Optical imaging polarimetry has been performed on seven nearby Seyfert galaxies, three with face-on and four with edge-on host galaxies of various morphological classifications. Observations in V, R, B and H(_a) wavebands are presented as maps of total intensity and of polarized intensity, overlaid with polarization vectors. Independent determinations of the interstellar polarization (ISP) contribution from our own galaxy are made where possible, and are used to produce ISP corrected maps. The polarization patterns seen in the maps show evidence of either dichroic extinction, which indicates the presence of non-spherical dust grains in large-scale galactic magnetic fields, or scattering, which is due to the illumination of regions of dust grains or electrons. The polarization features, which are observed at the different wavebands, are then compared to recent models of polarization in external galaxies. Estimates of the intrinsic Seyfert nuclear polarization are made where possible by correcting for ISP and for an approximation of the dilution due to the host galaxy flux by using values from previous studies. Both the measured and the corrected nuclear polarizations are compared with previously published values, and are discussed in the context of the standard models of Seyfert galaxies. Most of the observed galaxies show evidence of polarization, both from the host galaxy and from the intrinsic Seyfert nucleus. In particular, distinct polarization features: bands of polarization consistent with extended dusty disks aligned with the dusty tori proposed in Seyferts, and regions of polarization corresponding to scattering of the nuclear continuum along the biconical extended Seyfert emission-line regions, have been identified in several of the observed galaxies.

Orientadores: Dalton Soares Arantes, Fabbryccio Akkazzha Chaves Machado Cardoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Garcia_FabioLumertz_D.pdf: 40460342 bytes, checksum: 576d63ee41c2ab7aa3312f22902103b5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta tese apresenta um novo método para recuperação de portadora e fase, sem o emprego de Phase-Locked Loops, com aplicação em um sistema óptico coerente com modulação 16-QAM, taxa de 112Gb/s e multiplexação por polarização. A estrutura desenvolvida viabiliza uma Operação de Alinhamento dos símbolos modulados em fase e quadratura da constelação QAM, possibilitando a estimação eficiente dos desvios de freqüência e fase. Um projeto especial de preâmbulo foi concebido para o uso desta estrutura, possibilitando uma comutação suave para o segmento de dados com o auxílio de um esquema denominado Conjugado Virtual. Esses conceitos possibilitam correção de desvios de freqüência superiores a 1,5 GHz e operação com faixas de ruído de fase da ordem de 3,5 MHz (' DELTA' v × TS = 2.5 × 10?4), quando operando na taxa de 14 GBaud e em ambientes bastante degradados. Resultados de simulação apontam que nesses cenários degradados a equalização não-fracionária não é capaz de realizar a inversão do canal óptico. Essa conclusão é particularmente ilustrada por uma imagem bidimensional relacionando as taxas de erro de bit (BERs) em função de pares de amostras. Finalmente, o sistema óptico foi emulado com o software VPI Photonics. / Abstract: This thesis presents a novel method for Carrier Phase Estimation (CPE), without Phase-Locked Loops, with application to a 112 Gb/s Dual-Polarization 16-QAM Coherent Optical System. The developed structure allows for an Alignment Operation that performs the alignment of the symbols of the QAM constellation, resulting in more efficient estimation of carrier frequency and phase. An especial preamble design was conceived for this structure, enabling a soft switching from preamble to data segment using an especial Virtual Conjugation scheme. These concepts enable frequency mismatch correction over to 1.5 GHz and operation with phase noise linewidth in the order of 3.5 MHz (' DELTA' v × TS = 2.5 × 10?4), when operating at the rate of 14 GBaud and highly degraded channel conditions. Simulation results show that, in these scenarios, baudrate equalization is not able to perform channel inversion. This conclusion is especially illustrated by a bidimensional image which depicts Bit Error Rates (BERs) as a function of pairs of samples. Finally, the optical system was emulated using VPI Photonics Simulation Software. / Doutorado / Telecomunicações e Telemática / Doutor em Engenharia Elétrica

