This thesis deals with questions concerning the sedentary settlement in central Norrland: its origins, function and development. This type of settlement appears at the start of our calendar. The material comprises an almost fully excavated farmstead from the Early Iron Age (1-600 A.D.), situated on Genesmon in the parish of Själevad, northern Ångermanland. Particular stress has been put on the description of the individual structures and on questions concerning the construction and room-division of the houses. The farm's resource utilization, handicrafts and development are also analysed and discussed.The basic material for the thesis has been obtained through archaeological excavations. To a limited degree a comparative method has been used with regard to the form and content of the farm settlement. In addition data has been extracted from the presence, distribution and species of carbonized seeds, which were collected from post-holes, hearths and other features in and around the nine house foundations found hitherto.Contrary to the views of previous research, the results show that even northern Ångermanland obtained sedentary settlement at about the same time as Hälsingland and Medelpad. With regard to the origin of this settlement a critical examination is made of previous research, which has largely been in agreement that it was a result of colonization from the Mälar Valley. Some circumstances are presented which can be interpreted rather as internal development under influence. The settlement on the excavated site at Gene consists of a farmstead, with a three-aisled long-house and smaller three-aisled houses nearby with special functions. The number of small houses increases with time. Only a few remnants of dividing walls have been encountered. Room analyses show that the long-house was probably divided into six rooms or sections, each with its own function. The general layout and this room-division corresponds well with other contemporary houses in, for example, S.W. Norway and on Jutland. There are however tendencies towards regional differences. During the Migration Period both iron-forging and bronze-casting have taken place on the farm. These handicrafts were probably not carried out by professional smiths. The remains of bronze working show that relief brooches, keys, rings and pins were cast. A preliminary going-through of the literature also shows that bronze-casting was considerably more common on the Migration Period farms in Norden than one generally assumed. The farm on Genesmon is suggested to have been relocated during the 6th or 7th century A.D. Since a similar restructuring or movement of settlement can be noted over large parts of Norden during this period, the explanations for the relocation of the Gene farm must be sought in changes in a long-established inter-regional structure. / digitalisering@umu

RESUMO As abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) apresentam um comportamento higiênico mais intenso comparado a outras subespécies de abelhas europeias. Embora o comportamento higiênico das abelhas já seja bem conhecido, ainda existem estudos a serem feitos em torno desse complexo comportamento. Assim, no presente trabalho pretendeu-se obter subsídios para uma melhor compreensão desse comportamento em relação ao comportamento de forrageamento e ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias, através da comparação do desempenho entre colônias de linhagens higiênicas e não higiênicas de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.). Portanto, quarenta e uma colônias de abelhas Africanizadas Apis mellifera L. foram testadas quanto ao comportamento higiênico (CH). O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Apilab do Departamento de Genética da FMRP-USP. Foram constituídos dois grupos de colônias: um grupo de 3 colônias higiênicas (H) com CH igual ou superior a 90% e 3 colônias não higiênicas (NH) com valor igual ou inferior a 55%, com o objetivo de se estudar, mediante monitoramento mensal durante 13 meses (julho de 2011 a julho de 2012), as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias (atividade de postura, área de cria aberta e de cria operculada), atividades forrageiras (área de pólen, área de néctar aberto e de néctar operculado) e ganho de peso. Para o ganho de peso foram utilizadas balanças eletrônicas adaptadas. Os mapeamentos dos dados climáticos foram registrados por um período na Estação Climatológica do Apilab na USP, porém devido a um acidente com queda de energia a fonte foi queimada, não sendo possível o uso programado dos dados climáticos para estudos de correlação com as variáveis das colônias. Os dados das variáveis internas da colônia foram obtidos utilizando-se de um suporte de madeira com tela de arame dividindo a área total em 36 quadrantes idênticos dentro do qual se colocava