Orientadores: Dalton Soares Arantes, Fabbryccio Akkazzha Chaves Machado Cardoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FabioLumertz_D.pdf: 40460342 bytes, checksum: 576d63ee41c2ab7aa3312f22902103b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um novo método para recuperação de portadora e fase, sem o emprego de Phase-Locked Loops, com aplicação em um sistema óptico coerente com modulação 16-QAM, taxa de 112Gb/s e multiplexação por polarização. A estrutura desenvolvida viabiliza uma Operação de Alinhamento dos símbolos modulados em fase e quadratura da constelação QAM, possibilitando a estimação eficiente dos desvios de freqüência e fase. Um projeto especial de preâmbulo foi concebido para o uso desta estrutura, possibilitando uma comutação suave para o segmento de dados com o auxílio de um esquema denominado Conjugado Virtual. Esses conceitos possibilitam correção de desvios de freqüência superiores a 1,5 GHz e operação com faixas de ruído de fase da ordem de 3,5 MHz (' DELTA' v × TS = 2.5 × 10?4), quando operando na taxa de 14 GBaud e em ambientes bastante degradados. Resultados de simulação apontam que nesses cenários degradados a equalização não-fracionária não é capaz de realizar a inversão do canal óptico. Essa conclusão é particularmente ilustrada por uma imagem bidimensional relacionando as taxas de erro de bit (BERs) em função de pares de amostras. Finalmente, o sistema óptico foi emulado com o software VPI Photonics. / Abstract: This thesis presents a novel method for Carrier Phase Estimation (CPE), without Phase-Locked Loops, with application to a 112 Gb/s Dual-Polarization 16-QAM Coherent Optical System. The developed structure allows for an Alignment Operation that performs the alignment of the symbols of the QAM constellation, resulting in more efficient estimation of carrier frequency and phase. An especial preamble design was conceived for this structure, enabling a soft switching from preamble to data segment using an especial Virtual Conjugation scheme. These concepts enable frequency mismatch correction over to 1.5 GHz and operation with phase noise linewidth in the order of 3.5 MHz (' DELTA' v × TS = 2.5 × 10?4), when operating at the rate of 14 GBaud and highly degraded channel conditions. Simulation results show that, in these scenarios, baudrate equalization is not able to perform channel inversion. This conclusion is especially illustrated by a bidimensional image which depicts Bit Error Rates (BERs) as a function of pairs of samples. Finally, the optical system was emulated using VPI Photonics Simulation Software. / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T16:43:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Veronez_Matheus_M.pdf: 3220654 bytes, checksum: 8a9b1ab2e2d0f8f82a8747e9a1f7c2fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Nas duas últimas décadas do séc. XX os estados coerentes entraram em cena como uma poderosa representação sobre a qual pode-se apoiar a mecânica quântica, possibilitando a extensão do cálculo de integrais de trajetória a uma classe de estados mais abrangente, da qual os autoestados de posição e momento são membros. Cálculos semiclássicos revelaram que as contribuições mais importantes ao propagador quântico provém de domínios centrados em trajetórias complexas no espaço de fase. O método dos estados coerentes acoplados emprega estados dinâmicos para desenvolver um esquema exato para resolver a equação de Schrödinger dependente do tempo, dinâmica esta que emprega trajetórias reais. O regime semiclássico deste método exato conduz a um resultado similar ao obtido a partir das integrais de trajetória, porém empregando trajetórias reais. Neste trabalho o interesse é desenvolver a teoria dos estados coerentes acoplados empregando as trajetórias complexas naturais à aproximação semiclássica e estudar a viabilidade deste método / Abstract: By the end of the last century the harmonic oscillator coherent states were extensively studied as a powerful representation for doing quantum mechanics on the phase space. They were employed in the development of a more general class of path integrals which has the usual Feynman path integral as a particular case. The semiclassical limit of these path integrals involves contributions of functions evaluated on complex trajectories on the phase space. The coupled coherent states (CCS), an exact method devised for solving Schrödinger\'s equation employing a set of path guided states driven by real trajectories, has its semiclassical limit in accordance with that provided by the path integral method, respecting the differences among the trajectories each one employs. In this work we extend the range of the CCS using complex trajectory guided states and we study the complex CCS theory thus obtained / Mestrado / Física / Mestre em Física

