In the context of video games, a portrayed mood can bring forward emotion and make a scene more alive. With the use of dynamic mood, the look and feel of the game may change provided dynamic events, as dictated by player inputs and various sets of conditions. This thesis aims to describe and present a range of techniques that are subject of affecting the in-game mood, as implemented into an original development project. By using select design patterns, carefully authored parameters and intuitive areas of implementation, the mood and atmosphere of the game experience can be altered dynamically in meaningful ways. / Ur ett datorspelsperpektiv så kan en viss stämning väcka känslor och få en miljö att kännas mer levande. Med dynamisk stämning så menas att spelets utseende och känsla kan förändras med hjälp av dynamiska händelser, formade efter indata från spelaren och olika uppsättningar av villkor. Detta dokument har för avsikt att presentera en rad tekniker som kan användas för att påverka ett spels stämning på ett dynamiskt och betydelsefullt sätt. Genom att välja rätt designmönster, noggrant formulera parametrar samt utforska intuitiva utvecklingsområden så demonstreras detta inför ett verkligt spelprojekt.

Architectural and structural design process are closely connected but traditionally done in twoseparate steps in the design process. This requires effective coordination between the two disciplinesand without the right tools problems often arise.The thesis was done by support from structural engineers at Tyréns and in collaboration with astudent from the department of architecture. The aim of the thesis was to investigate if the use ofparametric design tools from both architects and structural engineers could be a way of making thedesign process more effective. This thesis also include test the structural plug-ins of the parametricdesign tools and compare them with the outputs from traditional structural software and handcalculations.The comparison was made for different cases followed by a collaboration project. The cases wastargeting different structural features which in turn gave the knowledge needed to develop thecollaboration project.The case studies consists of five cases where the first two gives an introduction to parametricmodelling. The third case is a steel beam with fully restrained supports loaded by two pointloads. It will compare the displacement calculations between the different software. The next caseis a concrete slab with different supports along edges loaded by a uniformly load. The analysisincludes calculation and evaluation of section forces. The final case is a concrete dome. It is builtup by arches and five supports. The analysis of this case includes calculation and evaluation of thedisplacement.The collaboration project is a concrete structure built up by a curved surface lifted by curvedcolumns. The architect worked with the structure in parallel to this this thesis and targeted thedevelopment process whilst the authors targeted the structural parts and at the same time gavestructural insight to the architect.The results show a difference between the parametric structural tools and the traditional FEsoftware regarding deformation and moments. The hand calculations in the collaboration projectshow that the amount of reinforcement will not work with the given inputs and assumptions dueto practical reasons regarding spacing.The possibility to export models from the parametric environment to traditional engineering software’senables a faster analysis, since the modelling capabilities is limited and time-consumingin these. The structural capabilities of the parametric tools are good enough for deciding initialgeometry and properties but these will probably change when subjected to an more extensiveanalysis.

Companies often require designers to work with and operate between different computer-aided design (CAD) systems. To interoperate between these systems, a neutral design standard for CAD models is needed that allows for generation, customization, and parameterization. Current standards often fail to incorporate file history and design intent. The research proposes a simplified, neutral design format that can be used to generate models in different CAD systems. The format proposes additional functionality not yet found in existing neutral formats or scripts. The system was tested by generating models in both NX and CATIA, then comparing the models for accuracy, flexibility, and similarity of the results. Utilizing the principles established with the neutral framework, a system was developed that facilitates a collaborative CAD modeling environment that supports the interaction of models within virtual reality (VR). A framework is presented that allows for the models to be created and then used in VR without the need for conversion. Strategies are discussed for minimizing the impacts of latency and unit testing was conducted to evaluate functionality. Furthermore, feasibility of using modern game engines such as Unity, Unreal Engine, and Godot to aid in the development of both VR and physics simulations are discussed. The above foundation and frameworks enhance collaboration in training and simulation in VR environments. This research demonstrates that by using neutral design standards, collaboration could be improved between different software, as well as between different engineers. Common strategies can be used for solving issues with conversions across the design space and integrated into future VR systems. This research will be indispensable to furthering studies of collaboration and design in remote environments.

