Yick, Man Kin. / "August 2011." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [193]-212). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendix includes Chinese. / Abstract in English --- p.iii / Abstract in Chinese --- p.v / Acknowledgement --- p.vii / Contents --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xiii / "Lists of Tables, figures and graph" --- p.xv / Chapter Section 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Purpose of the study --- p.4 / Chapter Section 2 --- Historical development of social welfare sector and YWCA --- p.5 / Conceptualizing NGOs --- p.5 / Early colonial period to WWII: Formation of charity organization under minimal welfare provision of the government --- p.7 / Post-WWII to 1960s: Government in need of SSOs for relief work and against communism --- p.9 / 1960s to 1990s: Expansion of social welfare and state incorporation of SSOs --- p.10 / From the 1990s: Towards a contractual relationship between SSOs and government in uncertain times --- p.12 / YWCA has followed the footsteps of social service sector --- p.16 / Chapter Section 3 --- Conceptualizing legitimacy repair --- p.18 / Why legitimacy? --- p.18 / Conceptualizing and defining legitimacy --- p.20 / Typology of legitimacy --- p.22 / Measurements of legitimacy --- p.25 / Legitimacy repair --- p.25 / Stakeholder and stakeholder politics --- p.28 / Chapter Section 4 --- Analytical framework --- p.32 / Determinants of degree of consistency of legitimacy repair strategies --- p.32 / Chapter Section 5 --- Methodology --- p.35 / A longitudinal single case study --- p.35 / A qualitative research --- p.36 / Why TO YWCA? --- p.36 / Research method --- p.37 / Field roles and field relations --- p.39 / Informant selection --- p.40 / A note on the role of media --- p.41 / Ethical issues in this study --- p.42 / Chapter Section 6 --- The setting: Tai 0 --- p.43 / The administrative-political setting --- p.48 / Local associations in Tai O --- p.51 / Chapter Section 7 --- Legitimacy challenge on YWCA during 1988 District Board election --- p.53 / Entry of YWCA --- p.53 / Struggle in 1988 District Board election --- p.63 / YWCA after the election: Formal complaint by TORC and its repair strategies --- p.73 / Chapter Section 8 --- The River Crab Saga from 2008 to 2010 --- p.75 / The two floodings in brief --- p.75 / What were TORC's challenges to YWCA? --- p.76 / Response of YWCA: Apology to TORC and adoption of a softer work strategy of community work --- p.85 / A turn to expression of regret under public scrutiny --- p.88 / The effect of the Saga on Tai O community: TO YWCA and pro-TOYWCA residents --- p.99 / The effect of the Saga on YWCA --- p.100 / Chapter Section 9 --- Discussion --- p.102 / Differences of the two disputes in terms of stakeholder identification and analysis --- p.102 / Explaining the difference of repair strategies of YWCA legitimacy between the two controversies --- p.114 / What factors could link up pro-Beijing and rural forces since the 1990s? --- p.136 / "Advantages of binding together: elections, mobilization, and interests" --- p.140 / Chapter Section 10 --- Conclusion --- p.157 / The case and argument revisited --- p.157 / Theoretical input --- p.163 / Significance of the study --- p.164 / Research limitations --- p.168 / Suggestions for further research --- p.169 / Chapter Appendix 1 --- Informant characteristics and selection process --- p.172 / Informant characteristics --- p.172 / Informant selection process --- p.177 / Chapter Appendix 2 --- Newspaper reports on 1988 DB election --- p.179 / Chapter Appendix 3 --- Chronology of the 2008 River Crab Saga --- p.180 / Chapter Appendix 4 --- Debates over disaster relief process in 2008 in detail --- p.183 / Chapter Appendix 5 --- Letter of complaint to LegCo Redress System --- p.189 / References --- p.193

This study was aimed at analysing structural relations between the State and the non-governmental organizations (NGO) sector. It focused on the relations between two NGOs, namely the Labour Research Service and the Institute for Democracy in South Africa on the one hand and the National Development Agency on the other. The National Development Agency is a State intermediary structure established to facilitate funding and policy dialogue between the State and the NGO sector. The three institutions have been included in order to analyse the way in which a state-designed institution relates with NGOs and in turn the NGOs responded in general.

