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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Treating pediatric dental patients four years old and younger can be difficult at times due to patient behavior. Conscious sedation has been employed as a means to control pediatric dental patients for several years. Butorphanol tartrate has been used safely for pain control in pediatric patients for several years, but has never been used for sedating pediatric dental patients. The purpose of this study is to compare the behavioral and physiologic effects of conscious sedation on pediatric dental patients using intramuscular meperidine and an equipotent dosage of intramuscular butorphanol. Forty conscious sedations of ASA I pediatric dental patients between the ages of 13 and 60 months were accomplished using either 2.0 mg/kg of intramuscular meperidine or 0.03 mg/kg of intramuscular butorphanol. Each sedation was videotaped and three viewers viewed the videotapes rating them with a computer program (ACS) involving a four-code behavior rating scale. The tlrree viewers rated patient behavior for each sedation also with a form with global rating, categorical, and dichotomous scales. Physiologic signs of oxygen saturation, blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate were monitored at baseline and every 5 minutes during treatment. The operator also rated the sedation patient behavior with a form that had pre-treatment Frankl, post-treatment Frankl, global rating categorical, dichotomous, and sedation success rating scales. The two groups demographic data, physiologic data, ACS data, the three viewer's behavior rating form, and the operator's behavior rating form were analyzed for any statistically significant differences between the groups. The statistical analysis of the demographic data revealed a statistically significant trend in the butorphanol group toward extractions. The meperidine group had a statistically significant higher mean oxygen saturation during treatment (99.63 percent) than the butorphanol group (99.20 percent). The butorphanol group spent significantly more time in the annoyed ACS behavior rating code and showed a trend toward less time spent in the quiet ACS behavior rating code. There were no statistically significant differences in the three viewers ratings of global rating, categorical, and dichotomous scales. The operators' ratings showed the meperidine group had a statistically significant better global rating than the butorphanol group. Overall butorphanol appears to be equal clinically to meperidine in physiologic effects and patient behavior effects. No adverse effects occurred with either medication. Butorphanol may be offered as an alternative sedative agent to other narcotic sedative agents with more side effects.

Purpose Ethical elaboration is an aspect of product involvement and this research examines the relationship between involvement and ethical consumption providing a more holistic understanding of ethical decision-­making. This paper identifies antecedents of both low and high involvement ethical product decision-­making at farmers’ markets, and with sustainable and energy efficient features in the housing market, respectively. Design/methodology/approach These aims are achieved through semi-­structured and in-­depth interviews with consumers and sellers of ethical products across low and high involvement domains. Findings The empirical investigation reveals new insights into the constructs considered when purchasing high involvement ethical products. Barriers are discussed and findings examine the relationships between trust, information, ethical motivation and signalling. Research implications A research process framework for the study of ethical decision-­making is presented, demonstrating that constructs are approached differently between involvement levels. A conceptual model providing steps for transferring knowledge gained from the research to practice is also developed. Practical implications This research aids in the dispersion of information among stakeholders so that sustainability and energy efficiency can be part of the standard real estate conversation. Social implications Sustainability and energy efficiency (SEE) housing is seen as a niche market and this research will help alter the behaviour of the stakeholders in order to incentivise consumers to change their purchase patterns to include SEE features. Originality/value Most of the work on ethical consumption deals with low-­involvement products. This study addresses high-­involvement ethical consumption within the housing market through a qualitative approach.

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Given the ecological importance of face recognition, it is not surprising that the visual system is capable of processing faces with remarkable efficiency. When presented with a face, information is rapidly extracted to detect and categorize it as a face, followed by face-specific information such as age, gender, and identity. According to cognitive and neural models, the processes underlying face recognition encompass a sequence of steps that begin with a perceptual or visual analysis followed by more image-invariant and identity-selective representations. Importantly, it is only familiar faces for which we have acquired long-term face memories that reach the final stages of identity processing to permit robust, image-invariant behavioural recognition. A key aspect of face processing is that it is fast and automatic. This can be said for both high-level categorization (i.e., detecting that a stimulus is a face) and for encoding at the identity-level. The purpose of these experiments was to use novel electrophysiological and psychophysical techniques to characterize these fast and automatic categorization processes. Experiment 1 and 2 used an implicit visual discrimination paradigm (fast periodic visual stimulation; FPVS) combined with electroencephalography (EEG) to isolate identity-specific neural responses to a personally familiar face, the own-face, and an unfamiliar stranger face. Experiment 1 showed that identity-specific responses recorded over the occipito-temporal region were stronger for a personally familiar face compared to the unfamiliar control identity, while the response to the own-face was even greater than to a personally familiar friend. In Experiment 2, identity-specific responses for a given identity were measured in participants both before and after real-world familiarization. As expected, the results showed a significant increase in the identity-specific response once participants became personally familiar with the test identities. In Experiment 3, we used saccadic eye movements to estimate the lower bounds of the speed of face categorization, and in particular to investigate the question of whether this categorization occurs during early feedforward processing. The results support the view that information needed to detect and selectively respond to face stimuli happens during the earliest visual processing. Collectively, these studies provide additional insight on the mechanisms underlying rapid and automatic face detection and face identity recognition. / Graduate

