This thesis examines the use of game semantics for the automatic equivalence checking of higher-order programs. Game semantics has proved to be a powerful method for constructing fully abstract models of logics and programming languages. Furthermore, the concrete nature of the semantics lends itself to algorithmic analysis. The game-semantic model can be used to identify fragments of languages which have a decidable observational equivalence problem. We investigate decidability results for different languages as well as the efficiency of these algorithms in practice. First we consider the call-by-value higher-order language with state, RML. This can be viewed as a canonical restriction of Standard ML to ground-type references. The O-strict fragment of RML is the largest set of type sequents for which, in the game-semantic denotation, justification pointers from O-moves are always uniquely reconstructible from the underlying move sequence. The O-strict fragment is surprisingly expressive, including higher-order types and difficult examples from the literature. By representing strategies as Visibly Pushdown Automata (VPA) we show that observational equivalence of O-strict terms is decidable (and in fact is ExpTime-complete). We then consider extensions of the O-strict fragment. Adding general recursion or using most non-O-strict types leads to undecidability. However, a limited form of recursion can be added while still preserving decidability (although the full power of DPDA is required). Next we examine languages with non-local control. This involves adding call/cc to our language and is known to correspond to dropping the game-semantic bracketing condition. In the call-by-name game-semantic model of Idealized Algol (IA), in which answers cannot justify questions, the visibility condition still implies a form of weak bracketing. By making bracketing violations explicit we show that we can still model the entire third-order fragment using VPA. We have also implemented tools based on these algorithms. Our model checkers Homer and Hector perform equivalence checking for third-order IA and O-strict RML respectively. Homer uses a naive explicit state method whereas Hector takes advantage of on-the-fly model checking. Our tools perform well on small yet challenging examples. On negative instances, the on-the-fly approach allows Hector to outperform Homer. To improve their performance, we also consider using ideas from symbolic execution. We propose a representation for finite automata using transitions labelled with formulas and guards which aims to take advantage of the symmetries of the game-semantic model so that strategies can be represented compactly. We refer to this representation as Symbolically Executed Automata (SEA). Using SEA allows much larger data types to be handled but is not as effective on larger examples with small data types.

A conditional discrimination training procedure was used to establish stimulus-stimulus relations that might lead to the emergence of relations that define playing by ear. The participants were four college students. Overall, the results varied across participants. Of the 3 participants who received Training 1 (hear-note-name/select-key), all 3 participants acquired that relation. Out of those 3 participants, 2 participants showed emergence of the hear-see-key-pressed/say-note-name relation after Training 1. Of the 3 participants who received Training 2, (hear-note-name/select-tone), 2 participants acquired that relation for at least one set. Out of those 3 participants, 1 participant showed emergence of the hear-tone/say-note-name relation. One out of three participants was successful in correctly playing a sequence of four notes by ear at the end of the study. One participant did not complete the study due to availability conflicts. The overall results can suggest that the relations used in this study should be taken into account when training someone to play by ear. However, the current data do not allow us to conclude whether it is necessary to teach or test all of these relations in order to teach playing by ear.

The experiment was an attempt to gain a more precise understanding of the temporal relation between the development of analytic units and equivalence relations. Two prompting procedures were used during training to pinpoint when eight subjects learned the conditional discriminations. Near simultaneous presentation of probe and training trials allowed for examination of the temporal relation between conditional discrimination acquisition and derived performances on stimulus equivalence probes. The data show that, for seven of eight subjects, a decreased reliance on prompts was coincident with the development of equivalence-consistent choices on either all or some probe trials, which suggests that the development of analytic units is sufficient to give rise to equivalence relations among stimuli.