The magnetic (B) field in the disk of a galaxy may play an important role in the dynamics and evolution of the interstellar medium (ISM). The process by which the interstellar B-field is generated and maintained is not well understood, but the general expectation is that the generated B-field will be toroidal (parallel to the disk of the galaxy). The large-scale B-field threading the cold ISM of external galaxies can be probed via optical and near-infrared (NIR) polarimetric observations. However, scattered light can introduce false-positive B-field detections into these observations and is a source of contamination. This dissertation sets a context for observations of the Milky Way B-field by assessing the degree to which scattered light affects NIR polarimetry and reporting measurements of the B-fields in the disks of several external galaxies. The polarization properties of scattered light were investigated in order to better understand the degree to which scattered light may be a source of contamination in studies of the cold ISM B-field of external galaxies. The optical and NIR polarization of three, nearby, reflection nebulae was observed, and the wavelength dependence of the polarization percentage was measured. This wavelength dependence was found to be related to the characteristics of the scattering dust grain population with the general conclusion that the total amount of polarized, scattered light decreases with increasing wavelength. This analysis was repeated for the scattering-dominated galaxy M82 to test if similar results obtained for galaxies outside the Milky Way. Observations of this object indicate that the total amount of contamination from scattered light in this object is also less at NIR wavelengths than at optical wavelengths, and they confirm that B-field generated polarization can be detected in external galaxies. A sample of edge-on galaxies was observed for NIR polarization to measure the cold ISM B-field there. These observations indicate the likely presence of non-toroidal B-fields, localized, coherent B-field structures, and spiral disk structure detectable via NIR polarimetry. A comparison of the B-fields threading the cold and hot components of the ISM suggests that these B-fields may be dynamically distinct under certain conditions.

Le collagène est un élément majeur de l'architecture des organes chez les mammifères. Cette protéine s'organise en structures tridimensionnelles (3D) spécifiques à chaque tissu et responsables de leurs propriétés biophysiques et biomécaniques. La microscopie multiphoton permet de visualiser le collagène fibrillaire dans les tissus biologiques, sans aucun marquage, grâce aux signaux de génération de second harmonique (SHG). Cette thèse présente des mesures SHG résolues en polarisation (P-SHG), dans le but de caractériser la structure 3D du collagène dans divers tissus, de l'échelle moléculaire à l'échelle macroscopique.Nous avons d'abord étudié la sensibilité et la fiabilité des mesures P-SHG, afin de valider cette technique comme un outil quantitatif d'observation de la structure 3D du collagène dans des tissus intacts.En collaboration avec le Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, cette technique a ensuite été appliquée à l'étude de systèmes modèles de collagène présentant une organisation de type cristal liquide, afin de caractériser les conditions physico-chimiques menant à des phases proches de celles observées à l’état stabilisé dans la cornée.Enfin, nous présentons une imagerie SHG en différence circulaire (CD-SHG), permettant de déterminer la polarité des fibrilles de collagène par rapport au plan de l'image. Ces mesures sont complémentaires de l'information obtenue en P-SHG. Une première mise en place expérimentale de cette technique est présentée dans des coupes histologiques de cornée humaine. Nous présentons de plus les résultats préliminaires d'une imagerie corrélative CD-SHG/I-SHG, en collaboration avec l'INRS, donnant une information complète sur la polarité des fibrilles de collagène. / Collagen is a key element of organs architecture in mammals. This protein is organized in tridimensional (3D) structures specific to each tissue and responsible for its biophysical and biomechanical properties. Multiphoton microscopy allows the visualization of unstained fibrillar collagens in biological tissues, by use of their endogenous second harmonic generation (SHG) signals. This work focuses on polarization-resolved SHG measurements (P-SHG), in order to characterize the collagen 3D structure in tissues, from the molecular scale to the macroscopic scale.We first studied the sensitivity and the reliability of those P-SHG measurements, and validated this technique as a quantitative tool to probe collagen structure in intact tissues.In collaboration with the Laboratoire de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Paris, this technique was then applied to the study of collagen model systems with a liquid crystal like organization, in order to find the physico-chemical conditions leading to organizations close to the one observed in cornea.Finally, we introduced SHG circular difference measurements (CD-SHG). This technique allowed us to probe the polarity of collagen fibrils with respect to the image plane. Those measurements complement P-SHG measurements. An experimental implementation of this technique is introduced, as well as preliminary measurements in cornea. We present also preliminary results from CD-SHG/I-SHG correlative imaging, in collaboration with INRS, giving full information about collagen polarity.