o quadro da colmeia para se estimar as áreas respectivas em % (néctar, pólen, crias, oviposição etc.). Os dados foram transformados em arco-seno para aplicação dos testes estatísticos. As comparações estatísticas foram realizadas usando-se o teste t-Student e análises de correlação pelo método de Spearman, (Software Statistica 8). Como principais resultados obtivemos os seguintes: as colônias H tiveram melhor desempenho que as NH quanto as atividades de coleta de pólen (P = <0,001), área de cria aberta (P = <0,001), área de cria operculada (P = 0,050) e oviposição das rainhas (P = 0,015). As colônias H apresentaram maior taxa de remoção de crias doentes e mortas que as NH. As abelhas das colônias H são melhores coletoras de pólen que as NH. Não houve diferença entre as linhagens quanto ao ganho de peso. Encontramos correlação positiva significante nas colônias (H e NH) entre áreas de pólen com as áreas com cria aberta H (r = 0,599; P = 0,029), NH (r = 0,791; P = 0,000) e entre as áreas de pólen com cria operculada H (r = 0,659; P = 0,013), NH (r = 0,731; P = 0,004), confirmando que o feromônio das larvas estimula a coleta de pólen. Houve também correlação positiva significante nas colônias H entre área de néctar operculado e cria operculada (r = 0,714; P = 0,005), e néctar operculado e pólen (r = 0,659; P = 0,013). Concluiu-se que o CH pode também ser utilizado como uma característica para critério de seleção para produção de pólen, sendo o CH considerado como uma das melhores alternativas para os programas de melhoramento de abelhas. / The africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) present a more intensive hygienic behavior in comparison with another European subspecies bees. Although the hygienic behavior of these bees is already very known, there are studies being conducted on this complex behavior. Then, the present study aimed to obtain data to comprehend better the hygienic behavior in relation to the forager behavior and to the internal development of colonies through the comparison of development between colonies of A. mellifera bees from lineage hygienic and not hygienic. Thus, forty-one colonies of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) were tested for hygienic behavior. This work was developed in the Apilab of the Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP in Ribeirão Preto-SP. There were two groups of colonies: a group of 3 hygienic colonies (H) ( H test => 90% ) and 3 non-hygienic colonies (NH) ( H test =< 55%) , with the objective of studying, through monitoring monthly from July/ 2011 to July/ 2012, variables related to the internal development of the colonies (oviposition area, open brood area and capped brood area) foraging activities (pollen area, open nectar area, capped nectar area) and weight gain. For weight gain determination adapted electronic scales were used. Mappings of climatic data were recorded for a period at the Apilab-USP, but due to an accident the Climatological Station was damaged, not being possible the correlation studies. Data of internal variables of the colonies were obtained using a wooden support mesh wire dividing the total area under 36 identical quadrants within which is placed the frame of the hive to estimate the respective areas in % (nectar, pollen, brood, eggs etc.). Data were transformed to arcsine in statistical tests. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student t test and correlation analysis by the method of Spearman (Software Statistica 8). As main results we achieved the following: H colonies outperformed the NH in the following variables: pollen area (P = <0.001), open brood area (P = <0.001), capped brood area (P = 0.050) and oviposition (P = 0.015). Hygienic colonies (H) showed higher removal rate of sick and dead brood than Non hygienic colonies (NH). The Africanized Honey Bees of the Hygienic colonies ( H ) are better pollen-collecting than the Honey Bees of the Non-hygienic colonies (NH). There was no difference between strains regarding weight gain. Significant positive correlation was found in both groups of colonies (H and NH) between area of pollen with open brood H (r = 0.599; P = 0.029), NH (r = 0.791; P = 0.000) and between areas of pollen with capped brood H (r = 0.659; P = 0.013), NH (r = 0.731; P = 0.004), confirming that the larval pheromone stimulates pollen collection. There were also significant positive correlation in the Hygienic colonies (H) between area of capped brood and capped nectar area (r = 0.714; P = 0.005) as well as between pollen area and capped nectar area (r = 0.659; P = 0.013). It was also concluded that the Hygienic Behavior of the Honey Bees can also be used as a feature selection for pollen production. The Hygienic Behavior feature is being considered today as one of the best alternatives for Honey Bee breeding programs.

Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur olika intressentgrupper upplever projektkontoret i sin organisation. Använd metod är semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med fysiska möten. Totalt nio intervjuer genomfördes på två projektkontor med interna intressenter. Till intervjudata användes sedan tematisk analys som metod. Metoden är uppbyggd på tematisering av den kodade intervjudata vilket resulterade i sex olika teman. Dessa teman är jämt fördelade på de två projektkontoren. Resultatet skildrar två helt olika projektkontor. På det första projektkontoret upplevde de interna intressenterna kontroll och styrning av projektkontoret genom ett tydligt arbetssätt med coachning och stöd i det dagliga arbetet med projekt. Projektkontoret strävade efter att ständigt förbättra sig och utvecklas och ett av deras utvecklingsområden var resursallokering i sin produktportfölj med styrning. På det andra projektkontoret fanns också kontroll och styrning men i mindre utsträckning och med en oenighet i ledningen om projekt begreppet och hur det skulle användas. De interna intressenterna var en mer blandad grupp med olika kompetenser och hade olika behov av stöd och coachning från sitt projektkontor och det rådde ständig personalbrist. Projektkontoret var inte helt etablerat och hela organisationen var ovan med de nya arbetssätten som projektkontoret innebar och därför saknades rapportering och etablerade projektverktyg.  Slutsatsen är att för att ett projektkontor ska ha kontroll och något att säga till om behöver det vara implementerat och accepterat i sin organisation och behöver ha befogenheter som medel för att utöva makt och driva igenom saker. / The purpose of the study is to contribute with knowledge of how different stakeholder groups experience the Project Management Office in their organization. The method used is semi-structured qualitative interviews with physical meetings and a total of nine interviews were conducted at two project management offices with internal stakeholders. Thematic analysis was then used as the method for the interview. The method is based on the thematization of the coded interview data, which resulted in six different themes in total. These themes are distributed among the two project management offices and became three themes at each Project Management Office. These themes depict two completely different project offices. At the first Project Management Office, the internal stakeholders experienced that there was control and management of the project management office by using a clear working method with coaching and support in the daily work of the project. The Project Management Office constantly strived to improve and develop and one of their development areas was resource allocation in its product portfolio with control. At the second Project Management Office there was also control and management but to a lesser extent and with a disagreement in the management about the project concept and how it would be used. The internal stakeholders were a more mixed group of different competencies and had different needs for support and coaching from their project management office and there was a constant lack of staff. The Project Management Office was not fully established, and the entire organization was not used to the new working methods that the Project Management Office stood for and therefore reporting and established project tools were missing. The conclusion is that in order for a Project Management Office to have control and something to say about, it needs to be implemented and accepted in its organization and needs to have powers as a means of exercising power and pushing things through.

Aktivitet som terapeutiskt medium har varit centralt för att utveckla arbetsterapiprofessionen genom att använda aktivitet som mål och medel. Arbetsterapi är grundat på att engagemang i aktivitet är nödvändigt för hälsa och välmående. Trots detta har mycket av professionsutvecklingen lett till interventioner som inte är aktivitetsbaserade. Basal Kroppskännedom™ (BK) och arbetsterapi har flera gemensamma grundantaganden. Vår kliniska erfarenhet visar möjligheter att använda BK-principerna inom arbetsterapi och vi ville undersöka andra arbetsterapeuters uppfattning om förut-sättningar och värde av att arbeta med BK-principerna för att stärka patienternas aktivitetsutförande. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med 11 informanter utifrån ett strategiskt urval. Intervju-materialet analyserades och bildade tre teman; Arbetsterapeutens kunnande och görande, Att jobba med sig själv – den mänskliga utvecklingsprocessen samt Hinder och möjligheter i organisationen. I relation till ergonomikunskaper uttrycker informanterna att BK-principerna ger ytterligare möjlig-heter att se, förstå och känna in patienten och åtgärda konkret i aktivitet. Aktiviteter bryts ner i delmoment där enkla, rytmiska rörelser hittas och patientens meningsfullhet fångas. Patienten känner och upplever aktivitetsutförandet i kroppen. Att använda sig själv som instrument beskrivs i resultatet som en förutsättning för att själv vara både i aktiviteten och i kontakten med patienten. Det stärker då möjligheten att utveckla den terapeutiska alliansen. / Activity as a therapeutic medium has been central to the development of the occupational therapy profession by using meaningful and purposeful activities. Occupational therapy is founded on the commitment of activity as essential for health and wellbeing. Despite this, much of the profession has led to the development of interventions that are not activity-based. Basic Body Awareness Therapy (B-BAT) and occupational therapy have several common basic assumptions. Our clinical experience shows the potential of using the B-BAT-principles in occupational therapy. We wanted to explore other occupational therapists’ perceptions of conditions and the value of working with B-BAT-principles to strengthen patients' occupational performance. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 11 informants, strategically selected. The interview material was analyzed and formed three themes: The occupational therapists’ knowledge and performance, Working with self – the human development process, and The Obstacles and Opportunities in the organization. In relation to ergonomic knowledge, informants expressed the view that B-BAT-principles provide further opportunities to see, understand and comprehend patients and use activities as a part of their treatment. Activities are broken down into stages where simple, rhythmic movements are used to catch the meaningfulness. The patient feels and experiences occupational performance in the body. The results of the study describe the use of self as an instrument as a prerequisite for being both in activity and in contact with the patient. That strengthens the possibility of developing a therapeutic alliance.