Individuals are exposed to chemical mixtures while carrying out everyday tasks, with unknown risk associated with exposure. Given the number of resulting mixtures it is not economically feasible to identify or characterize all possible mixtures. When complete dose-response data are not available on a (candidate) mixture of concern, EPA guidelines define a similar mixture based on chemical composition, component proportions and expert biological judgment (EPA, 1986, 2000). Current work in this literature is by Feder et al. (2009), evaluating sufficient similarity in exposure to disinfection by-products of water purification using multivariate statistical techniques and traditional hypothesis testing. The work of Stork et al. (2008) introduced the idea of sufficient similarity in dose-response (making a connection between exposure and effect). They developed methods to evaluate sufficient similarity of a fully characterized reference mixture, with dose-response data available, and a candidate mixture with only mixing proportions available. A limitation of the approach is that the two mixtures must contain the same components. It is of interest to determine whether a fully characterized reference mixture (representative of the random process) is sufficiently similar in dose-response to a candidate mixture resulting from a random process. Four similarity measures based on Euclidean distance are developed to aid in the evaluation of sufficient similarity in dose-response, allowing for mixtures to be subsets of each other. If a reference and candidate mixture are concluded to be sufficiently similar in dose-response, inference about the candidate mixture can be based on the reference mixture. An example is presented demonstrating that the benchmark dose (BMD) of the reference mixture can be used as a surrogate measure of BMD for the candidate mixture when the two mixtures are determined to be sufficiently similar in dose-response. Guidelines are developed that enable the researcher to evaluate the performance of the proposed similarity measures.

ŠEMBEROVÁ, DARIA. Comparison of the Polish translation of the novel "Konec punku v Helsinkách" with the original Czech version. Praha: Charles University. Faculty of Arts, 2015. The thesis deals with the issue of translatability of colloquial Czech elements and lexical Germanisms into the Polish language using the comparison of the novel Konec punku v Helsinkách by Jaroslav Rudiš and its Polish translation. The theoretical part briefly discusses the literary work of Jaroslav Rudiš, stratification of Czech and Polish national language, colloquial Czech and its use in literature and literary translation, lexical Germanisms in Czech as well as basic issues of translation of literary works. The practical part of the thesis deals with a critical analysis of the Polish translation of the novel by Jaroslav Rudiš regarding the mentioned aspects. Key words: Czech language, Polish language, common Czech, Germanism, multilingualism, translation theory, adequacy, 21st century Czech literature, Rudiš, Jaroslav

This thesis analyzes works of the contemporary Spanish translation theorist, teacher, translator and researcher, Rosa Rabadán Álvarez. The basis of this paper is the analysis of the most important works published in books and journals in Spain and abroad. Close attention has been paid to the translation theories Rabadán has been proceeding from and to the context of her theoretical, pedagogical, translation and research work. The last chapter focuses on the reception of her works in and outside of Spain and in the Czech Republic.

My diploma thesis deals with problems of pension insurance, which is characterized by strong income redistribution and low pension equivalence. The aim of my thesis is complex analysis of contemporary state of Czech pension system from the point of view of solidarity and equivalence principle application and to propose solution reinforcing equivalence principle. In the theoretical part of the theses I first define terms solidarity and equivalence, then introduce types of pension plans, possibilities of their financing and describe current pension system. Analytical part points to excessive solidarity of Czech pension system. Analysis covers both mandatory basic pension insurance (reduction limits, non-contributory periods), and additional pension insurance with state contributions. Analysis contains comparison with selected states. Thesis conclusion leads in proposal of adequate problem solution. Study employs methods of systemic analysis, comparison, and synthesis.

The aim of this master thesis is to empirically validate "hypothesis of twin deficits", resulting from Mundell-Fleming model, in the Czech Republic in years 1999-2010. The econometric method used was VAR models and Impulse Response Functions based on these models. Analysis proved that as a result of government deficit increase, through exchange rate appreciation, the balance of foreign trade deteriorates. Another fact discovered is that people are partially behaving as described by Ricardo-Barro equivalence. Their reaction on increased government deficit is increase of their personal savings as well as consumption. But increase of personal savings is not sufficiently compensating the deficit in government budget. Similar results were achieved also in analysis of government spendings.

