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African American citizen soldiers in Galveston and San Antonio, Texas, 1880-1906Blair, John Patrick 15 May 2009 (has links)
The Texas Volunteer Guard, created by the Militia Law of 1879, continued to
allow African Americans to serve as citizen soldiers. From 1880 to 1906 over six
hundred black men faithfully served in the various state militia companies of Galveston
and San Antonio; yet, their service has rarely obtained scholarly attention. Often
discounted by historians as mere social clubs or deemed too few and insignificant to
warrant study, these men sought not only to demonstrate their citizenship, but to improve
their social status during a period of racial segregation.
The differences and similarities of these groups of African American men at the
grassroots level are illuminated by using the comparative method to examine socioeconomic
characteristics. Furthermore, this examination demonstrates how racial
attitudes remained flexible enough during this period to allow these men to participate in
military-type activities.
An examination of these activities, both as citizens and as soldiers, makes
evident what inspired this state military service. Framed within the network of local
fraternal, social, religious, educational, and political organizations, coupled with a study of previous military service, the militia companies expose the aim of these African
American men to improve their social status as citizens through militia participation.
The Adjutant General of Texas issued firearms, ammunition, and equipment to the
respective companies of African American militiamen from these cities, and coordinated
training exercises, which involved the travel of armed black men over the state’s existing
railroads.
Despite their segregated status, the very presence of armed, uniformed black men
officially sanctioned by the Democratic-controlled government of Texas suggests that
race relationships still remained flexible enough during this time for African Americans
to display their citizenship and manhood through state military service. Conversely,
their dissolution in 1906 reveals the termination of that flexibility and solidified their
status as second-class citizens. Even though they were unsuccessful in continuing their
military organization, the heroic efforts of these men deserves inclusion in the written
history of the long struggle for African American civil rights in this country.
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The militias' relationship with the regular army in the war of 1812, with particular respect to the militias of Ohio and New YorkHills, Jonathan David January 2000 (has links)
The foundation for this study rests upon the military ideology of Revolutionary America, which had as its guiding principle, the conviction that standing armies in peacetime were a liability. To many Americans a standing army represented an ever present threat to their rights as citizens. As a consequence, responsibility for the security of the nation was placed upon the idealised notion of the citizen soldier. This was a citizen, who it was supposed, would, when the need arose, voluntarily renounce his own personal priorities for the sake of the nation. Reality, however, proved otherwise, for citizen soldiers rarely achieved what was expected of them. Yet as this study's examination of the Congressional debates of the 1790's makes clear, the notion of the citizen soldier proved to be extremely resilient. Despite a catalogue of failings, the country's reliance on the state militias for a significant proportion of its military capability persisted. This served to severely handicap the effectiveness of the American military establishment during the War of 1812. Primarily, the effect that the militias had upon the effectiveness of the military establishment is found within the various interactions of citizen soldiers with the regular army. Although these interactions are categorised and analysed within the context of this study, all of them revolve around the issue of consent. Militiamen demanded from the federal government that once they had consented to serve, it was beholden upon the federal government to ensure that they were properly equipped and supplied, as well as being directed towards some worthwhile objective. Yet despite the considerable importance these interactions had upon the military establishment, and their utility in understanding many of its failings, historians of the conflict have failed to adequately consider them. Instead, they have tended to either denigrate the militias' obvious failings, or eulogise their achievements, rather than examine why the militias were capable of performances at both extremes.
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"Won't we never get out of this state?": western soldiers in post-civil war Texas, 1865-1866Beall, Jonathan Andrew 17 February 2005 (has links)
After the Civil War, the government needed to send an occupation force into
Texas to help rebuild the state government and confront the French Imperialist forces
that had invaded Mexico. Unfortunately, the government was required to use volunteers
because the Regular Army was not yet prepared to handle such a mission. Using citizen
soldiers for peacetime occupation was a break from past military tradition, and the men
did not appreciate such an act.
Historians of Reconstruction Texas have focused on state politics, the rampant
violence in the state throughout this period, and the role of freedmen in situating
themselves to an uncertain and hostile society. Studies of the military in post-Civil War
Texas have examined the armys role in the states political reconstruction, but largely
ignore the soldiers. Additionally, these works tend to over-generalize the experience and
relations of the troops and Texans.