This licentiate thesis is about the provision of transportinfrastructure and the regional impacts of such provision.Three different techniques have been investigated that can beused for the assessment and forecasting of the effects ofinfrastructure: transport demand models and parametric andnon-parametric econometric estimation techniques. The maininterest is focused around the regional effects of theÖresund fixed link, which was opened on July 1, 2000. The thesis is a collection of three papers plus a generalintroduction: papers 1 and 2 are concerned with the effect ofaccessibility in the transport networks on productivity on anindividual firm level. In paper 1, a translog cost function,extended with an accessibility variable, is estimated for 24business aggregates using panel data techniques and tests on adataset covering single workplaces in Scania over the years1990–98. The results are not conclusive, and cannot beused for forecasting of the after-situation. In paper 2, anon-parametric method, propensity score matching, is applied onthe same dataset to test if productivity differs in highaccessibiliby areas compared to those with low accessibility,while controlling for other differences between firms. Theresult here is the same as in the first paper: for no businessthere is a significant difference in productivity that can berelated to accessibility. In paper 3, a framework for theexternal validation of models of transport, landuse andenvironment is developed, with a focus on transport forecastmodels. The scenario assumptions and forecast results ofearlier models are presented and compared. A before-and-afterdatabase under construction for the Öresund region is alsopresented, to be used for validation of such models. Key words:infrastructure assessment, validation,Öresund, transport demand models, regionalconsequences.

Today, designing in digital environment is far less limiting than the physical reality that the product will end up in - stresses and forces, physical material properties, manufacturing possibilities, economic considerations and etc. are to a large extent not present in digital design tools. With many of these being directly computable it would make sense to introduce these restrictions from the physical world to the digital design environment. By doing this with we could take account of the inevitable restrictions from the very initial design phases and considerations, hopefully enabling us to make better informed decisions and designs. / Idag, designar i digitala miljön är betydligt mindre begränsande än den fysiska verkligheten att produkten kommer att hamna i - spänningar och krafter, fysikaliska materialegenskaper, tillverkningsmöjligheter, ekonomiska överväganden och etc. är i stor utsträckning inte finns i digitala designverktyg. Med många av dessa är direkt beräkningsbar det skulle vara meningsfullt att införa dessa restriktioner från den fysiska världen till den digitala designmiljö. Genom att göra detta med vi kunde ta hänsyn till de oundvikliga begränsningar från mycket ursprungliga utformning och överväganden, förhoppningsvis gör det möjligt för oss att fatta bättre underbyggda beslut och designer.

The thesis attempts to construct a framework for urban design by finding an optimal balance between urban density and solar access. It presents the results of running a multiple objective optimization process on a predesigned urban grid, in order to find the spatial configuration that performs the best both urban density-wise and having the best facade radiation.