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T18:29:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo4274_1.pdf: 5027595 bytes, checksum: 37a31f281a0f888465edbdc60cb2db39 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Nessa tese estudamos a estimação por máxima verossimilhança (MV) do parâmetro de aspereza da distribuição G 0 A de imagens com speckle (Frery et al., 1997). Descobrimos que, satisfeita uma certa condição dos momentos amostrais, a função de verossimilhança é monótona e as estimativas MV são infinitas, implicando uma região plana. Implementamos quatro estimadores de correção de viés em uma tentativa de obter estimativas MV finitas. Três dos estimadores são obtidos da literatura sobre verossimilhança monótona (Firth, 1993; Jeffreys, 1946) e um, baseado em reamostragem, é proposto pelo autor. Fazemos experimentos numéricos de Monte Carlo para comparar os quatro estimadores e encontramos que não existe um favorito claro, a menos quando um parâmetro (dado a priori da estimação) toma um valor específico. Também aplicamos os estimadores a dados reais de radar de abertura sintética. O resultado desta análise mostra que os estimadores precisam ser comparados com base em suas habilidades de classificar regiões corretamente como ásperas, planas, ou intermediárias e não pelos seus vieses e erros quadráticos médios

Orientador: Marcus Aloizio Martinez de Aguiar / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T08:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ParisioFilho_FernandoRobertodeLuna_D.pdf: 1316597 bytes, checksum: 7f79cd7aefdbaf70bddcdb50acb8e154 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Esta tese aborda diversos aspectos da propagação semiclássica de estados coerentes. Determinamos uma expressão bastante geral para o propagador entre tais estados que, ao contrário das fórmulas existentes na literatura, é válida para pacotes de larguras quaisquer. O resultado, obtido via integração funcional, depende de trajetórias clássicas num espaço de fase complexificado. Aproximações baseadas em órbitas reais são também analisadas e demonstra-se a origem comum dos propagadores gaussianos de Heller e BAKKS. Em seguida, é feito um estudo bastante completo da propagação semiclássica de estados coerentes na representação de posição. Os resultados formais obtidos são aplicados explicitamente para o caso de um pacote gaussiano sob a influência de um potencial repulsivo suave. Para este sistema, a solução das equações de Hamilton e a própria função de onda semiclássica podem ser determinadas analiticamente. O problema das soluções não contribuintes, que se origina da aplicação do método do expoente estacionário, é resolvido através de imposições de consistência física. Os efeitos das cáusticas no espaço de fase, pontos onde a aproximação semiclássica de ordem quadrática diverge, são controlados através de correções envolvendo funções de Airy / Abstract: This thesis addresses di®erent aspects of the semiclassical propagation of coherent states. We have derived a general expression for the propagator connecting these states which, di®erently from previous formulae in the literature, is valid for packets of arbitrary widths. The result, obtained via functional integration, depends on classical trajectories in a complex phase space. Approximations based on real orbits are also analyzed and it is demonstrated that the Heller and BAKKS Gaussian propagators belong to the same category. Next we make a detailed study of the semiclassical propagation of coherent states in the position representation. The obtained formal results are applied to the case of a Gaussian packet under the influence of a smooth repulsive potential. For this system the solution of Hamilton's equations and the semiclassical wave function can be expressed analytically. The problem of non-contributing solutions, which originates from the application of the stationary exponent method, is solved by the introduction of some criteria of physical consistency. The e®ects of caustics in phase space, points where the lowest order semiclassical approximation diverges, are controlled by introducing corrections involving Airy functions / Doutorado / Física / Doutor em Ciências