RESUMO As abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) apresentam um comportamento higiênico mais intenso comparado a outras subespécies de abelhas europeias. Embora o comportamento higiênico das abelhas já seja bem conhecido, ainda existem estudos a serem feitos em torno desse complexo comportamento. Assim, no presente trabalho pretendeu-se obter subsídios para uma melhor compreensão desse comportamento em relação ao comportamento de forrageamento e ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias, através da comparação do desempenho entre colônias de linhagens higiênicas e não higiênicas de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.). Portanto, quarenta e uma colônias de abelhas Africanizadas Apis mellifera L. foram testadas quanto ao comportamento higiênico (CH). O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório Apilab do Departamento de Genética da FMRP-USP. Foram constituídos dois grupos de colônias: um grupo de 3 colônias higiênicas (H) com CH igual ou superior a 90% e 3 colônias não higiênicas (NH) com valor igual ou inferior a 55%, com o objetivo de se estudar, mediante monitoramento mensal durante 13 meses (julho de 2011 a julho de 2012), as variáveis relacionadas ao desenvolvimento interno das colônias (atividade de postura, área de cria aberta e de cria operculada), atividades forrageiras (área de pólen, área de néctar aberto e de néctar operculado) e ganho de peso. Para o ganho de peso foram utilizadas balanças eletrônicas adaptadas. Os mapeamentos dos dados climáticos foram registrados por um período na Estação Climatológica do Apilab na USP, porém devido a um acidente com queda de energia a fonte foi queimada, não sendo possível o uso programado dos dados climáticos para estudos de correlação com as variáveis das colônias. Os dados das variáveis internas da colônia foram obtidos utilizando-se de um suporte de madeira com tela de arame dividindo a área total em 36 quadrantes idênticos dentro do qual se colocava o quadro da colmeia para se estimar as áreas respectivas em % (néctar, pólen, crias, oviposição etc.). Os dados foram transformados em arco-seno para aplicação dos testes estatísticos. As comparações estatísticas foram realizadas usando-se o teste t-Student e análises de correlação pelo método de Spearman, (Software Statistica 8). Como principais resultados obtivemos os seguintes: as colônias H tiveram melhor desempenho que as NH quanto as atividades de coleta de pólen (P = <0,001), área de cria aberta (P = <0,001), área de cria operculada (P = 0,050) e oviposição das rainhas (P = 0,015). As colônias H apresentaram maior taxa de remoção de crias doentes e mortas que as NH. As abelhas das colônias H são melhores coletoras de pólen que as NH. Não houve diferença entre as linhagens quanto ao ganho de peso. Encontramos correlação positiva significante nas colônias (H e NH) entre áreas de pólen com as áreas com cria aberta H (r = 0,599; P = 0,029), NH (r = 0,791; P = 0,000) e entre as áreas de pólen com cria operculada H (r = 0,659; P = 0,013), NH (r = 0,731; P = 0,004), confirmando que o feromônio das larvas estimula a coleta de pólen. Houve também correlação positiva significante nas colônias H entre área de néctar operculado e cria operculada (r = 0,714; P = 0,005), e néctar operculado e pólen (r = 0,659; P = 0,013). Concluiu-se que o CH pode também ser utilizado como uma característica para critério de seleção para produção de pólen, sendo o CH considerado como uma das melhores alternativas para os programas de melhoramento de abelhas. / The africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) present a more intensive hygienic behavior in comparison with another European subspecies bees. Although the hygienic behavior of these bees is already very known, there are studies being conducted on this complex behavior. Then, the present study aimed to obtain data to comprehend better the hygienic behavior in relation to the forager behavior and to the internal development of colonies through the comparison of development between colonies of A. mellifera bees from lineage hygienic and not hygienic. Thus, forty-one colonies of Africanized honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) were tested for hygienic behavior. This work was developed in the Apilab of the Department of Genetics, FMRP-USP in Ribeirão Preto-SP. There were two groups of colonies: a group of 3 hygienic colonies (H) ( H test => 90% ) and 3 non-hygienic colonies (NH) ( H test =< 55%) , with the objective of studying, through monitoring monthly from July/ 2011 to July/ 2012, variables related to the internal development of the colonies (oviposition area, open brood area and capped brood area) foraging activities (pollen area, open nectar area, capped nectar area) and weight gain. For weight gain determination adapted electronic scales were used. Mappings of climatic data were recorded for a period at the Apilab-USP, but due to an accident the Climatological Station was damaged, not being possible the correlation studies. Data of internal variables of the colonies were obtained using a wooden support mesh wire dividing the total area under 36 identical quadrants within which is placed the frame of the hive to estimate the respective areas in % (nectar, pollen, brood, eggs etc.). Data were transformed to arcsine in statistical tests. Statistical comparisons were performed using the Student t test and correlation analysis by the method of Spearman (Software Statistica 8). As main results we achieved the following: H colonies outperformed the NH in the following variables: pollen area (P = <0.001), open brood area (P = <0.001), capped brood area (P = 0.050) and oviposition (P = 0.015). Hygienic colonies (H) showed higher removal rate of sick and dead brood than Non hygienic colonies (NH). The Africanized Honey Bees of the Hygienic colonies ( H ) are better pollen-collecting than the Honey Bees of the Non-hygienic colonies (NH). There was no difference between strains regarding weight gain. Significant positive correlation was found in both groups of colonies (H and NH) between area of pollen with open brood H (r = 0.599; P = 0.029), NH (r = 0.791; P = 0.000) and between areas of pollen with capped brood H (r = 0.659; P = 0.013), NH (r = 0.731; P = 0.004), confirming that the larval pheromone stimulates pollen collection. There were also significant positive correlation in the Hygienic colonies (H) between area of capped brood and capped nectar area (r = 0.714; P = 0.005) as well as between pollen area and capped nectar area (r = 0.659; P = 0.013). It was also concluded that the Hygienic Behavior of the Honey Bees can also be used as a feature selection for pollen production. The Hygienic Behavior feature is being considered today as one of the best alternatives for Honey Bee breeding programs.

No description available.

