京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第19004号 / 工博第4046号 / 新制||工||1623(附属図書館) / 31955 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科分子工学専攻 / (主査)教授 白川 昌宏, 教授 渡辺 宏, 教授 跡見 晴幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20353号 / 工博第4290号 / 新制||工||1664(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 米田 稔, 教授 伊藤 禎彦, 准教授 松井 康人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

付記する学位プログラム名: 充実した健康長寿社会を築く総合医療開発リーダー育成プログラム / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21793号 / 工博第4610号 / 新制||工||1718(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科高分子化学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 一生, 教授 秋吉 一成, 教授 大内 誠 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DGAM

Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit beschäftigte sich mit dem Ziel, amphiphile Oligoethylenglykol-funktionalisierte Perylenmonoimiddiester und Dicarbonsäure- bzw. Amino-funktionalisierte Perylenbisimide zu synthetisieren. Weiterhin wurden die optischen Eigenschaften in Lösung und das Aggregationsverhalten der Ester-, Dicarbonsäure- und der Amino-funktionalisierten Perylenfarbstoffe untersucht. (...) Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit widmete sich dem Ziel, die amphiphilen Oligoethylenglykol-funktionalisierten Zinkchlorine, 31-Hydroxy-Zinkchlorin (ZnChl-OH) und 31-Methoxy-Zinkchlorin (ZnChl-OCH3), herzustellen und desweiteren deren Aggregationsverhalten in wässriger Lösung vergleichend zu studieren, um den Einfluss der Lösungsmittel und des Substituenten in 31-Position auf die thermodynamischen und kinetischen Eigenschaften und auf die Aggregatstruktur zu bestimmen. (...) / The first part of this work was focused on the aim to synthesize amphiphilic oligoethylene glycol functionalized perylene monoimide diester as well as dicarboxylic acid and amino functionalized perylene bisimides. Furthermore, the optical properties in solution and the aggregation behavior of the ester, dicarboxylic acid and amino functionalized perylene dyes were investigated. (...) The second part of this work was focused on the aim to synthesize amphiphilic oligoethylene glycol functionalized zinc chlorins: 31-hydroxy-zinc chlorin (ZnChl-OH) and the new 31-methoxy-zinc chlorin (ZnChl-OCH3). Furthermore, intensive investigations on the aggregation behavior of both 31-hydroxy-zinc chlorin (ZnChl-OH) and 31-methoxy-zinc chlorin (ZnChl-OCH3) were performed in water solution for a direct comparison of the influence of the solvent und the substituent in 31-position on the thermodynamic and kinetic properties and on the aggregation morphology. (...)

Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of motor skills and cognitive impairment. The hallmark of this disease is the presence of Lewy bodies in the substantia nigra of the brain, where the accumulation of alpha-synuclein amyloid fibrils lead to the death of dopaminergic neurons. Understanding the factors influencing AS aggregation and developing effective strategies for its inhibition is of paramount importance for developing potential therapeutic interventions. Previous studies suggest that flavonoids in green and black tea have neuroprotective properties that decrease the fibrillization rate of AS. This thesis investigates the inhibitory effects of two flavonoids coming from green and black tea, namely: EGCG, TFDG, and HSA on AS aggregation, shedding light on their potential as therapeutic candidates. The study employed a combination of biochemical and biophysical experimental techniques to elucidate the inhibitory mechanisms of EGCG, TFDG, and HSA on AS aggregation. Initial experiments involved the characterization of AS fibrillation kinetics using ThT assays, TEM, and CD. Results revealed that flavonoids exhibited similar inhibitory effects on AS aggregation, with more than 90% inhibitory potency. Interestingly, when aggregated AS was exposed to EGCG or TFDG, the amyloid fibrils changed conformation and formed non-toxic amorphous oligomers. The 13C-detected NMR experiments, adapted to probe the AS dynamic conformation and interactions at the atomic level at physiologically relevant conditions, further provided insights into the binding interactions between flavonoids and AS, revealing interaction with hydrophobic residues involved in the inhibition process. Furthermore, the role of HSA, a major protein component of the blood plasma, in modulating α-synuclein aggregation in the presence of tea-derived flavonoids was investigated. The study demonstrated, in line with the previous reports, that HSA can significantly suppress AS fibrillation, and moreover, the presence of HSA further enhances the flavonoids’ inhibitory effect. My findings provide valuable atomic level mechanistic insights into the inhibitory effects of EGCG and TFDG on alpha-synuclein aggregation. The comprehensive spectroscopic and biophysical investigation provides a solid foundation for further developing flavonoid-based inhibitors, subsequently drug candidates blocking the AS toxic oligomers formation and aggregation.