Les impulsions femtosecondes (fs) sont employées pour réaliser des interactions lumière matière athermiques intéressant aussi bien les mondes industriel, médical que scientifique.Des lasers avec toujours plus de puissance crête (P c ) à des cadences toujours plus élevées sont requis. Les sources à fibre dopée ytterbium ont pour cela un potentiel important. Or, la durée des impulsions amplifiées demeure élevée (~ 300 fs) en raison du rétrécissement du spectre amplifié pour de forts niveaux de gain, limitant la valeur de P c accessible. L’amplification avec division spectrale à travers un réseau d’amplificateurs fibrés et la synthèse d’impulsions fs par recombinaison spectrale cohérente est proposée comme solution. Les composantes spectrales sont amplifiées séparément en parallèle avant d’être réassemblées en un seul faisceau. La gestion des relations de phase entre les rayonnements issus des voies assurent la reconstruction de l’impulsion après amplification. Différentes architectures sont considérées.Après avoir choisi et dimensionné l’une d’entre elles, nous avons réalisé l’amplification et la synthèse d’impulsions de 280 fs à travers 12 guides non couplés d’une fibre multicœur, sans étireur/compresseur. Nous avons mis en évidence le gain en puissance de cette architecture par rapport à un amplificateur monovoie, proportionnel au carré du nombre de voies mises enjeu. La compatibilité de ce montage avec l’amplification d’impulsions large bande (≈ 40 nm)a été prouvée. En perspective, les performances énergétiques accessibles et la transposition du schéma d’amplification aux oscillateurs en vue de produire des impulsions fs large bande à haute énergie sont discutées. / Femtosecond pulses (fs) are used to produce no thermal light matter interactions which areinteresting for industrial, medical, or scientific activities. Lasers producing higher peak powerat a higher repetition rate are required. Ytterbium doped fiber sources are good candidates.However, pulse duration is still high (~ 300 fs) owing to spectral narrowing at high gainlevels. Peak power is also limited. Amplification in an array of amplifiers with spectralsplitting and fs pulse synthesis by coherent spectral combining is proposed as a solution.Spectral components are separately amplified before to coherently recombine the amplifieroutputs in a single beam. Phase management of the radiations from different amplifiers leadsto short pulse synthesis. Different setups are considered. After the choice and the gauging ofone of them, we amplified and synthesized 280 fs pulses through 12 uncoupled cores of amulticore fiber, without stretcher/compressor devices. We demonstrated the powerenhancement of this setup compared to a single amplifier, proportional to the square of thenumber of amplifier used. Compatibility of the setup with broadband amplification (≈ 40 nm)was demonstrated. In prospects, performance scaling in terms of peak power are in a first timedevelopped. The conception of an oscillator based of this amplification scheme to produce fsbroadband and energetic pulses is proposed in a second time.

Les méthodes de combinaison cohérente sont rapidement apparues comme très prometteuses dans la course à la puissance des sources lasers. Cela s’explique par le fait que la puissance autour de l’axe de propagation évolue selon une loi quadratique avec le nombre de faisceaux combinés. Mes premiers travaux ont porté sur la montée en puissance de pompage dans les systèmes de mise en phase passive par auto-organisation. Pour la première fois, nous avons mis en évidence à la fois expérimentalement et numériquement, qu’au-delà du seuil laser, le filtrage spectral intracavité dû à la structure interférométrique du système laser, est un des principaux facteurs limitant l’obtention de qualités de phasage élevées. L’augmentation du nombre d’émetteurs accentue la dégradation de l’efficacité de combinaison avec la montée en puissance, montrant l’incapacité de ce type de méthode à combiner efficacement un grand nombre d’émetteurs lasers de forte puissance. Par la suite, mes travaux ont porté sur l’étude d’une méthode innovante de phasage actif, mise au point à XLIM. Le principe de cette méthode associe un filtrage optique de type contraste de phase, à un algorithme d’optimisation réduisant les écarts de phases entre émetteurs. Les calculs et expériences ont mis en évidence la très faible sensibilité de la méthode au nombre d’émetteurs mis en jeu. Les démonstrations de combinaison cohérente de 7 à 37 émetteurs fibrés délivrant jusqu’à 5W chacun ont été faites. Ce dernier résultat constitue aujourd’hui un record en termes de nombre d’émetteurs combinés de manière active. L’efficacité de combinaison en champ lointain a été estimée à une valeur élevée de 94%, correspondant à une erreur de phase résiduelle d’environ λ/25. Le faible nombre d’itérations d’algorithme nécessaires pour converger a permis de corriger les fluctuations de phase sur une bande d’environ 1kHz. / Coherent laser beam combining techniques rapidly