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) have been criticised for depoliticising development through focusing on alleviating suffering rather than on addressing the root causes of poverty and underdevelopment. This research explores whether and how NGOs can act in ways that do not depoliticise development. The research focuses on education NGOs and in particular on the NGO GADRA education in Grahamstown, South Africa, to provide insights into ways in which politically conscious leadership of NGOs attempt to deal with the contradictions that are inherent in this field of work. This research provides a brief history of the South African Education system as a means to set a basis for the discussion of the role of education NGOs in the country. Furthermore it looks at the work that is done by GADRA education in the Grahamstown community. The thesis makes the argument that education NGOs can act in ways that do not depoliticise development because by providing access to education for people who are structurally excluded from education, they contribute to shifting power. This research found that although the leadership of GADRA Education acknowledge that they are confronted with great challenges in terms of how to bring about changes in the education system, they are hopeful that advocating for quality education will bring about the potential for the disruption of power relations as they exist between the state organs and the public.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs) have occupied a prominent role in the development of rural Zimbabwe since the time of its independence in 1980. NGO work in Zimbabwe currently takes place within the context of a tense and fluid political climate, an economy struggling to recover from crisis, international skepticism toward long-term donor investment in development, and global expectations about the methodologies and accountability measures carried out in intervention-based development work. In the light of the participatory methodologies and empowerment-based development frameworks that dominate the current global expectations for work within the NGO sector, this thesis focuses on the work of one particular NGO working in Zimbabwe, namely, World Vision. The main objective of the thesis is to understand and explain the participatory methods, accountability and effectiveness of World Vision in Zimbabwe (with particular reference to Umzingwane District) and, in doing so, to deepen the theoretical understanding of NGOs as constituting a particular organizational form. World Vision is a large-scale international NGO that has a pronounced presence in Zimbabwe and it is specifically active in Umzingwane District in Matabeleland South Province. The thesis argues that NGOs exist within a complex and tense condition entailing continuous responses to pressures from donors and states that structure their survival. Ultimately, in maneuvering through such pressures, NGOs tend to choose directions which best enable their own sustainability, often at the cost of the deep participatory forms that may heighten the legitimacy of their roles. World Vision Zimbabwe responds to donor trends, national and local expectations of the state and its own organizational expectations by building local government capacity in order to maintain the longevity and measureable outputs of its projects. In doing so, it redefines the concept of participation in pursuing efficient and practical approaches to ‘getting things done’. This compromises deep participatory methodologies and, in essence, alters the practices involved in participatory forms in order to maintain World Vision’s own organizational sustainability and presence in Zimbabwe.

Diploma thesis analyses non-governmental organizations which provide social and other services to newcomers (people with the experience of migration), it focuses mainly on those projects and activities intended for women or equal opportunities. Main part of the thesis is qualitative research based on in-depth thematic interviews and content analysis of relevant documents. The thesis aims to find out how the category of gender is defined, filled and accentuated especially in mentioned projects as well as in the activities of social workers and other workersof these non-governmental organizations. Regardingthat thesisalsoexamines how are the newcomers constructed and how are they represented by (interviewed) non- governmental organizations and by social workers. Thesis also examines if (and if yes then how) are the power relations manifested in the social worker-client relationship. Key words: non-governmental organization, non-governmental sector, migration, integration, social work, gender, feminist research, post-colonial feminist analysis

This thesis reconstructs the concept of International Non-Governmental Organization (INGO) accountability to beneficiaries through the development of a strategic model for INGO accountability to beneficiaries. It works through the history and arguments surrounding the rise of the debate around whether INGOs should be held accountable to their beneficiary populations. Unique definitions are developed for the terms and concepts related to this topic and a framework for understanding the strategic model for INGO accountability to beneficiaries is outlined: Accountable to whom? Accountable for what? Accountable how? A practical example of an internal assessment for measuring an INGO's accountability to beneficiaries is examined, analyzing data from Mercy Corps' internal accountability to beneficiaries survey conducted in 2010. This thesis defines accountability to beneficiaries as the process of justifying and being responsible for the manner and results of one's actions to any individual or group who is a member of the society whose interests the project or program is intended to promote. The main conclusions from this thesis are that the traditional model should be expanded to be more strategic and include a) a broader beneficiary and stakeholder population who may be affected, either positively or negatively, by the actions of an INGO, b) the actions of all members of the organization, and c) the enduring impacts of their work over time. Accountability to beneficiaries is a concept that can be applied to all INGO projects in a way that requires minimal resources and will ultimately improve the quality of the services delivered.

Thesis (M.Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study provides a theoretical foundation for researchers to investigate the effects of rural development non-governmental organisations’ governance on societal transformation. The research also assessed the mission statements from a non-profit organisation perspective, considering their operational activities in trying to address NGOs’ governance. Although, historically, these statements have been used almost exclusively in a management context. The nine components of a mission statement provide direction for the researcher to examine statements and practitioners to create and modify the statements. This study marries the rural development non governmental organisations’ governance and societal transformation literature. Creating a fruitful new area for marketing research and practice. The recommendations will hopefully give guide and recommend tools for aligning NGOs operational activities with their mission statements to promote good governance practice. The study investigated the effects of rural development non-governmental organisations’ governance on societal transformation. The aim was to investigate the types of rural development actions and role players in Elansdoorn Moutse, to analyse the governance of the actions of rural development role players, to examine the scales and profiles of NGOs acting in rural development, to delineate the effects of rural development NGOs’ governance on societal transformation, and to propose measures for improved governance of actions and enhancement of societal transformation credential of rural development NGOs in developing countries. The study found that if rural development NGOs were well governed, they would have the power and potential to transform the society. / University of Limpopo (UL)