Attribution theory holds that the affective reaction and mood that people develop in response to a situation is to a great degree dependent on what they perceive has caused the situation. Self-blame is a specific result of certain attributions and often leads to depression. The main purpose of this study is to determine if a relationship exists between a specific, character-related linguistic bias and an increased risk for, and an elevated level of, depression. This is accomplished by comparing subjects' test results in a measure of linguistic bias with the Beck Depression Inventory score and with a measurement of attributional style. Further, by drawing on the philosophical basis of cognitive therapeutic practices, it is argued that self-blame is only related to depression if it is characterological in nature and that such characterological self-blame is implicit in the linguistic style of the individual. Elevated usage of the verb "to be" in evaluating a negative life event was found to correlate with an above-average level of the somatic symptoms of depression. Subjects who preferred "to be" sentences also made more attributions of stability in regard to the hypothetical negative scenarios. Very little correlation was obtained between depression levels and depressogenic attributions. It is argued that while the usage of specific words and the application of depressogenic attributions are confounded, the use of two separate questionnaires both related to a common vignette permits some separation. While linguistic bias does not explain the development of depression, it is at least as good a correlate as attributional style. Depressogenic biases in word usage may be the conscious expression of attributional style. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Ces dernières années en Amérique Latine, de nombreuses enquêtes identifiantles entreprises familiales dans leur domaine d’étude ont été menées apportantleur lot de nouvelles données permettant de démontrer ainsi leur présence dansl’économie de nombreux pays dans lesquels elles jouent un rôle primordial (PozaE. 1995); (Khulman, 1996) ; (Kajihara, 1998) ; (Davis J.A., 2006). La RépubliqueDominicaine ne fait pas figure d’exception, comme l’expliquent Van Del Linde &Bello (2001), et il existe dans le pays un tissu familial solide au sein del’entreprise que l’on retrouve non seulement dans la première et dans la secondegénération mais aussi dans la troisième où l’on dénombre quelques grandesentreprises. Ces phénomènes rendent évidente la nécessité de développer unintérêt pour prévenir les risques de la mortalité des entreprises concernées.Les entreprises familiales se sont appuyées sur le principe de succession pourréussir le maintien intergénérationnel, celui-ci atteignant son paroxysme lors dela prise de décision d’un nouveau leader qui succèdera à l’ancien afin de prendreen charge l’entreprise familiale (Chua, Chrisman & Sharma, 1939) ; (Chrisman,Chua & Sharma, 2003).Ce que l’on a coutume d’appeler « prise de décision » est en fait un processus quis’applique à des situations quotidiennes dans la gestion des organisations et quis’avère difficile et complexe lorsqu’il s’agit d’entreprises familiales. Basly S.,(2005) a comparé les entreprises familiales avec les autres en proposant unelogique de prises de décision différente, mettant en avant la dimension dominante, le processus, la rapidité et les certitudes sur lesquelles repose ladécision. Cette étude suggère que les entreprises familiales ne sont pas dirigéesselon le modèle ordinaire de prise de décision, ce qui nous a permis d’aborder lethème de la rationalité et du leadership dans l’entreprise familiale.D’après Simon (1955), la finalité de tout ce qui touche à la construction d’unsemblant de rationalité est de proportionner des matériaux pour ledéveloppement d’une théorie du comportement d’individus preneurs de décisionsdans le contexte d’une organisation. Cependant, et c’est contradictoire, nous noustrouvons face à une situation paradoxale qui est que, si l’on considère le type derationalité global de la théorie classique, les problèmes de la structure interne del’entreprise, (ou de tout autre organisation) disparaissent presque entièrement. / During the last years in Latin American there have been researches that identifythe family business inside their scope of study, contributing some data thatconfirm their important presence and role in the economy of several countries(Poza E. (1995); (Khulman, 1996) (Kajihara, 1998); (Davis J. A., 2006).Dominican Republic is not the exception, as explained by Van der Linde & Bello(2001); in the country exists a solid family business network in its first andsecond generations, with some big companies on their third, statement thatproduces evidence to develop an interest and need to prevent the mortality ofsuch companies.The practice that is modeled in the family business to achieve their intergenerationalsurvival is succession, understood as a process that culminates withthe decision making of a new successor leader who will have the company underhis/her command (Chua, Chrisman, & Sharma, 1999); (Chrisman, Chua, &Sharma, 2003).What we usually call “decision making” is a process that is applied to everydaysituations in the management of organizations, which turns complex andintricate in the context of family business. Thereon Basly S., (2005) made acomparison between family and non-family businesses proposing a logic ofdecision making different in each one, and highlighting the dominant dimension,process, speed and assumptions in which the decision is sustained. This studysuggests that family businesses are not governed by the normative model of decision making, assertion that gave us a clue to step into the subject ofrationality and decision making in the family business.Citing Simon (1955) the purpose of all constructions of an approximaterationality is to give materials for the development of a theory of the behavior ofdecision making individuals in the context of an organization. Nonetheless andopposite, we have the paradox that if we assume the type of overall rationality ofthe classical theory, the problems of the inner structure of the company, orwhatever organization it is, disappear almost completely.