appeared highly promising in the field of ultra-high power laser sources. Indeed, the combined intensity around the propagation axis follows a quadratic law with the number of combined emitters. The first part of my work has been focused on passive phasing techniques, based on self-organization properties of coupled lasers. We have shown, both numerically and experimentally, that the intracavity filtering function due to the interferometric nature of the set-up, is an intrinsic reason for combining efficiency decrease far above laser threshold. The decrease goes steeper when the number of combined laser increases, making that kind of system inappropriate for coherently combining a large number of lasers delivering high power. The second part of my work consisted in studying an innovative active phasing method that associates a phase-contrast like filter with an optimization algorithm reducing phase errors between emitters. Both simulations and experiments showed the weak sensitivity of this method to the number of combined emitters. We demonstrated the phasing of 7 to 37 fiber lasers, delivering up to 5W each. To the best of our knowledge, this last result is the highest number of fiber lasers combined with an active phasing method. The combining efficiency has been estimated around 94%, corresponding to a residual phase error of λ/25. The weak number of algorithm iterations needed to reach the in-phase regime offered a bandwidth of approximately 1kHz.

Avec le développement de la technologie, les mesures des champs de vitesse instationnaire sont disponibles maintenant. Il s'en suit une augmentation de l'intérêt de l'analyse lagrangienne des données. Un outil central pour analyser les écoulements est l'exposant de Lyapunov à temps fini (FTLE). Il permet d’identifier les structures cohérentes lagrangiennes LCS qui apparaissent comme des crêtes du champ de FTLE. Les LCS sont des quasi barrières de transport et séparent le domaine fluide en régions aux propriétés dynamiques différentes. Cependant, la méthodologie de calcul actuelle des FTLE exige l'évaluation numérique d'un grand nombre de trajectoires de particules fluides sur un maillage cartésien ou adaptatif qui est superposé aux champs de vitesses simulées ou mesurées.Dans ce travail de thèse, nous proposons une nouvelle méthode de calcul du champ de l'exposant de Lyapunov à temps fini FTLE. Pour cela, nous utilisons la méthode des moments d'ordre 2 qui permet d'évaluer au cours du temps la dispersion des particules distribuées uniformément dans un domaine circulaire ou elliptique. Nous appelons ce nouveau champ scalaire, champ de M-FTLE. Nous validons cette approche, théoriquement en tout point du domaine fluide en comparant M-FTLE et FTLE et aussi en faisant la comparaison sur des exemples classiques (champ de vitesse linéaire, circulaire ou hyperbolique) et sur un exemple numérique (champ de vitesse du double gyre). Cette méthode est alors appliquée sur des données expérimentales du champ de vitesse du mascaret, obtenues au sein l'institut 'Pprime' par vélocimétrie par image de particules PIV. / With the development of technology, instantaneous flow fields coming from experiments or numerical simulation are available now. It has been followed by a rise of interest for the Lagrangian analysis of such data. One central tool to analyze the flow fields is the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent (FTLE). It allows to the identify of the Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCS) which appear as ridges in the FTLE fields. The LCS are quasi transport bareers and separatte the fluid domain into regions which have different dynamic properties. However, the computation methodology currently used in order to obtain the FTLE requires numerical evalution of a large number of fluid particle trajectories on cartesian or adaptive meshes that are superimposed on the original data grid.In this thesis, we propose a new method for calculating the Finite Time Lyapunov Exponent FTLE fields. For this, we use the method of second-order moments which allows to evaluate over time the dispersion of particles uniformly distributed in a circular or elliptical domain. We call this new scalar field, the M-FTLE field. We validate this approach theoretically, at every point of the fluid domain by comparing FTLE and M-FTLE and also by the comparison of the classic examples (linear velocity field, circular and hyperbolic) and a numerical example (velocity field of double gyre). This method is then applied on experimental measurements of tidal bore velocity fields, obtained within the institute 'Pprime' by using a measurement technique called particle image velocimetry (PIV).