Nach der Präparation von gewaschenen Thrombozyten, einem wichtigen Ausgangsmaterial für die experimentelle Forschung oder für die Transfusionsmedizin, tritt bekannterweise ein zunehmender Verlust der ADP-vermittelten Aggregationsfähigkeit ein. Die verminderte Funktionsfähigkeit von Thromboyzten nach dem Waschvorgang kann somit auch experimentelle Ergebnisse beeinflussten. Allerdings sind die dafür verantwortlichen molekularen Mechanismen bisher nicht aufgeklärt, sodass in dieser Dissertationsarbeit molekulare sowie auch funktionelle Vorgänge untersucht wurden, die zum bekannten Phänomen des raschen Verlustes der ADP-vermittelten Aggregationsfähigkeit gewaschener Thrombozyten führen. Die Wirkung von ADP wird über die drei purinergen Rezeptoren P2Y1, P2X1 und P2Y12 vermittelt wird. Daher wurde zunächst die ADP-induzierte Aggregationsfähigkeit alleine bzw. unter Kostimulation mit Epinephrin oder Serotonin - zwei Induktoren, deren Rezeptoren mit analogen Signalwegen wie die ADP-Rezeptoren P2Y1 bzw. P2Y12 gekoppelt sind - bestimmt. Um Hinweise zu erhalten, wie die Abnahme der ADP-vermittelten Reaktivität von gewaschenen Thrombozyten mit der purinergen Rezeptorexpression und -distribution sowie mit der nachgeschalteten Signalweiterleitung im Zusammenhang steht, wurde zudem die Expression purinerger Rezeptoren auf der Thrombozytenoberfläche bzw. die Konzentration von purinergen Rezeptoren im Zytosol gewaschener Thrombozyten mittels Durchflusszytometrie bzw. ELISA gemessen. Es zeigte sich, dass die Funktion der den purinergen Rezeptoren nachgeschalteten Signalwege während der Lagerungszeit zunehmend beeinträchtigt wird, aber zumindest teilweise erhalten bleibt, wie anhand von Effekten durch Kostimulation mit den Induktoren Epinephrin und Serotonin gezeigt werden konnte. Die Distribution der Rezeptoren zwischen der Thrombozytenoberfläche und den intrazellulären Kompartimenten unterliegt komplexen Prozessen, die induktorabhängig reguliert sind. Eine initiale Zunahme der Expression von ADP-Rezeptoren während der Lagerung von gewaschenen Thrombozyten geht dabei nicht einher mit der Aufrechterhaltung der ADP-induzierten Aggregation. In der Schlussfolgerung ist die fortschreitende Degeneration der ADP-vermittelten Aggregation - neben einem Rückgang der Rezeptorexpression nach mehr als einer Stunde Lagerungszeit - vor allem auf einen funktionellen Verlust der purinergen Rezeptoren zurückzuführen. / Washing of platelets is an important procedure commonly used for experimental studies, e.g. in cardiovascular research, or transfusion medicine. As a well-known phenomenon, responsiveness to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is reduced in washed platelets. Therefore, washing of platelets may affect experimental results. The underlying molecular mechanisms of the rapid loss of ADP-mediated aggregation of washed platelets have not been thoroughly studied. Aim of this dissertation was to elucidate the molecular and functional processes of this phenomenon. ADP mediates its action via three purinergic receptors P2Y1, P2X1 and P2Y12. At first the ADP-induced aggregation of washed platelets was determined by using ADP alone or ADP combined with the stimulators epinephrine or serotonin. Both mediate their effects via the same signaling pathways as ADP but use different receptors. To get information if the reduced responsiveness to ADP in washed platelets is linked with the receptor expression and distribution, the expression and concentration of purinergic receptors on the platelet surface and in the cytosol of washed platelets was measured by using flow cytometry and ELISA. It was shown that the function of the signaling pathways downstream of the purinergic receptors was increasingly impaired during storage of washed platelets. However, it could be at least partially retained by co-stimulation with epinephrine or serotonin. The distribution of receptors between the platelet surface and the intracellular compartments is based on complex processes which are regulated depending on the different stimulators. An initial increase in the expression of ADP receptors during storage of washed platelets was not associated with the maintenance of ADP-induced aggregation. In conclusion, the progressive decrease of ADP-mediated aggregation is - next to a decrease of expression - mainly caused by functional loss of the purinergic receptors.

α,α′-Bis[3-(N,N-diethylcarbamoyl)piperidino]-p-xylene enhances human blood platelet membrane integrity by exerting a stabilizing action at the level of the dense tubular system in surface membrane complexes known to sequester platelet calcium.

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Intrinsic to the many nano-enabled products are atomic-size multifunctional engineered nanomaterials, which upon release contaminate the environments, raising considerable health and safety concerns. This Ph.D. dissertation is designed to investigate (i) whether metals or oxide nanoparticles are more toxic than ions, and if MetPLATETM bioassay is applicable as a rapid nanotoxicity screening tool; (ii) how variable water chemistry (dissolved organic carbon (DOC), pH, and hardness) and organic compounds (cysteine, humic acid, and trolox) modulate colloidal stability, ion release, and aquatic toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNP); and (iii) the developmental responses of crop plants exposed to Ag- or ZnO- (zinc oxide) nanoparticles. Results suggest that the MetPLATEcan be considered a high-throughput screening tool for rapid nanotoxicity evaluation. Detectable changes in the colloidal diameter, surface charge, and plasmonic resonance revealed modulating effects of variable water chemistry and organic ligands on the particle stability, dissolution, and toxicity of AgNPs against Escherichia coli or Daphnia magna. Silver dissolution increased as a function of DOC concentrations but decreased with increasing hardness, pH, cysteine, or trolox levels. Notably, the dissociated Ag+ was inadequate to explain AgNP toxicity, and that the combined effect of AgNPs and dissolved Ag+ under each ligand treatment was lower than of AgNO3. Significant attenuation by trolox signifies an oxidative stress-mediated AgNP toxicity; its inability to attenuate AgNO3 toxicity, however, negates oxidative stress as Ag+ toxicity mechanism, and that cysteine could effectively quench free Ag+ to alleviate AgNO3 toxicity in D. magna. Surprisingly, DOC-AgNPs complex that apparently formed at higher DOC levels might have led daphnids filter-feed on aggregates, potentially elevating internal dose, and thus higher mortality. Maize root anatomy showed differential alterations upon exposure to AgNPs, ZnONPs, or their ions. Overall, various metal-based nanoparticles revealed lower toxicity than their ions against multiple organisms. This study showed that particle size, surface properties, and ion release kinetics of AgNPs modify following release into aquatic environment, suggesting potential implications to ecosystem health and functions, and that caution be applied when extending one species toxicity results to another because obvious differences in organism biology—supporting species sensitivity paradigm—can significantly alter nanoparticle or ionic toxicity.