http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.021 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19618号 / 医博第4125号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32654 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 川上 浩司, 教授 清水 章, 教授 村井 俊哉 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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Equivalence as concept and meaning in preschool is a scarcely explored area in both national and international research. In the Swedish school act (2010:800) equivalence is based on the three aspects; equal access to education, equal quality of education and that the education should be compensatory. It is the municipality together with the managers of preschool who are responsible for implementing this assignment. The overall purpose of this study is to find out which variations of perception managers of preschool have of equivalence in preschool and the research questions are: What do the managers of preschool put in the concept of equivalence? and How do the managers of preschool consider this to be reflected in daily activities? Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six managers of preschool from two municipalities. The collected data was analyzed using a seven step phenomenographical method, including the what- and how- aspects of the research questions. The results show a sample space of four descriptive categories: equivalent preschool activities, equivalent goal achievement, equivalent skills and treatment and equivalent workplace. In the categories it is possible to read that equivalence is given different meaning depending on whether the educators or the children are in focus. It was also found that equivalence is a continuous and challenging work both regarding the educators' competence and treatment and access to qualified personnel.

Ljudböcker är på uppgång men marknaden domineras fortfarande av tryckta böcker, möjligen delvis på grund av fördomar mot ljudböcker. Dessa fördomar bygger på antagandet att tryckta böcker och ljudböcker är icke-ekvivalenta, men antagandet stöds till stor del inte av forskningen. I föreliggande studie undersöktes ekvivalens mellan skönlitterära tryckta böcker och ljudböcker ur ett tidigare till synes outforskat perspektiv, nämligen subjektiv uppfattning. Detta ämnades undersökas genom att besvara huruvida individers subjektiva uppfattning av ett skönlitterära verk är oberoende av medium (ljudbok kontra tryckt bok) och huruvida spridning i subjektiv upplevelse, individer emellan, är oberoende av medium (ljudbok kontra tryckt bok). En undersökning med 42 deltagare utfördes där deltagarna slumpmässigt delades in i två grupper: Grupp Läsa och Grupp Lyssna. Deltagare blev tilldelade ett utdrag ur boken “Broken Heart Syndrome” av Josefine Lindén, i textform för Grupp Läsa och i ljudboksform för Grupp Lyssna. Efter att ha tagit del av utdraget fick deltagarna svara på ett frågeformulär i syfte att mäta deras subjektiva uppfattning av materialet. Frågeformuläret var utformat efter tematisk analys av utdraget. Datan från frågeformuläret analyserades med hjälp av t-test och Levene’s test för att undersöka eventuella skillnader i subjektiv uppfattning och spridning i subjektiv uppfattning, mellan grupperna. Ingen signifikant i subjektiv uppfattning kunde påvisas. Signifikant skillnad i spridning kunde påvisas på sex frågor men resultatet tillskrevs slumpmässiga eller systematiska mätfel, då det inte kunde styrkas genom principalkomponentanalys eller explorativ faktoranalys. Vidare forskning med större urval, inom andra stilar och genrer av böcker, med deltagare av varierande utbildning och kulturell bakgrund behövs. / Audiobooks are on the rise, but the market is still dominated by printed books, possibly at least in part due to prejudice against audiobooks. This prejudice is based on the assumption that books and audiobooks are significantly different, but this is largely not supported by research. The current study seeks to explore the matter of equivalence between the two mediums from the hitherto seemingly overlooked perspective of subjective perception. This was achieved through answering whether or not an individual’s subjective perception of a work of fiction is independent of medium (audio books vs printed books) and whether or not the distribution of subjective perception amongst individuals is independent of medium (audio books vs printed books). A study including 42 participants was conducted where participants were randomly distributed into two groups: Group Read and Group Listen. The participants received an excerpt from the book “Broken Heart Syndrome” by Josefine Lindén, in text for Group Read and in audiobook-form for Group Listen. After having either read or listened to the excerpt, the participants were to fill out a questionnaire in order to measure their subjective perception of the material. The questionnaire was developed using thematic analysis of the excerpt. The data from the questionnaire was analysed using a t-test and Levene’s test in order to explore potential differences in subjective perception and distribution of subjective perception between the groups. No significant difference in subjective perception was found. A significant difference in distribution was found for six questions but the results were attributed to random or systematic errors, since the results could not be corroborated using neither principal component analysis nor exploratory factor analysis. Further research using a larger sample-group is required, as well as further research within other styles and genres of book, with participants of varying levels of education and cultural backgrounds.