Previous research on expatriation has focused principally on managers in multi-national corporations. However, there is an acknowledged need to disaggregate the expatriate population in order to recognise the different contexts in which expatriation takes place. This thesis focuses on expatriation within the context of international development, evaluating the process and outcome of sociocultural adjustment in individual development workers. Development workers are an important type of expatriate to study. Their ability to adjust effectively to host cultures is increasingly important as NGOs face growing competition for funds alongside greater calls for accountability and increased demand for their services. Moreover, development work is theoretically challenging as a result of close contact with host nationals, a greater degree of cultural distance between home and host cultures, and the witnessing of poverty and inequity. A mixed method approach was employed in this thesis. Semi-structured interviews were used to evaluate the sociocultural adjustment experiences of expatriate development workers together with reflections on the contribution of their sending organisations. A postal survey was subsequently used to examine recruitment, selection and cross-cultural training practices in a broader sample of UK-based NGOs. This thesis makes its contribution by evaluating sociocultural adjustment in an under-researched expatriation context that is argued to be especially challenging both for the sending organisations and the individual expatriates. The findings identify a number of specific challenges, and provide a rich insight into the way in which these combine to influence the sociocultural adjustment of expatriate development workers and the adjustment outcomes that they achieve. Despite being a challenging context, the development workers in this study had all reached positive adjustment outcomes. The role of sending organisations was also examined, which indicated that recruitment, selection and cross-cultural training practices were shaped by pragmatic considerations. This was evidenced by an emphasis on recruitment sources and selection criteria that sought to identify qualified and experienced individuals with minimal training needs. Cross-cultural training focused on the provision of project and organisational inductions, supporting this interpretation. The findings led to the proposal of a model of sociocultural adjustment in expatriate development workers. The model emphasises the need to balance the use of other expatriates as a support mechanism with the effect of this on the individual’s relationship with host nationals. The model also identifies several factors that can simultaneously create tensions between expatriates and host nationals whilst driving the expatriate to seek support from other expatriates.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Non-profit organisations play an increasingly important role in our society as they often represent community interests. The ability of the non-profit sector to perform effectively has become more critical. In order to maintain their value and effectiveness they require continuous renewal. The increased demand placed on this sector as it partners with government to deliver basic services to the community has amplified the need for this renewal process. The non-profit sector is constantly required to develop new ways of building its capacity in an attempt to meet its challenges. Despite the emphasis placed on the importance of capacity building, the term itse~ is frequently too expansive to be meaningful to decision makers. This paper attempts to develop a working definition of capacity building and assess the capacity building levels of TB Care Association. TB Care Association, founded in 1929, provides a service to tuberculosis patients and their families. Over the last decade, the organisation has moved from being a welfare organisation to a developmental health promotion organisation. The survey conducted on TB Care Association indicates that the scores obtained by the organisation coincide with the organisation's stage of development according to Korten (Mukasa, 2003). The results further revealed that fund raising, over dependence on government funding, lack of succession planning and human resources strategies are potential issues that could impede organisational growth and development. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Nie-vir-wins organisasies speel 'n al hoe meer belangrike rol in ons samelewing deurdat hulle die belang van die gemeenskap op die hart dra. Die vermoe van hierdie sektor om effektief te wees raak dus al hoe belangriker. Om voortdurend die vlak van waarde en effektiwiteit vol te hou vereis voortdurende vernuwing. Die toenemende vereistes wat gestel word aan hierdie organisasies deurdat hulle met die regering saamspan om basiese dienste te lewer aan die gemeenskap, het die nodigheid van hierdie vernuwende proses beklemtoon. Die nie-vir-wins sektor moet gedurig nuwe maniere vind om kapasiteit te bou om hierdie uitdagings die hoof te bied. Ten spyte van die klem wat geplaas word op kapasiteitsbou, is die term self gereeld te wyd om betekenisvol te wees vir besluitnemers. Hierdie verslag poog om 'n prakties-georienteerde definisie van kapasiteitsbou daar te stel en om die kapasiteitsbou vlakke binne die TB Sorg Vereniging te bepaal. Die TB Sorg Vereniging, gestig in 1929, bied 'n diens aan tuberkulose pasiente en hul families. Oor die laaste dekade het die vereniging beweeg van 'n maatskaplike rol tot die van 'n vereniging wat fokus op die bevording van ontwikkelingsgesondheid. Die opname by die TB Sorg Vereniging toon dat die tellings behaal deur die instansie ooreenstem met die fase van ontwikkeling soos voorgestel deur Korten (Mukasa, 2003). Die resultate toon verder dat fonds-insameling, oor-afhanklikheid van regeringsfondse, 'n tekort aan opvolger-beplanning en menslike hulpbron strategiee moontlike knelpunte kan wees wat organisatoriese groei en ontwikkeling kan belemmer.

To integrate the previously disadvantaged population that suffered from the apartheid in South Africa, the government has implemented policies to let them participate in the country’s growing economy. These policies are called the Black Economic Empowerment (BEE) policies and are affecting both local and international businesses. Through a qualitative research method with a deductive approach, the research creates a deeper understanding of how Swedish firms adapt and commit as an effect of the BEE policies. Through already established internationalization theories, we created a theoretical framework as a platform to gather and analyze the empirical data. The theoretical implications show how the BEE policies can disrupt and challenge the commitment that is characterized in different entry modes. It also challenges previous research and brings up Swedish companies’ willingness to adapt with the policies and commit their resources in order to overcome the obstacles of BEE and benefit the growth of South Africa.