Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-07-22Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:06Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 sanches_rr_me_assis.pdf: 1640251 bytes, checksum: fb0a7abb7340f316b00a41ab6c9f823f (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Em março de 2009, ano do centenário da existência das políticas internacionais de proibição de drogas, a 52ª Reunião da Comissão Especial de Narcóticos das Nações Unidas reiterou, para decepção de todo o bom senso, o fracassado paradigma de Guerra às Drogas como orientação geral das políticas públicas sobre drogas em nossa globalizada contemporaneidade. O objetivo da reunião, que congregou delegações de mais de 90% das nações do globo em Sessão Especial da Assembléia Geral das Nações Unidas, era avaliar o avanço nas metas do plano de ação acordado em 1998 que, pela via de um tour de force proibicionista de caráter jurídico, polícial e militar, visava erradicar ou reduzir consideravelmente os níveis mundiais de consumo e circulação de drogas ilícitas nos dez anos seguintes. Constatou-se, como era de se esperar, o absoluto fracasso em sequer limitar o avanço da disseminação das mazelas correlatas ao uso de drogas no âmbito da clandestinidade a que foi condenada essa milenar e pluricultural experiência do ser humano. A percepção do evidente desastre dessa estreita política de puritanismo guerreiro já levara, na própria Reunião de 2009, representações da União Européia, do Consórcio Internacional de Políticas sobre Drogas e da Comissão Latino-Americana de Drogas e Democracia a reunirem-se em torno da importância da adoção do enfoque da Redução de Danos como alternativa viável para redimensionar as políticas internacionais sobre a questão e oferecer base mais viável e racional para a administração da circulação dessas substâncias, bem como ao enfrentamento realista dos complexos desdobramentos na violência social e na saúde pública. Não obstante, por força da intransigência guerreira da ainda não obanizada... / In March, 2009 the International Drug prohibition existence centenary, the UN 52nd Special Narcotics Meeting reiterated, for the common sense disappointment, the failed war on drugs paradigm as a general guide to public policies on drugs in our contemporary globalized society. The meeting‗s purpose, which brought together delegations from more than 90% of globe‗s nations in the Special Session of UN General Assembly, was to evaluate the progress on the action plan targets agreed in 1998 which, through a juridical, police and military tour de force prohibitionist, aimed to eradicate or substantially reduce the global levels of consumption and circulation of illicit drugs in the next ten years. It was noted, as it was expected, the absolute failure to limit the advance of the spread of correlated misfortunes to drug use as part of the unlawful whereby ancient and multicultural human being experience was condemned. The perception of the apparent disaster of this narrow policy of Puritanism warrior has led, in the meeting of 2009 itself, representatives of the Union European, International Consortium on Drug Policy and Latin American Commission on Drugs and Democracy to gather aroundthe importance of the Harm Reduction‗s adopted focus as a viable alternative to resize international policies on the issue and offer more viable and rational basis for the administration of these substances circulation, as well as to realistically confront the complex developments in social violence and public health. Nevertheless, under the US warrior‗s intransigence delegation, the guidelines adopted at the end of the meeting reaffirmed the uncompromising tone of the policy to combat drugs in recent decades... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / A presente dissertação busca, através da análise das teorias sobre o crime e o desvio disponíveis, encontrar um caminho de pesquisa que responda a seguinte pergunta: Por que alguns jovens e não outros se envolvem em atividades ligadas ao tráfico de drogas nas favelas do Rio de Janeiro? Este é, portanto, essencialmente um trabalho de revisão bibliográfica, tanto da literatura brasileira quanto da literatura norte-americana sobre o tema. O objetivo principal é levantar questões para uma pesquisa futura que incorpore tanto os pontos fortes da produção acadêmica nacional quanto da produção estrangeira, incorporando metodologias essencialmente quantitativas e qualitativas. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho defende o desenvolvimento de análises que enfatizem a capacidade de agência dos indivíduos, através da observação dos efeitos de suas aspirações e expectativas de futuro sobre suas trajetórias de vida; sem, contudo, perder de vista que a conformação de tais expectativas depende da estrutura e das interações sociais que os circundam / Through the analysis of available theories of crime and deviance, this paper searches to find a path of research that accounts for the following question: Why some young people engage in illegal activities related to drug dealing in the Rio de Janeiros slums while others do not? This is, therefore, essentially a revision of the concerning theories in Brazil and in the United States. The main purpose is to raise questions for future research that bring together the cardinal points of both academic productions, incorporating both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In this context, the present paper stands for the development of an analysis that emphasizes the agency of individuals through the observation of their aspirations and expectations effects on their life trajectories. Nevertheless, such a perspective should not ignore the role played by the social structure and the social interactions in the constitution of the same aspirations and expectations