[pt] O fenômeno da inovação e a forma como ele contribui para o desempenho das firmas depende de várias variáveis, como as características da firma, as suas estratégias, a indústria e o ambiente. O Brasil não é reconhecido como tendo um ambiente amigável para a inovação, ao contrário da maioria dos países europeus, e isto pode ser uma das razões pelas quais o país está travado em seu desenvolvimento econômico. Considerando o que foi mencionado acima, esta tese tem como objetivo contribuir explorando a relação entre P e D interno e externo, desempenho de inovação e desempenho financeiro nas firmas de manufatura brasileiras e de alguns países europeus e comparar as duas realidades para tirar lições sobre como as firmas brasileiras podem evoluir no seu desempenho de inovação e no seu desempenho financeiro. A estratégia para atingir esse objetivo foi propor um modelo teórico e algumas hipóteses baseadas em uma extensa revisão bibliográfica dos campos de gestão de inovação e estratégia e testá-los através de modelagem de equações estruturais (SEM), utilizando a estimativa bayesiana. Para testar o modelo no contexto brasileiro, utilizou-se uma amostra de 2.810 firmas de manufatura que realizaram atividades de inovação entre 2009 e 2011 da pesquisa de inovação brasileira PINTEC 2011. Para o contexto europeu, tomou-se uma amostra de 2.745 firmas de manufatura de 14 países (Bulgária, República Checa, Chipre, Espanha, Croácia, Portugal, Hungria, Eslovênia, Noruega, Lituânia, Romênia, Itália, Eslováquia e Estônia) da Pesquisa de Inovação da Comunidade (CIS) 2010, que considerou os anos de 2008 a 2010. No caso do Brasil, uma relação positiva direta entre alianças estratégicas e desempenho de inovação foi detectada. O P e D interno, por outro lado, não influenciou diretamente o desempenho da inovação, no entanto, moderou positivazmente a relação entre alianças estratégicas e inovação, o que é consistente com a teoria da capacidade absortiva. Ao contrário da teoria, o desempenho de inovação teve uma influência negativa no desempenho financeiro futuro. Esta relação negativa pode ter sido causada pelo atraso de dois anos entre as proxies desses dois construtos do modelo, que não permitiu identificar um aumento nas receitas obtidas pelos novos produtos e serviços, mas permitiu capturar o efeito negativo do redirecionamento de recursos do marketing e vendas para atividades de inovação, como P e D interno, e dos custos gerenciais das alianças estratégicas. Para os países europeus, a análise empírica detectou uma relação positiva entre o P e D interno e externo (de alianças estratégicas) e o desempenho de inovação separadamente. Contrariamente às expectativas, não se encontrou uma moderação do P e D interno na relação entre as alianças estratégicas e o desempenho de inovação. Isso provavelmente foi provocado pela baixa capacidade absortiva das firmas nos países europeus estudados em comparação com os países mais inovadores da Europa e mundialmente. O desempenho de inovação não influenciou o desempenho financeiro. Isso pode ter sido causado pela ausência de um intervalo de tempo entre a medida das proxies desses dois construtos, o que não permitiu identificar um aumento nas receitas de novos produtos e serviços, que leva algum tempo para ser percebido. Os resultados de ambos os modelos sugeriram que, se o principal objetivo é uma melhoria imediata nos níveis de desempenho da inovação, as firmas de manufatura devem se concentrar em P e D interno ou externo. No entanto, se o objetivo principal é o longo prazo, começar por fortalecer o P e D interno é mais efetivo para melhorar a capacidade absortiva das firmas e ao mesmo tempo alcançar um desempenho de inovação satisfatório. Esta estratégia permitirá que elas adotem estratégias mais complexas, equilibrando o P e D interno e externo, de forma efetiva no futuro, quando o nível de capacidade absortiva se tornar