Les structures cohérentes sont fréquemment observées dans les écoulements océaniques et atmosphériques. A moyenne et grande échelle, ces structures sont souvent proches de l'équilibre géostrophique. Cependant, pour des nombres de Rossby plus grands, les effets agéostrophiques entrent en jeu et modifient leur dynamique. Les propriétés des structures cohérentes agéostrophiques sont étudiées dans cette thèse, principalement à l'aide de simulations numériques, dans des modèles conceptuels des écoulements océaniques et atmosphériques à grande et moyenne échelle : les modèles en eau peu profonde. L'instabilité de tourbillons intenses (tourbillons anticycloniques isolés et cyclones tropicaux) dans les modèles en eau peu profonde à une et deux couches est étudiée. L'impact des différents paramètres sur ces instabilités est quantifié, et des simulations numériques de leur saturation non linéaire permet de dégager l'importance des mouvements agéostrophiques associés. Dans un second temps, des structures quasi-stationnaires agéostrophiques sont obtenues numériquement dans les modèles à une et deux couches. Ces structures, consistant en des dipôles et tripôles de vorticité (barotropes ou baroclines) sont stables, et la circulation agéostrophique qui leur est associée n'entraîne pas d'émission d'ondes d'inertie-gravité. Enfin, la turbulence d'ondes et de tourbillons en déclin dans un modèle à une couche est étudiée. L'évolution de l'écoulement à partir de conditions initiales très différentes est discutée, notamment en ce qui concerne les propriétés agéostrophiques de l'écoulement, le couplage ondes-tourbillons et la sensibilité aux conditions initiales. / Coherent structures are ubiquitous features of atmospheric and oceanic flows. Their associated meso- and large scale circulation is in geostrophic equilibrium. However, at increasing Rossby numbers, ageostrophic effects may push the structures away from this equilibrium, and new types of instabilities can also disturb their dynamics. In this thesis, the properties of ageostrophic coherent structures are investigated, mainly by means of direct numerical simulations. This is done in the framework of simplified conceptual models of meso- and large scale oceanic and atmospheric flows, namely Rotating Shallow Water models. The instability of intense vortices (isolated anticyclonic vortices and tropical cyclones) in one-layer and two-layer shallow water models are studied. Direct numerical simulations of the nonlinear saturation of these instabilities allow us to study the properties of the ageostrophic part of the flow, such as the inertia-gravity wave emission and the formation of shocks. Then, quasi-stationary ageostrophic structures are obtained by means of numerical simulations in one-layer and two-layer models. It consists of vortex dipoles or tripoles, either baroclinic or barotropic, which are stable and whose ageostrophic component does not imply inertia-gravity waves emission. Finally, decaying vortex and wave turbulence is studied in the one-layer model. The evolution of the flow for very different initial conditions is discussed and we put the emphasis on the ageostrophic properties of the flow, the wave-vortex coupling and the sensitivity to initial conditions.