This thesis looks at Western citizen soldiers, comprising the Fourth and
Thirteenth Army Corps as well as two cavalry divisions, stationed in Texas after the war
from the Rio Grande to San Antonio to Marshall. Beginning with the units receiving
official orders to proceed to Texas after the surrender of the principal Confederate forces
in 1865, it follows the movements from wartime positions in Tennessee and Alabama to
peacetime posts within Texas. The study examines Texan-soldier relations as they
differed from place to place. It also investigates the Westerners peacetime occupation
duties and the conditions endured in Texas. The thesis argues that there was diversity in
both the Western volunteers experiences and relations with occupied Texans, and it was
not as monolithic as past historians have suggested. Specifically, this study endeavors to
supplement the existing historiography of the army in Texas during Reconstruction.
Broadly, this thesis also hopes to be a more general look at the use of citizen soldiers for
postwar occupation duty.
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Non-citizen soldiers, veterans, and their families : defense personnel policy and the principles of American politicsLamm, Jennifer Elizabeth 21 February 2011 (has links)
This report examines the place of non-citizen soldiers, veterans, and their families in U.S. political and civil life. Historically, military service has allowed marginalized groups to earn their social and political status as equal citizens. Part one of this report explores why, despite this history, recent legislative changes, and a 2002 Executive Order eliminating the legal and bureaucratic barriers to naturalization, less than forty percent of the non-citizen servicemen and women today actually acquire U.S. citizenship while on active duty. Part two examines the political and policy context surrounding a soldier's decisions to naturalize. It suggests that some soldiers may be “undocumented”; they forgo naturalization to protect themselves and their families. Part three discusses the legal, political, and normative implications of current policy. Some practices, such as the deportation of alien veterans, challenge the foundations of the American political order. The place of undocumented soldiers and veterans raises important issues about civic obligation, the cultural narratives that define membership in and service to the state, and the ruling political collations in which these narratives find support. / text
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Decidedly Unmilitary: The Roots of Social Order in the Union ArmyBurke, Eric Michael 01 May 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Citizen-Officers: The Union and Confederate Volunteer Junior Officer Corps in the American Civil War, 1861-1865Bledsoe, Andrew 06 September 2012 (has links)
This dissertation engages the historiography of American citizenship and identity, republican traditions in American life and thought, and explores the evolution of military leadership in American society during the American Civil War. The nature, experiences and evolution of citizen-soldiers and citizen-officers, both Union and Confederate, reveal that the sentimental, often romantic expectations and ideologies forged in the American Revolution and modified during the antebellum era were recast, adapted, and modified under the extreme pressures of four years of conflict. Civil War citizen-officers experienced extreme pressures to emulate the professional officers of the regular army and to accommodate the ideological expectations of the independent, civic-minded volunteers they led. These junior leaders arrived at creative, often ingenious solutions to overcome the unique leadership challenges posed by the tension between antebellum democratic values and the demands of military necessity. Though the nature and identity of the officers in both armies evolved over time, the ideological foundations that informed Civil War Americans’ conceptions of military service persisted throughout the conflict. The key to the persistence of the citizen-soldier ethos and citizen-officer image during and after the Civil War era lies in the considerable power of antebellum Americans’ shared but malleable republican tradition. By focusing on the experience of volunteer company-grade officers in the Civil War era, we discover how the ordeal of the Civil War forced Americans to reevaluate and reconcile the role of the individual in this arrangement, both elevating and de-emphasizing the centrality of the citizen-soldier to the evolving narrative of American identity, citizenship, and leadership.
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For civilization and citizenship: emancipation, empire, and the creation of the black citizen-soldier traditionDavis, Henry Ian 10 December 2021 (has links)
For civilization and citizenship: emancipation, empire, and the creation of the black citizen-soldier tradition examines the origins and evolution of black military service and its relation to how black and white Americans understood citizenship from the Civil War Era to the First World War. This dissertation analyzes how different generations of black soldiers pursued full, civic citizenship through their military service and formed their own vision of citizenship rooted in military service and how the War Department sought to deal with the tensions created by a biracial Army. While it asserts that a separate, black citizen-soldier tradition linking service and citizenship emerged over the course of the nineteenth century, this dissertation argues that this tradition was informed by and rooted in American military culture and traditions.