Ce travail de recherche examine le style en traduction à travers le prisme de la métaphore corporelle dans le roman censuré The Rainbow (1915) de D.H. Lawrence et ses deux traductions françaises par Albine Loisy (1939) et Jacqueline Gouirand-Rousselon (2002). Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans la traductologie de corpus et adopte une approche descriptive grâce à une analyse qualitative et quantitative. Nous avons articulé notre travail autour de trois parties : en parcourant différents cadres théoriques allant d’Aristote jusqu’aux études plus récentes, nous avons tenté d’explorer la question relative à la nature de la métaphore et à ses fonctions. Cette première étape a confirmé notre point de vue selon lequel la métaphore est un support qui agence la pensée pour traduire une représentation particulière du monde. La métaphore est en effet un outil de communication redoutable. Nous avons, par la suite, exploré la notion de style en traductologie afin de tisser un lien entre la métaphore et le style dans l’écriture lawrencienne. Métaphoriser et traduire sont deux processus sensiblement proches qui tournent autour d’un point commun, celui du mouvement. L’analyse détaillée des 35 exemples extraits de The Rainbow et de leurs traductions en français nous a permis de détecter les convergences et les divergences au niveau du style et des représentations métaphoriques du corps. L’emploi récurrent de la métaphore chez Lawrence n’est pas anodin. Il s’agit d’un moyen pour conceptualiser la philosophie de l’auteur. Les traductrices ont dû surmonter au moins deux défis : préserver la charge métaphorique et opter pour un style qui reflète la complexité de l’écriture lawrencienne, tout en respectant les normes stylistiques de la langue française. Les écarts constatés au niveau des traductions ouvrent la voie à des interprétations qui pourraient prendre forme grâce à de futures retraductions. / The aim of this research, which draws on a descriptive approach to translation and uses a corpus-based methodology, is to explore D.H. Lawrence’s style through his use of body-related metaphors. I will focus on their stylistic particularities in order to examine the manner in which body metaphors were translated into French. The main argument of my study is that Lawrence’s metaphors are a relevant tool to highlight his vision of human relationship. This thesis falls into three parts: first of all, I explore different theoretical frameworks from Aristotle to more recent studies, notably those carried out by Lakoff and Johnson. This step confirms that metaphors are a relevant tool of communication that organises one’s thought in order to create a specific representation in a given situation. Secondly, in order to weave a link between metaphors and Lawrence’s writing in The Rainbow, I examine style in Translation Studies and beyond. Metaphorising and translating are two closely related processes that revolve around a common aspect, movement. Thirdly, I conduct a qualitative and quantitative analysis of 35 excerpts from the censored and the unabridged edition of The Rainbow (1915) with their French translations by Albine Loisy (1939) and Jacqueline Gouirand-Rousselon (2002) in order to highlight convergences and divergences in the style and metaphorical representations of the body. The recurring use of metaphor in The Rainbow is a means of conceptualising Lawrence’s vision of the world. Both translators had to overcome at least two challenges: to preserve the metaphorical images and to opt for a style that reflects the complexity of the Lawrencian writing, while respecting the stylistic norms of the French language. Differences in translations pave the way for new interpretations that could take shape through future retranslations.