The form and dynamics of ocean turbulence are critical to all marine processes; biological, chemical and physical. The three-dimensional turbulence characteristics of the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean are examined using a series of 29,991 instantaneous velocity distributions. These data, recorded by a submersible 3D-PTV system at an elevation of 0.64 m above the seabed, represent conditions typical of moderate tidal flows in the coastal ocean. A complexity associated with submersible 3D-PTV in the coastal ocean is that gaps and noise affect the accuracy of the data collected. To accommodate this, a new Physics-Enabled Flow Restoration Algorithm has been tested for the restoration of gappy and noisy velocity measurements where a standard PTV or PIV laboratory set-up (e.g. concentration / size of the particles tracked) is not possible and the boundary and initial conditions are not known a priori. This is able to restore the physical structure of the flow from gappy and noisy data, in accordance with its hydrodynamical basis. In addition to the restoration of the velocity flow field, PEFRA also estimates the maximum possible deviation of the output from the true flow. 3D-PTV measurements show coherent structures, with the hairpin-like vortices highlighted in laboratory measurements and numerical modelling, were frequently present within the logarithmic layer. These exhibit a modal alignment of 8 degrees from the mean flow and a modal elevation of 27 degrees from the seabed, with a mean period of occurrence of 4.3 sec. These appear to straddle sections of zero-mean along-stream velocity, consistent with an interpretation as packets. From these measurements, it is clear that data collected through both laboratory and numerical experiments are directly applicable to geophysical scales – a finding that will enable the fine-scale details of particle transport and pollutant dispersion to be studied in future. Conditional sampling of the Reynolds shear stress (without using Taylor’s hypothesis) reveals that these coherent structures are responsible for the vertical exchange of momentum and, as such, are the key areas where energy is extracted from the mean flow and into turbulence. The present study offers the first assessment of the magnitude of the errors associated with assuming isotropy on shear-based sensors of the TKE dissipation rate and its consequential effect on the Kolmogorov microscale using 3D-PTV data from the bottom boundary layer of the coastal ocean. The results indicate a high degree of spatial variability associated with the low conditions. The averaged data supports the validity of measurements obtained by horizontal and vertical profilers, however along-stream velocity derivatives underestimate the TKE dissipation rate by more than 40% – a factor of two higher than for the equivalent cross-stream and vertical estimates. This has important implications for the deployment of these sensors and the subsequent interpretation of higher-order statistics. Finally, the data have been processed to test four popular sub-grid scale (SGS) stress models and SGS dissipation rate estimates for Large-Eddy Simulations using these in situ experimental data. When the correlation and SGS model coefficients are assessed, the nonlinear model represents the best stress models to use for the present data, consistent with the substantial anisotropy and inhomogeneity associated with these flows. The detailed measurement and analysis of coherent structures in the coastal ocean undertaken therefore supports the development of numerical models and assists with the understanding of all marine processes.

The turbulent boundary layer is an aspect of fluid flow which dominates the performance of many engineering systems - yet the analytic solution of such flows is intractable for most applications. Our understanding of boundary layers is therefore limited by our ability to simulate and measure them. Tomographic Particle Image Velocimetry (TPIV) is a recently developed technique for direct measurement of fluid velocity within a 3D region. This allows new insight into the topological structure of turbulent boundary layers. Increasing Reynolds Number increases the range of scales at which turbulence exists; a measurement technique must have a larger 'dynamic range' to fully resolve the flow. Tomographic PIV is currently limited in spatial dynamic range (which is also linked to the spatial and temporal resolution) due to a high degree of noise. Results also contain significant bias error. This work proposes a modification of the technique to use more than two exposures in the PIV process, which (for four exposures) is shown to improve random error by a factor of 2 to 7 depending on experimental setup parameters. The dynamic range increases correspondingly and can be doubled again in highly turbulent flows. Bias error is reduced by up to 40%. An alternative reconstruction approach is also presented, based on application of a reduction strategy (elimination of coefficients based on a first guess) to the tomographic weightings matrix Wij. This facilitates a potentially significant increase in computational efficiency. Despite the achieved reduction in error, measurements contain non-zero divergence due to noise and sampling errors. The same problem affects visualisation of topology and coherent fluid structures. Using Projection Onto Convex Sets, a framework for post-processing operators is implemented which includes a divergence minimisation procedure and a scale-limited denoising strategy which is resilient to 'false' vectors contained in the data. Finally, developed techniques are showcased by visualisation of topological information in the inner region of a high Reynolds Number boundary layer (δ+ = 1890, Reθ = 3650). Comments are made on the visible flow structures and tentative conclusions are drawn.