The major subject of this graduation thesis is political extremism in its basic forms. In the theoretical part the author focuses in particular on division of political extremism and description of individual extremists groups. He also addresses criminal activities committed by extremists. Large attention is paid mainly to racially motivated criminality. The main objective of this graduation thesis is to ascertain the opinions of two different target groups on the extremist movements and the forms of criminal activities committed by them. The first group of informants consists of people who were brought up in the time of totalitarian regime. The second group of informants is made up of people who were brought up after the revolution in 1989. The output should be the comparison of the opinions, positions and prejudices of these two groups of informants in respect of extremists and their activities. In the practical part the qualitative research method is used. In order to collect the information, the author used the method of phenomenological interviews that were structured and prepared beforehand. The informants were people living in České Budějovice or its close surroundings. Their number and selection was purposeful to secure equal representation of men and women so that the data contain the opinions of both these groups.

Act no. 218/2003 Coll. on liability of juveniles for illegal acts and on juvenile justice established new rules in criminal proceedings with juveniles and introduced brand new methods of sanctioning juvenile delinquents in criminal processes, specifically it introduced a number of new measures which can be administered as punishments for wrongdoings including the possibility of alternative solutions to committed wrongful acts. The degree work is divided into two parts. The theoretical portion provides information about potential solutions and approaches when measures are administered in criminal proceedings with juvenile offenders including the theoretical background. The empirical portion maps out the ratio of measures administered by prosecuting and adjudicating bodies in pre-trial proceedings and measures administered by juvenile courts; the degree work also summarizes all solutions to criminal matters related to juveniles; the quantitative research focused on the District Court in Strakonice during the period of 2004 and 2008. The objectives of the research correlated with hypotheses which the author based on her experience gained in her job as a juvenile social probation officer. The research showed that during the monitored period 64% of juvenile criminal issues were resolved directly by the juvenile court and only 36% of acts committed by juvenile delinquents were closed by prosecuting and adjudicating bodies during pre-trial proceedings. The second portion of the research proved that the most frequently utilized measures {--} 54% - were criminal sanctions; 44% of juvenile criminal cases were solved by means of alternative measures, while reformatory measures were administered only to 2% of juvenile delinquents and protective measures were not utilized at all. The degree work was intended to briefly demonstrate whether the purpose of the Act on juvenile justice is fulfilled. Its onclusions are intended for professional public and for all people who are interested in criminal law, criminal proceedings and juvenile delinquency.

Este trabalho estima o efeito da polarização de renda sobre os índices de criminalidade para avaliar se a polarização é mais relevante que as medidas de desigualdade tradicionais na explicação da criminalidade. Para o cálculo da polarização foi utilizada a medida proposta por Duclos et al. (2004). Foram estimados modelos com dados de corte transversal e em painel, utilizando dados dos municípios paulistas, empregando-se modelos de auto-correlação espacial e System GMM. A principal conclusão deste trabalho é que a medida de polarização de renda tem efeito positivo e significativo sobre a taxa de crimes contra o patrimônio, assim como esperado inicialmente. Este resultado é robusto a alterações no peso do sentimento de identificação entre os indivíduos, α, e aos diferentes métodos econométricos e variáveis de renda utilizadas para calcular as medidas de desigualdade. / This paper estimates the effect of polarization of income on crime rates to assessing whether the polarization is more relevant than traditional measures of inequality in the explanation of crime. To calculate the polarization was used to measure proposed by Duclos et al. (2004). Models were estimated with cross-sectional and panel datas using models of spatial autocorrelation and System GMM. The main conclusion of this study is that the measure of income polarization has positive and significant effect on the rate of property crimes, as originally hoped. This result is robust to weight changes the feeling of identification among individuals, α, and different econometric methods and income variables used for calculate measures of inequality.