O presente estudo investigou comportamentos simbólicos nos portadores de Síndrome de Apert por meio do paradigma da equivalência de estímulos, uma vez que este pode fornecer subsídios para a compreensão do comportamento humano complexo, tais como o comportamento simbólico e a linguagem. Foram propostos três experimentos cujos participantes, com idades entre 16 e 21 anos, foram submetidos aos Experimentos 1 e 2 (P1, P2 e P3) e submetidos ao Experimento 3 (P4 e P5). No Experimento 1, o objetivo foi verificar a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes após o treino de relações condicionais, por meio de uma tarefa de matching to sample (MTS) com atraso de 0 s e três estímulos de comparação. Após o participante atingir um percentual de acerto de 94% no bloco, foram conduzidos testes de equivalência (CA), simetria (BA e CB) e transitividade (AC). De maneira geral, houve falha nos testes, com relativa preservação do teste de simetria. No Experimento 2, os participantes foram expostos à tarefa de MTS com atraso de 0 s e três estímulos de comparação, mas estes e o estímulo modelo apresentavam-se inicialmente cobertos, tornando-se visíveis somente após a emissão de respostas de observação (ROs). Foram introduzidas ROs na tarefa de MTS, com o objetivo de identificar que tipos de controle (seleção ou rejeição) poderiam estar em operação na formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes. Nos testes, o participante P3 formou classes de equivalência, contudo, os participantes P1 e P2 continuaram a apresentar falha na formação de equivalência, com preservação do teste de simetria. No Experimento 3, foram apresentadas variações metodológicas com o objetivo de favorecer o estabelecimento de um ou de outro tipo de controle (seleção ou rejeição), durante o treino das relações condicionais e verificar os efeitos destas variações no desempenho obtido nos testes. O participante P4 foi submetido primeiramente à situação na qual a terceira RO produzia o estímulo correto em 80% das tentativas (80%/3ª S+). Posteriormente 9 à realização das tarefas sob esta condição, foi submetido à situação na qual a primeira RO produzia o estímulo correto em 80% das tentativas (80%/1ª S+). O participante P5 foi exposto à ordem inversa: primeiramente à situação 80%/1ª S+ e posteriormente à situação 80%/3ª S+. Nos testes, em ambas as situações, o participante P4 foi capaz de aprender as relações de equivalência propostas pelo experimentador. Diferentemente, o responder do participante P5 não se apresentou sob controle discriminativo das contingências programadas pelo experimentador. De um modo geral, os resultados obtidos pelo presente estudo acrescidos das análises do teste PEABODY, sugerem que as dificuldades para a formação de classes de equivalência em participantes com baixo funcionamento lingüístico podem decorrer, em grande parte, de preparação e adaptação insuficiente de procedimentos para esse tipo de população / The present study investigated the symbolic behaviors of patients with Apert Syndrome through the paradigm of stimulus equivalence, since it may provide a basis for understanding complex human behavior, such as symbolic behavior and language. It had been proposed three experiments which participants, aged between 16 and 21 years, were submitted to Experiments 1 and 2 (P1, P2 and P3) and to Experiment 3 (P4 e P5). In Experiment 1, the objective was to assess the formation of classes of equivalent stimuli after training of conditional relations, through a task of matching to sample (MTS) and delay of 0s and three comparison stimuli. After the participant reaches a 94% criterion for accuracy in the block, tests were conducted for equivalence (CA), symmetry (BA and CB) and transitivity (AC). In general, the participants failed the tests, with relative preservation of the symmetry test. In Experiment 2, the participants were exposed to the task of MTS with delay of 0s and three comparison stimuli, but these and the sample stimulus were initially covered, becoming visible only after the observation responses (OR´s) issuance. ORs were introduced in the MTS task, with the objective to assess what kind of different controls (selection and rejection) could be involved in the formation of classes of equivalent stimuli. In tests, participant P3 showed the formation of classes of equivalent stimuli; however, participants P1 and P2 had failed to form equivalence, preserving the symmetry test. In Experiment 3 were presented methodological variations with the objective of encouraging the establishment of one or another type of control (selection or rejection) during the training of conditional relations and verify the effects of these variations in performance obtained in tests. Participant P4 was, at first, subjected to the situation which the third OR produced the correct stimulus in 80% of attempts (80% / 3rd S +). After the tasks under this condition were performed, P4 underwent a situation which the first OR produced the correct stimulus in 80% of attempts (80% / 1st S +). The participant P5 was exposed to the reverse order: first of all to the situation 80% / 1st S + and subsequently to the situation 80% / 3rd S +. In the tests, in both situations, the participant P4 was able to learn the equivalence 11 relations proposed by the experimenter. In contrast, the response of the participant P5 was not under discriminative control of the contingencies programmed by the experimenter. In general, the results obtained by this study plus the analysis of the PEABODY data suggests that difficulties in the formation of equivalence classes in participants with low language functioning may be due, in large part from inadequate preparation and adjustment procedures for this type of population