The modern InGaN technology demonstrates high efficiencies only in the blue spectral region and low current operation modes. The growth of InGaN quantum wells (QWs) on nonbasal crystallographic planes (NBP) has potential to deliver high-power blue and green light emitting diodes and lasers. The emission properties of these QWs are largely determined by the localization of carriers in the minima of spatially inhomogeneous band potential, which affects the recombination dynamics, spectral characteristics of the emission, its optical polarization and carrier transport. Understanding it is crucial for increasing the efficiency of NBP structures to their theoretical limit. In this thesis, the influence of carrier localization on the critical aspects of light emission has been investigated in semipolar  and nonpolar  InGaN QWs. For this purpose, novel multimode scanning near-field optical microscopy configurations have been developed, allowing mapping of the spectrally-, time-, and polarization-resolved emission. In the nonpolar QW structures the sub-micrometer band gap fluctuations could be assigned to the selective incorporation of indium on different slopes of the undulations, while in the smoother semipolar QWs – to the nonuniformity of QW growth. The nanoscale band potential fluctuations and the carrier localization were found to increase with increasing indium percentage in the InGaN alloy. In spite to the large depth of the potential minima, the localized valence band states were found to retain properties of the corresponding bands. The reduced carrier transfer between localization sites has been suggested as a reason for the long recombination times in the green-emitting semipolar QWs. Sharp increase of the radiative lifetimes has been assigned to the effect of nanoscale electric fields resulting from nonplanar QW interfaces. Lastly, the ambipolar carrier diffusion has been measured, revealing ~100 nm diffusion length and high anisotropy. / <p>QC 20170919</p>

The aim of submitted diploma thesis is the study of non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polylactide (PLA) with selected agents (1 %) and observation of the emerging crystalline structure under polarizing optical microscope. The agents were talc, a mixture of organic salts with the addition of amorphous SiO2 (HPN 68L) and zinc stearate (HPN 20E) and LAK-301 (potassium salt of 5-dimethylsulfoisophtalate), which is a nucleating agent developer for PLA. The PLA matrix served as a reference. Non-isothermal crystallization took place on a differential scanning calorimeter at cooling rates () 0,3; 0,5; 0,7; 1; 1,5; 2 °C/min After non-isothermal crystallization, the crystalline fraction (Xc) od PLA was evaluated from X-ray diffraction analysis, and the supramolecular structure was observed after chemical degradative etching using confocal laser scanning microscope. The crystallization kinetics were evaluated by the methods of Jeziorny and Mo and the activation energy of the crystallization was determined according to the Friedmann method. All prepared materials were amorphous (Xc 40 % for up to 1,5 °C/min). However, for LAK-301, Xc decreased to 30 % already at the = 2 °C/min and it can be assumed that with increasing its nucleation activity will decrease. A spherulitic structure was observed in all samples, but the number and size of spherulites decreased with increasing and the appearance varied according to the type of agent. Both kinetic models proved to be unsuitable for materials with low Xc and the highest because the rate of crystallization did not change. With the Jeziorny method, it was possible to evaluate the kinetics only for the relative crystallinity Xt = 29–50 % and with the Mo method it was not possible to evaluate the data for the highest for PLA matrix and sample with HPN 68L. The samples with LAK-301 and HPN 68L showed the lowest activation energy.