Abstract Early family characteristics may influence the later development of severe mental disorders and criminality of a child. The association between an adverse family environment during childhood and its later consequences in adulthood, however, are still widely open. The aim of the present study was to analyse in a longitudinal perspective, family risks of severe hospital-treated mental disorders and criminal behaviour in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort and to develop a descriptive life span model of schizophrenia. A large, general population birth cohort (N =11 017), the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was used as a study population. This database provides the information of prospectively collected data on both biological and social aspects of pregnancy, the characteristics of family, the mother, the father, and the child. The information of psychiatric outcomes was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR) and the data on registered criminal behaviour of the cohort members come from computerized files maintained by the Ministry of Justice. Children born to multiparous mothers (GMP) i.e. those that had undergone at least six deliveries were more commonly treated in mental hospitals later in life (4.5% vs. 3.4%; p=0.028) than children born to mothers that have fewer children. Of the diagnostic groups, the risk of psychoses other than schizophrenia (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.2-4.7), and depressive disorders (OR 2.2; 1.0-4.5) was elevated among adult children of those mothers. Birth order was associated with adult schizophrenia. The risk was elevated among male firstborns (ratio 1.5; 95% CI 1.0-2.2), but it was lower than expected among male lastborns (ratio 0.7; 95% CI 0.5-0.9). The elevated risk was not significantly associated with female schizophrenia patients. On the contrary, the risk was lower than expected among females who were not first, not last or not only children in the family (ratio 0.6; 95% CI 0.3-0.9). Among males the risk for violent crimes later in life was elevated among the only children (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1-3.0). If perinatal risk was additional exposure, the risk increased up to 4-fold (OR 4.4; 95% CI 1.9-10.8). Combining with maternal risks increased the risk up to 6-fold (OR 5.9; 95% CI 3.1-11.3) and with paternal risk up to 8-fold (OR 8.4; 95% CI 3.9-18.1), respectively. Among females the absence of the father during childhood until the age of 14 was the strongest risk factor in predicting later criminality (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4-4.3). Further, in the families, where the father was present, maternal smoking during pregnancy together with being born unwanted increased the prevalence for criminal offending significantly up to 7.2%. In conclusion, some characteristics of the early childhood family environment were associated with mental disorders and criminality in adulthood and form part of the developmental trajectory of these disorders. Early detection of such children at risk is important in preventing mental disorders and criminality in adulthood.

Abstract The proportion of single-parent families has increased in the last few decades world-wide, mostly due to high divorce rates. Also in Finland growing numbers of children spend part of their childhood in single-parent families. The aim of this study was to investigate in a longitudinal perspective, the possible long-term effects of the childhood family structure on psychological, physical and criminal outcomes of an offspring during adulthood. A large, prospectively collected general population birth cohort (n= 11 017), the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, was used as a study population. This database provided the information on childhood family structure of cohort members with additional information of sociodemographic factors of the family and of the child. Information concerning physical and psychiatric illnesses were gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR). Death certificates and the information from national crime registers were also obtained. Females with a single-parent family background were more commonly hospital-treated (61.3 % vs. 56.7 %) for any physical condition than females with a two-parent family background. For males such difference in overall physical illness was not found. Both females and males from single-parent families had more commonly been hospital-treated for some diagnoses in the ICD-category of "injury and poisoning" than had other cohort members. Furthermore, females from single-parent families had also more commonly been treated due to pregnancy-related conditions such as induced abortions. During the follow-up time (16 to 28 years of age) 117 (90 males, 27 females) cohort members had died. Males with single-parent family background exhibited an increased mortality risk, especially due to suicides (OR=2.5, 95% CI 1.1-5.8, adjusted for psychiatric hospital diagnosis, parental social class). Criminality was more common among both males and females from single-parent families compared with other cohort members. The results showed that the risk of violent offending and recidivism was increased up to 8-fold if the cohort male member had been born and raised in a single-mother family over most of his childhood. Parental divorce also doubled the risk for both violent and recidivistic offending. Non-violent offences among males were associated only with parental death and divorce. Furthermore, drunk driving was more common among both males and females with single-parent background. Males who were born into single-mother families were at the highest risk of drunk driving offences in adulthood (OR=2.4, 95% CI 1.4-4.2, adjusted for maternal age, psychiatric hospital diagnosis, parental social class). In this study it was shown that young adults with single-parent families in childhood experienced a more stressful pathway from late adolescence to adulthood. However, most of the offspring of single-parent families did well during the follow-up time. Strategies to promote the well-being of children and adolescents in single-parent families are of prime importance for preventive health care.