The safe and efficient propagation of the Deflagration to Detonation Transition (DDT) is a topic that has been researched for many years due to its applications in Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering. DDT is when fire caused by the burning of fuel is accelerated to the upper CJ point on the Rankine Hugoniot curve due to instabilities in the flame and the turbulence caused by these instabilities. The complex flame dynamics that go along with DDT have ensured that the process is yet to be fully understood and defined. This research will work towards observing the early stages of burning hydrogen-air mixtures in DDT conditions in order to better understand the processes that cause DDT. The research will also involve the testing of multiple different equivalence ratios of hydrogen known to undergo DDT. This research will assist in making places that store reactive gasses such as hydrogen safer by searching for the method of DDT formation and ways to prevent it. This research will also allow for safer commercial use of DDT in Detonation Based Engines. The research was tested in a secure facility and observed the first four inches of ignition and deflagration using schlieren and chemiluminescence imaging techniques. Through the research, it was found that flames at higher equivalence ratios tend to be longer, more top-biased, and have more instabilities than flames of lower equivalence ratios, better preparing them for DDT. This study will be elaborated on in future research using a variety of different fuels to solidify the findings of the research performed and to assist in the ability to innovate using DDT.

No description available.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23687号 / 理博第4777号 / 新制||理||1684(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)教授 長谷川 真人, 教授 牧野 和久, 准教授 照井 一成 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

A lack of English proficiency in the Latino community living in America has great repercussions, especially in communication between family members and education or health care providers. Latin parents are left to rely on their children to act as translators when communicating with their teachers or school personnel. Furthermore, Latino parents often have a limited understanding of the U.S. school system, curriculum, and what they are entitled to as parents. Latin-American parents could benefit from learning specific education-related terms to better understand the education system. Stimulus equivalence is a behavioral technique that can be applied to language learning and target these specific terms. This study worked with Latin-American parents with a lack of English proficiency in education-related terms such as national education initiatives. Six education-related terms were selected and two participants were tested and trained for relations among the stimuli through match-to-sample procedures. Stimuli were presented in five different categories: name, acronym, picture, English definition, and Spanish definition, creating a total of twenty possible relations. Results showed the emergence of 9 and 11 relations, while only two to four were explicitly taught to the two participants. This adds to the literature on stimulus equivalence and demonstrates the effectiveness of using stimulus equivalence procedures to teach language to parents in the Latino community. / Teaching & Learning

Verification of digital hardware designs is becoming an increasingly complex task as the designs are incorporating more functionality, becoming complex and growing larger in size. Today, verification remains a bottleneck in meeting time-to-market requirements and consumes more than 70% of the overall design-costs. Traditionally, verification has been done using simulation-based approaches, where a set of appropriate test-stimuli is used by the designer. As the designs become more complex, however, simulation-based techniques often fail to capture corner-case errors. Furthermore, unless exhaustively tested, these approaches do not guarantee the correctness of a system with respect to its specifications. As a consequence, formal methods for design verification have been sought after. In formal verification, the conformance of a design to a given set of specifications is proven mathematically, thereby leaving no room for unexplored search spaces. Despite the exponential time/memory complexities often involved within the formal approaches, they have shown promise in capturing subtle bugs, which were missed otherwise. In this dissertation, we focus on Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) based formal verification, which has gained tremendous importance in the recent past. Importantly, SAT-based approaches often alleviate the memory explosion problem, which had been a bottleneck of the traditional symbolic (Binary Decision Diagram based) approaches. In SAT-based techniques, the set of verification tasks are converted into a set of Boolean formulae, which are checked for satisfiability using a SAT solver. These problems are often NP-complete and are prone to an explosion in the required run-time. To overcome this, we propose novel strategies which utilize both structural and logical information of a sequential circuit. In particular, we devise techniques to extract non-trivial invariants of a design, strengthen properties such that they can be proven faster and interleave bounded reachability analysis with bounded model checking. We provide the necessary algorithms and implementation details in order to automate the proposed techniques. Experiments conducted on a variety of benchmark circuits show that orders of magnitude improvement in overall run-times can be achieved via our techniques compared to the existing state-of-the-art SAT-based approaches. / Ph. D.