alto. / [en] The innovation phenomenon and how it contributes to the firms performance is contingent on several variables, such as the firm s characteristics, its strategies, the industry and the environment. Brazil is not recognized as having a friendly environment for innovation, in contrast with most of the European countries, and this issue may be one of the reasons why the country is stuck in its economic development. Considering all mentioned above, this dissertation aims to contribute by exploring the relationships among internal and external R and D, innovation performance and financial performance in the Brazilian and in some European countries manufacturing firms and compare both realities to learn lessons about how Brazilian firms may evolve in their innovation and financial performance. The strategy to achieve this goal was to propose a theoretical model and some hypotheses based on an extensive literature review of the innovation management and strategy fields and test them through structural equation modeling (SEM), using Bayesian estimation. In order to test the model in the Brazilian context, a sample of 2,810 manufacturing firms that conducted innovation activities from 2009 to 2011 of the Brazilian innovation survey PINTEC 2011 was used. For the European context, the sample had 2,745 manufacturing firms of 14 countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Spain, Croatia, Portugal, Hungary, Slovenia, Norway, Lithuania, Romania, Italy, Slovakia and Estonia) of the Community Innovation Survey (CIS) 2010, which considered the years of 2008 to 2010. In the case of Brazil, a positive direct relationship between strategic alliances and innovation performance was detected. Internal R and D, on the other hand, did not influence innovation performance directly, however, it positively moderated the relationship between strategic alliances and innovation, which is consistent with the absorptive capacity theory. Contrary to the theory, innovation performance had a negative influence on the future financial performance. This negative relationship may have been caused by the two-years lag between the proxies of the two constructs of the model, that did not identify an increasing in revenues achieved by the new products and services, but captured the negative effect of the redirection of resources from marketing and sales to innovation activities, such as internal R and D, and of the managerial costs of the strategic alliances. For the selected European countries, the empirical analysis detected a positive relationship between internal and external R and D (from strategic alliances) and innovation performance separately. Contrary to the expectations, it did not find a moderation of internal R and D on the relationship between strategic alliances and innovation performance. This was probably caused by the low absorptive capacity of the firms in the European countries studied compared to the most innovative countries in Europe and in the world. Innovation performance did not influence financial performance. This may have been caused by the absence of a time-lag between the measurement of the proxies of these two constructs, which did not to allow to identify an increasing in revenues from new products and services, that takes some time to be perceived. All the results of both models suggested that, if the main goal is an immediate improvement in the innovation performance levels, manufacturing firms should focus on either internal or external R and D. However, if the main goal is the long-term, beginning to strengthen their internal R and D is effective to improve the firms absorptive capacity while achieving a satisfactory innovation outcome. This strategy will allow them to adopt more complex strategies, balancing internal and external R and D, effectively in the future, when the absorptive capacity level becomes high.