Parametric resonance is a particular type of resonance in which a parameter in a system changes with time. A particularly interesting case is when the parameter changes in a periodic way, which can lead to very intricate behavior. This di↵ers from periodic forcing in that solutions are not necessarily periodic. A system in which parametric resonance is realized is when a fluid bath is shaken periodically, which leads to an e↵ective time dependent gravitational force. This system will be used to study the onset of surface waves in a bath with non-uniform topography. A linear model for the surface waves is derived from the Euler equations in the limit of shallow waves, which includes the geometry of the bottom and surface tension. Experiments are performed to compare with the proposed model and good qualitative agreement is found. Another experiment which relies on a shaking fluid bath is that of bouncing fluid droplets. In the case of two droplets the shaking allows for a larger bouncing droplet to attract a smaller moving droplet in a way that creates a bound system. This bound system is studied and shows some analogous properties to quantum systems, so a quantum mechanical model for a two dimensional atom is studied, as well as a proposed model for the droplet-wave system in terms of equations of fluid mechanics.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'estimation de paramètres dans les chaînes de Markov cachées. Nous considérons tout d'abord le problème de l'estimation en ligne (sans sauvegarde des observations) au sens du maximum de vraisemblance. Nous proposons une nouvelle méthode basée sur l'algorithme Expectation Maximization appelée Block Online Expectation Maximization (BOEM). Cet algorithme est défini pour des chaînes de Markov cachées à espace d'état et espace d'observations généraux. Dans le cas d'espaces d'états généraux, l'algorithme BOEM requiert l'introduction de méthodes de Monte Carlo séquentielles pour approcher des espérances sous des lois de lissage. La convergence de l'algorithme nécessite alors un contrôle de la norme Lp de l'erreur d'approximation Monte Carlo explicite en le nombre d'observations et de particules. Une seconde partie de cette thèse se consacre à l'obtention de tels contrôles pour plusieurs méthodes de Monte Carlo séquentielles. Nous étudions enfin des applications de l'algorithme BOEM à des problèmes de cartographie et de localisation simultanées. La dernière partie de cette thèse est relative à l'estimation non paramétrique dans les chaînes de Markov cachées. Le problème considéré est abordé dans un cadre précis. Nous supposons que (Xk) est une marche aléatoire dont la loi des incréments est connue à un facteur d'échelle a près. Nous supposons que, pour tout k, Yk est une observation de f(Xk) dans un bruit additif gaussien, où f est une fonction que nous cherchons à estimer. Nous établissons l'identifiabilité du modèle statistique et nous proposons une estimation de f et de a à partir de la vraisemblance par paires des observations. / This document is dedicated to inference problems in hidden Markov models. The first part is devoted to an online maximum likelihood estimation procedure which does not store the observations. We propose a new Expectation Maximization based method called the Block Online Expectation Maximization (BOEM) algorithm. This algorithm solves the online estimation problem for general hidden Markov models. In complex situations, it requires the introduction of Sequential Monte Carlo methods to approximate several expectations under the fixed interval smoothing distributions. The convergence of the algorithm is shown under the assumption that the Lp mean error due to the Monte Carlo approximation can be controlled explicitly in the number of observations and in the number of particles. Therefore, a second part of the document establishes such controls for several Sequential Monte Carlo algorithms. This BOEM algorithm is then used to solve the simultaneous localization and mapping problem in different frameworks. Finally, the last part of this thesis is dedicated to nonparametric estimation in hidden Markov models. It is assumed that the Markov chain (Xk) is a random walk lying in a compact set with increment distribution known up to a scaling factor a. At each time step k, Yk is a noisy observations of f(Xk) where f is an unknown function. We establish the identifiability of the statistical model and we propose estimators of f and a based on the pairwise likelihood of the observations.

This study is a parametric evaluation of reduction in undrained shear strength of fine grained soils required to cause failure beneath embankments during earthquake loading. The evaluated parameters are: crust thickness, normalized undrained strength, maximum past pressure, and embankment height. Both finite element and limit equilibrium analyses were used to determine strength reductions that would lead to embankment failure. It was found that reductions of undrained strengths of 55% to 65% would lead to failure during earthquake loading. The method proposed by Idriss and Boulanger was also used to predict strength reductions for each model over a range of earthquake amplitudes and magnitudes. Idriss and Boulanger predicted strength reductions around 80% which would not lead to collapse of the embankments.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Thin walled tubular structures are widely used in the automotive industry because of its weight to energy absorption advantage. A lot of research has been done in different cross sectional shapes and different tapered designs, with design for manufacturability in mind, to achieve high specific energy absorption. In this study a novel type of tubular structure is proposed, in which predesigned origami initiators are introduced into conventional square tubes. The crease pattern is designed to achieve extensional collapse mode which results in decreasing the initial buckling forces and at the same time acts as a fold initiator, helping to achieve a extensional collapse mode. The influence of various design parameters of the origami pattern on the mechanical properties (crushing force and deceleration) are extensively investigated using finite element modelling. Thus, showing a predictable and stable collapse behavior. This pattern can be stamped out of a thin sheet of material. The results showed that a properly designed origami pattern can consistently trigger a extensional collapse mode which can significantly lower the peak values of crushing forces and deceleration without compromising on the mean values. Also, a comparison has been made with the behavior of proposed origami pattern for extensional mode verses origami pattern with diamond fold.