A new generation of conscious consumers have placed pressure on fashion retail businesses to implement sustainability into their respective business operations. Conscious consumerism is a driving force behind sustainable consumption as these consumers play a strong role when influencing business practices. Although many retailers have adapted responsible procedures by offering sustainable products to their consumers, there is a lack of research on identifying and understanding the conscious consumer holistically. The aim of the present research is to gain a better understanding of the conscious consumer in relation to the three pillars of sustainability (people, planet, profit). This study sets out to examine the Generation Z consumer market as they display traits of sustainable behaviour and also aims to unpack the main drivers of their sustainable purchase intentions within the South African fashion retail market. A self-administered online questionnaire was used to collect data from respondents between the ages of 18 and 24 years. From the self-administered questionnaires, 159 responses were completed and deemed usable. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24 and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 24. Firstly, descriptive statistics was used to provide an overview of the sample. Secondly, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was used to examine the relationship between the variables. This study found that the Health and Labelling and Peer Pressure dimensions of the Consumers' Sustainability Consciousness construct has a positive influence on Sustainable Purchase Intentions. In conclusion, the findings of this study have several important implications for academia, fashion retailers and government. The contribution of this study aims to enhance the existing literature on conscious consumption by showcasing the most reliable dimensions of Consumers' Sustainability Consciousness and Sustainable Purchase Intentions. The study offers significant insights for fashion retailers and government as the impact of eating healthy, the role of product labels and peer pressure were found to have a positive influence on Gen Z's intentions to purchase sustainably. Ultimately, the insights from this body of work will generate both important implications and opportunities for further research.

Följande studie är en induktiv kvalitativ studie baserad på semistrukturerade intervjuer. Syftet var att synliggöra europeiska naturvinsproducenters föreställningar om en certifiering av naturvin reglerad av EU. Studiens bakgrund belyser komplexiteten av begreppet naturvin samt certifieringar och deras effekt på marknaden. Även studiens teoretiska ramverk, Conscious Capitalism presenteras. Insamlade data transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av en induktiv tematisk analys. Diskussionen använder det teoretiska ramverket för att lyfta resultatet i relation till marknaden och sedan certifieringar. Autenticitet, frihet och kontroll är några av de begrepp som resoneras kring. Resultatet visar på differenser i vinmakarnas föreställningar om naturvin vilket skapar svårigheter i att enas om en definition och certifiering. Möjligheten för en EU-reglerad certifiering av naturvin är utifrån producenternas föreställningar och drivkrafter begränsad som följd av deras varierande åsikter och arbetssätt. / The following study is an inductive qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews. The purpose was to explore European natural wine producers' perceptions of a certification of natural wine regulated by the EU. The background of the study illuminates the complexity of the concept of natural wine, as well as certifications and their effects on the market. Additionally, the study's theoretical framework, Conscious Capitalism, is presented. Collected data was transcribed and analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis. The discussion utilizes the theoretical framework to contextualize the findings in relation to the market and certifications. Authenticity, freedom, and control are among the concepts that are reflected upon. The results reveal variations in the participants' perceptions of natural wine, which pose difficulties in reaching a consensus on a definition and certification. The possibility of an EU-regulated certification of natural wine is limited based on the producers' beliefs and motivations as a result of their varying opinions and working methods.

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