Lean är ett arbetssätt som myntades av Toyota på 1950-talet och som vanligtvis är förknippat med stora tillverkande industriföretag. Den amerikanska universitetsprofessorn Jeffrey K. Liker sammanfattade leans arbetsmetodik med fjorton principer i den storsäljande boken The Toyota Way. I detta arbete undersöktes det hur applicerbara de fjorton principerna är på småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Projektet avgränsades till småskaliga tillverkningsföretag inom guldsmedsbranschen med maximalt 10 anställda. Undersökningen påbörjades med en enkät som skickades ut till experter inom området lean, med avsikt att urskilja de principer som var mest tillämpbara för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Därifrån valdes principerna 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 och 14 ut som mest relevanta för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. En litteraturstudie utfördes sedan för att hitta information om de utvalda principerna och som komplement till teorin intervjuades även en expert inom området lean. Tre guldsmeder i Stockholmsområdet intervjuades angående deras arbete medan arbetsstationerna och arbetsytorna inspekterades. Intervjuerna resulterade i hur guldsmederna arbetar i praktiken vilket kompletterade de teoretiska resonemangen kring lean och dess applicerbarhet i småskaliga tillverkningsföretag. Arbetet resulterade i slutsatsen att småskaliga tillverkningsföretag generellt arbetar med värderingar och ambitioner som påminner starkt om lean trots att ordet lean, och många andra beskrivande tekniska termer, inte var igenkännbara av guldsmederna själva. Ovannämnda principer kunde även framhävas och rekommenderas som intressanta för småskaliga tillverkningsföretag att förkovra sig i och applicera på sin verksamhet. / Lean is a working structure that was created initially by Toyota in the 1950s and is usually associated with large industrial manufacturing companies. The american university professor Jeffrey K. Liker summarized the lean work methodology with fourteen principles in the best-selling book The Toyota Way. In this paper it was investigated how applicable the fourteen principles are with respect to small-scale manufacturing companies. The project was limited to small-scale manufacturing companies with up to 10 employees within the goldsmith industry. The research began with a survey that got sent out to experts in the field of lean to discern the principles that were most applicable to small-scale manufacturing companies. Based on the survey the principles 3, 6, 7, 10, 12 and 14 were selected as most relevant to small scale manufacturing companies. A theory survey was then carried out to find information about the selected principles, and as a complement to the theory, an expert in the field of lean was also interviewed. Three goldsmiths based in Stockholm were interviewed regarding their work and at the same time the workstations and work surfaces were inspected. The interviews resulted in knowledge about how the goldsmiths worked in practice which strengthened the theoretical reasoning around lean and its applicability in small-scale manufacturing companies. The work resulted in the conclusion that small-scale manufacturing companies generally work with values and ambitions that strongly resemble lean even though the word lean, and many other descriptive technical terms, were not recognizable to the goldsmiths themselves. The above-mentioned principles could also be highlighted and recommended as interesting for small-scale manufacturing companies to engage in.