This dissertation contributes to the theoretical foundations of systems engineering (SE) and exposes an unstudied SE area of definition of verification models. In practice, verification models are largely qualitatively defined based on heuristic assumptions rather than science-based approach. For example, we may state the desire for representativeness of a verification model in qualitative terms of low, medium, or high fidelity in early phases of a system lifecycle when verification requirements are typically defined. Given that fidelity is defined as a measure of approximation from reality and that the (real) final product does (or may) not exist in early phases, we are stating desire for and making assumptions of representative equivalence that may not be true. Therefore, this dissertation contends that verification models can and should be defined on the scientific basis of systems theoretic principles. Furthermore, the practice of SE is undergoing a digital transformation and corresponding desire to enhance SE educationally and as a discipline, which this research proposes to address through a science-based approach that is grounded in the mathematical formalism of systems theory. The maturity of engineering disciplines is reflected in their science-based approach, such as computational fluid dynamics and finite element analysis. Much of the discipline of SE remains qualitatively descriptive, which may suffer from interpretation discrepancies; rather than being grounded in, inherently analytical, theoretical foundations such as is a stated goal of the SE professional organization the International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE). Additionally, along with the increased complexity of modern engineered systems comes the impracticality of verification through traditional means, which has resulted in verification being described as broken and in need of theoretical foundations. The relationships used to define verification models are explored through building on the systems theoretic lineage of A. Wayne Wymore; such as computational systems theory, theory of system design, and theory of problem formulation. Core systems theoretic concepts used to frame the relationship-based definition of verification models are the notions of system morphisms that characterize equivalence between pairs, problem spaces of functions that bound the acceptability of solution systems, and hierarchy of system specification that characterizes stratification. The research inquisition was in regard to how verification models should be defined and hypothesized that verification models should be defined through a combination of systems theoretic relationships between verification artifacts; system requirements, system designs, verification requirements, and verification models. The conclusions of this research provide a science-based metamodel for defining verification models through systems theoretic principles. The verification models were shown to be indirectly defined from system requirements, through system designs and verification requirements. Verification models are expected to be morphically equivalent to corresponding system designs; however, there may exist infinite equivalence which may be reduced through defining bounding conditions. These bounding conditions were found to be defined through verification requirements that are formed as (1) verification requirement problem spaces that characterize the verification activity on the basis of morphic equivalence to the system requirements and (2) morphic conditions that specify desired equivalence between a system design and verification model. An output of this research is a system theoretic metamodel of verification artifacts, which may be used for a science-based approach to define verification models and advancement of the maturity of the SE discipline. / Doctor of Philosophy / We conduct verification to increase our confidence that the system design will do what is desired as defined in the requirements. However, it is not feasible to perform verification on the final product design within the full scope of the requirements; due to cost, schedule, and availability. As a result, we leverage surrogates, such as verification models, to conduct verification and determine our confidence in the system design. A challenge to our confidence in the system design exists in that we accept the representativeness of the surrogates based on faith alone; rather than scientific proof. This dissertation defines science-based approach to determining the representativeness of substitutes. In the discipline and practice of systems engineering, verification models serve as substitutes for the system design; and verification requirement problem spaces serve as substitutes the requirements. The research used mathematical principles to determine representative equivalence and to find that a combination of relationship framing is needed for sufficient selection of verification models. The framing includes relationships to the system being engineered and to the substitute conditions under which the verification model is examined relative to the conditions under which the engineered system is expected to operate. A comparison to the state of the discipline and practice to the research findings was conducted and resulted in confirming unique contribution of the dissertation research. In regard to framing the acceptability of verification models, this research established the foundations for a science-based method to advance the field of Systems Engineering.