Concentrating on the nexus of American racial ideologies, War Department policies, and black aspirations for citizenship, this dissertation not only reveals the early, firm connection between military service and citizenship among African Americans, but also reveals the ironic nature of the black citizen-soldier tradition. Far from simply examining black soldier’s failures to translate their service into fuller, civil status, For civilization and citizenship analyzes the unique ways in which black soldiers resisted American racial ideologies and the rise of Jim Crow as well as the overall Americanness of black efforts to attain citizenship. In contrast to other studies’ emphasis on either direct, nonviolent or armed resistance to white supremacy, this dissertation proposes that the black citizen-soldier tradition represented a distinct, powerful form of black resistance that manifested as accommodation to American civilization’s institutions and imperial agendas while seeking to fundamentally change their meaning and ethos. As black soldiers served in the armies of the Union in the American Civil War, those of the western frontier in the postbellum era, and those of overseas empire at the end of the nineteenth century, they confirmed their status as Americans while countering the dominant racial tropes of American civilization. For citizenship and civilization reveals the links between emancipation, empire, and changing meanings of citizenship in the U.S. through the black citizen-soldier tradition.
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The evolution and development of the Australian Light Horse, 1860-1945Bou, Jean, Humanities & Social Sciences, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2005 (has links)
Despite the place that the Light Horse occupies in Australia???s military history and the national martial mythology, there has not yet been a scholarly attempt to investigate the evolution and development of Australia???s mounted branch. This thesis is the first attempt to fill this gap in our knowledge and understanding of the history of the Australian Army. In doing so it will consider the ways in which the Light Horse evolved, the place it had in defence thinking, the development of its doctrine, its organisational changes and the way in which that organisation and its men interacted with their society. This thesis firstly analyses the role and place of the mounted soldier in the British and colonial/dominion armies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries before going on to examine what effects the debates about this had on the development of Australia???s mounted troops. It will find that in the nineteenth century the disparate mounted units of the Australian colonies were established mainly along the organisational model of the mounted rifleman. Influenced by social ideas about citizen soldier horsemen and a senior officer with firm views, this model continued to be used by the new Light Horse until well into the First World War. During that war it was gradually discovered that this military model had its limitations and by the end of the war much of the Light Horse had become cavalry. This discovery in turn meant that during the inter-war period cavalry continued to be part of the army. Analysed in depth also are the many organisational changes that affected the mounted branch during its existence. Some of these reflected doctrinal and tactical lessons, and others were the result of various plans by the government and military authorities to improve the army. It will be seen that regardless of these plans part-time citizen horse units continued to have many problems and they rarely came to be what the government wanted of them. That they were as strong as they were was testimony to the efforts of a dedicated and enthusiastic few.
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The evolution and development of the Australian Light Horse, 1860-1945Bou, Jean, Humanities & Social Sciences, Australian Defence Force Academy, UNSW January 2005 (has links)
Despite the place that the Light Horse occupies in Australia???s military history and the national martial mythology, there has not yet been a scholarly attempt to investigate the evolution and development of Australia???s mounted branch. This thesis is the first attempt to fill this gap in our knowledge and understanding of the history of the Australian Army. In doing so it will consider the ways in which the Light Horse evolved, the place it had in defence thinking, the development of its doctrine, its organisational changes and the way in which that organisation and its men interacted with their society. This thesis firstly analyses the role and place of the mounted soldier in the British and colonial/dominion armies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries before going on to examine what effects the debates about this had on the development of Australia???s mounted troops. It will find that in the nineteenth century the disparate mounted units of the Australian colonies were established mainly along the organisational model of the mounted rifleman. Influenced by social ideas about citizen soldier horsemen and a senior officer with firm views, this model continued to be used by the new Light Horse until well into the First World War. During that war it was gradually discovered that this military model had its limitations and by the end of the war much of the Light Horse had become cavalry. This discovery in turn meant that during the inter-war period cavalry continued to be part of the army. Analysed in depth also are the many organisational changes that affected the mounted branch during its existence. Some of these reflected doctrinal and tactical lessons, and others were the result of various plans by the government and military authorities to improve the army. It will be seen that regardless of these plans part-time citizen horse units continued to have many problems and they rarely came to be what the government wanted of them. That they were as strong as they were was testimony to the efforts of a dedicated and enthusiastic few.
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