ML, as an alternative choice to mathematics, is envisaged as a key to the understanding of our everyday world filled with numbers. Mathematical literacy FAL English learners and teachers are exposed to a ML curriculum that demands high linguistic skills in English in order to engage with the mathematical concepts through the medium of English which is not their home language. While the Language-in-Education Policy (DoE, 1997) recommends that school language policies promote additive bilingualism and the use of learners’ home languages as languages of learning and teaching (LoLT), there has been little implementation of these recommendations by schools, for the reason that all assessments and learner and teacher support materials (LTSM) are only available in English. Thus it appears that ML creates a language gap when FAL English learners and teachers have to possess a high level of communication and language proficiency of the LoLT English to successfully engage with the mathematical context and content of the ML curriculum since the language itself carries all the meaning. The majority of FAL English learners and teachers struggle with the necessary English language proficiency to successfully interact with the ML curriculum and are often required to use their own home language (code switching) to bring about understanding. In this study, I explore how teachers and learners who are dominantly FAL English speakers, engage in teaching and learning of ML in bi/multilingual classrooms. The main aim of the study is to investigate the FAL English learners’ and teachers’ experiences and perceptions concerning the use of English as the LoLT in bi/multilingual ML classrooms. Qualitative measures were generated through personal interviews (teachers [n=15] and learners [n=25]) from five different secondary schools situated in the rural areas of the Midlands in KwaZulu-Natal. This study is framed by Wenger’s (1991) model of situated learning and Vygotsky’s socio-cultural perspectives, which propose that learning involves a process of engagement in a community of practice and reflects the learners’ sociocultural relationship to school mathematics respectively. The study also describes Cummins’ quadrants and explores the benefits of Cummins’ notion of language use (Cummins, 1984). Analysis of the semi-structured interviews revealed that, despite both teachers’ and learners’ difficulty with the language, English is the more popular language to be used in teaching and learning in bi/multilingual mathematical literacy classrooms since English is accepted as a global language. Worldwide emphasis and dominance of English as a powerful language that gives access to goods and social mobility were also highlighted. However, overall results in this study showed that most participants did express their preference for using their home language isiZulu alongside English through the extensive practice of code switching for the teaching and learning of ML.

tRNA genes have the fundamental role of translating the genetic code during protein synthesis. Beyond solely a passive decoding role, the tRNA pool exerts selection pressures on the codon usage of organisms and the viruses that infect them because processing codons read by rare tRNAs can be slow or even erroneous. To better understand the interactions of codons and anticodons in eukaryotic species, we first investigated whether tRNAs packaged into HIV-1 particles may relate to the poor codon usage of HIV-1 genes. By comparing the codon usage of HIV-1 genes with that of its human host, we found that tRNAs decoding poorly adapted codons are overrepresented in HIV-1 virions. Because the affinity of Gag-Pol for all tRNAs is non-specific, HIV packaging is most likely passive and reflects the tRNA pool at the time of viral particle formation. Moreover, differences that we found in the codon usage between early and late genes suggest alterations in the tRNA pool are induced late in viral infection. Next, we tested whether a reduced tRNA anticodon pattern, which was called into question by predicted tRNA datasets, is maintained across eukaryotes. tRNA prediction methods are prone to falsely identifying tRNA-derived repetitive sequences as functional tRNA genes. Thus, we proposed and tested a novel approach to identify falsely predicted tRNA genes using phylogenetics. Phylogenetic analysis removed nearly all the genes deviating from the anticodon pattern, therefore the anticodon pattern is reaffirmed across eukaryotes.