The topic of this thesis is property criminality and its prevention, the most essential part of the general criminality, which is still actual and often discussed thema. The work is divided into two main parts, the theoretical part and the special part. The theoretical part at first defines the term of property criminality from the perspective of the criminal law and the criminology, then it analyse the phenomenology of the property criminality, its offenders and the issue of the punishments. In the end of this chapter is in outline described the possible next course of the property criminality in the next three years on the basis of using the technique called time series analysis. Subsequently the work dedicates to the causes of the property criminality and its control with the emphasis on the crime prevention. The work detailed deals with the situational crime prevention, which plays very important role of the property crime prevention. Then is also introduced one of the new criminological theories occupied of the environmental criminology and the possibilities of its practical utilization by taking preventive measures. In the last chapter of the theoretical part is described the german criminal law legislation of the property criminality and its phenomenology, which is compared to the...

La criminalité féminine est marginale, atypique et paradoxale dans l'Hérault comme au niveau national. Marginale car la femme ne correspond qu'à un sixième des accusés. L'Hérault ne fait pas exception avec ses quinze pour cent d'accusés de sexe féminin. Atypique par rapport aux crimes supposés féminins. Bien que certains crimes semblent plus spécifiquement féminins car ils sont liés à la maternité et à la conjugalité, la participation des femmes à tous les autres crimes permet de relativiser le concept de criminalité féminine. Dans l'Hérault, bien que relativement absente de la criminalité, la femme est surreprésentée en matière d'infanticide, d'avortement et d'empoisonnement. Toutefois, sa participation aux atteintes contre la propriété (vol) et à certaines atteintes contre les personnes (coups et blessures, etc.) nuance l'existence d'une criminalité spécifiquement féminine. Il en résulte que la criminalité féminine est paradoxale, parce que les « faibles » femmes supposées incapables de commettre des crimes violents (leur rôle social les protégeant) accomplissent cependant les crimes qui comptent parmi les plus atroces. La contradiction réside aussi dans l'indulgence des sanctions réservées aux femmes auteurs de ces crimes. Il est difficile d'admettre que chaque sexe aurait des prédispositions pour commettre tel ou tel crime. La criminalité est davantage le résultat de facteurs criminogènes qui dépendent de circonstances sociologiques, économiques, psychiques et biologiques, communs aux deux sexes. / Women's criminality keeps marginal, atypic, and paradoxical, in the department of Herault as on a national level. « Marginal » because women only squares with five sixths of the accused. Herault is not an exception ,with its fifteen per cent of female accused. « Atypic » in relation to the supposed female crimes..Although some crimes seem more specifically feminine because they are linked with motherhood and conjugal life, the women's contribution to any other crime allow the concept of « women's criminality » to be softened. In Herault,even though the woman is rather absent from criminality, she is over-represented concerning child murder, abortion, or poisoning. However, her contribution to breaches against properties ( robberies), and to people ( assault and battery) moderates the existence of a specific female criminality. So the outcome is that female criminality is « paradoxical » because « weak » women, meant unable to commit violent crimes (their social part protect them from killing), commit the crimes which are ranked among the most abominable. The contradiction consists in the leniency of the punishments against women who have committed such crimes too. It is difficult to admit that each sex would have propensity to such or such a crime. Criminality is more the result of factors which depend on sociological, economical, psychic and biological circumstances, common to both sexs.

Diploma thesis characterises the most important kinds of computer crime, economically evaluates incurred harms, presents factual examples and a prognosis of the possible way of developement of this kind of crime in the future. Thesis includes legislation regarding the computer crime and possible ways of defending against it. In the end, in the form of a questionary, the thesis monitors the knowledge of students of the Faculty of management in Jindřichův Hradec about the field of computer crime and interprets these results using graphs.