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<p> The pharmacology of autonomic innervation to the peripheral skin conductance (SC) effector was studied. The drugs used included atropine, bretylium, acetylcholine (ACh), epinephrine (EPI), and amphetamine. Drugs were administered by iontophoresis (IPS) and by local subcutaneous injection. Although several IPS procedures were used, all proved to be inefficient and unreliable. Subsequent experiments using atropine and ACh supported the theory that innervation to the peripheral SC effector was mainly cholinergic. However, results obtained using EPI suggest that an adrenergic component might also be involved. It was concluded though that this component probably had little physiological significance. Experiments using amphetamine and bretylium were inconclusive. A comparison of behavioral and drug induced changes in SC suggested that the psychological relevance of SC might be improved through a range-correction based on pharmacologically determined SC range scores.</p> / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

Human trafficking is a growing illegal crime, both in terms of numbers and profits. Thus, important to consider, as it is a human rights, political, criminal justice, national security, and economic issue. Previous studies have these examined these human trafficking factors independently, yet none have really taken into account how they work simultaneously. This study examines why human trafficker continues to occur, particularly at the domestic and transnational level, and also why some countries are better able to effectively deal with this problem in terms of criminalizing human traffickers. It is argued that at the domestic level, traffickers first must take into account the operating costs, illegal risks, bribery, and profits of the business. After considering these basic elements, they then need to consider the world, including economic, political, geographic, and cultural factors that may help facilitate human trafficking. However, human trafficking can occur across large geographic distances, though rare. This is more likely to happen based on the type of human trafficking group, available expatriate or immigrant networks, the origin-transit-destination country connection, or strength of the bilateral economic relationship between origin and destination countries. Finally, looking at why some countries are better able to criminalize traffickers helps us to better understand how human trafficking can be discouraged. In short, conformity of a country’s domestic anti-human trafficking law, as well as the degree of enforcement, should increase the probability of criminalizing a human trafficker. These three theoretical arguments help to better understand the nature of the business, and more importantly, why human trafficking continues.

This dissertation investigates the manner in which animals are treated, respected, and thought about In ancient Mesopotamia. The animals are seen in every level of culture and in a variety of roles. The dissertation tries to unravel how humans thought about animals as seen through Akkadian literature. The Akkadian literature is an excellent source of information since it has a long literary tradition with a conglomeration of text genres providing an opportunity to observe the attitudes, emotions, and beliefs Babylonian and Assyrian cultures had towards wild animals.

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BakgrundDen gingivala biotypen utvärderas regelbundet kring egna tänder före och efter kirurgiska ingrepp (t.ex för behandlingsplanering och riskbedömning). Nyligen presenterade Colorvue® biotypprobe (CBP) en ny metod för bedömning av gingivala biotyper i syfte av att möjliggöra en mer detaljerad klassificering av gingivan. Studien syftade till att bedöma det nya sonderingsystemets reproducerbarhet, repeterbarhet och riktighet vid naturliga tänder.MetoderDenna tvärsnittsstudie omfattade 50 deltagare (3 tänder/deltagare) och gingival biotyp bedömdes med 3 metoder vid en centralincisiv, lateralincisiv och hörntand med: 1) med en standard periodontal sond (SPP), 2) med CBP-proberna (CBP1/2/3), och 3) genom visuell bedömning (VA). Den faktiska tjockleken bedömdes genom transgingival sondering med en endodontisk fil. Utvärderingen gjordes av 8 granskare och reproducerbarhet mellan granskare och repeterbarhet inom granskaren utvärderades.ResultatFördelningen av gingivala tjockleken i studiepopulationen är uppdelad i tunn (18%), mellan (29%), tjock (29%) och mycket tjock (24%). Fördelningen av de fyra CBP-kategorierna är tunn (10%), medium (87%), tjock (2%) och mycket tjock (1%). Intervallet av gingivala biotypen bland de 8 granskarna enligt CBP: tunn (1% till 34%), medium (65% till 86%), tjock (0% till 4%) och mycket tjock (0% till 3%). Statistiskt signifikant skillnad i tjocklek av gingivan hittades i elva av fyrtio utvärderingar bland alla examinator och för alla metoder (VA, CBP och SPP). Fem av de signifikanta skillnaderna hittades bland CBP-sonderna, fyra för SPP och två för VA. Varken SPP eller CBP visade en tydlig tillförlitlighet i bedömning av gingivala tjockleken. SPP visade bäst resultat i både reproducerbarhet och repeterbarhet. Överensstämmelsen mellan granskarna med avseende på CBP varierade från måttlig till stor överensstämmelse. Reproducerbarhet bland granskaren varierade från dålig till nästan perfekt överenskommelse.SlutsatserBaserat på reproducerbarhet, repeterbarhet och exakthet, är SPP-sondernas förmåga att klassificera gingival biotyp i 4 kategorier av distinkt tjocklek bättre än CBP och VA. / BackgroundThe gingival biotype is regularly assessed around natural teeth before and after surgical procedures (e.g. for treatment planning and risk assessment). Recently, a new set of probes Colorvue® biotype probe (CBP) for gingival biotype assessment has been introduced, with the intention to facilitate a more detailed classification (i.e., 4 categories in total). The study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and reproducibility of this new probe system at natural teeth.MethodsThis cross-sectional study included 50 participants (3 teeth/participant), and gingival biotype was assessed by 3 methods at one maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor and canine with 1) with a standard periodontal probe, 2) with the CBP probes, and 3) by visual judgement. The actual thickness was assessed by transgingival sounding with an endodontic file. The judgements were done by 8 examiners, and inter-examiner reproducibility and intra-examiner repeatability were assessed.ResultsThe distribution of the gingival thickness in the present study population is divided into thin (18%), medium (29%), thick (29%) and very thick (24%). The distribution of the 4 CBP categories are thin (10%), medium (87%), thick (2%) and very thick (1%). The range of gingival biotype among the 8 examinators: thin (1% to 34%), medium (65% to 86%), thick (0% to 4%) and very thick (0% to 3%). A statistically significant difference in gingival thickness was found in eleven out of forty evaluations among all evaluators and for all methods (VA, CBP, and SPP). Five of the significant differences were found among the CBP probes, four for the SPP, and two for the VA. When compared, neither the SPP nor the CBP was clearly more reliability than the other. SPP showed the best results in both inter-examiner reproducibility and intra-examiner repeatability. Inter-examiner reproducibility for the CBP ranged from moderate to substantial agreement. Intra-examiner repeatability varied from poor to almost perfect agreement.ConclusionsBased on the reproducibility, repeatability and accuracy, the SPP method to classify the gingival biotype accurately into 4 categories of distinct thickness performed better than CBP and VA.

<p>All beings who possess the capacity for core self-awareness are moral persons and ought to be legal persons. More specifically, I argue that core self-aware beings ought not to be used merely as a means. This moral prohibition ought to be legally enforced and such enforcement can only be effectively accomplished with legal personhood status. Moreover, the moral prohibition that core self-aware beings ought not to be used merely as a means constitutes the essence of moral personhood. This prohibition is defended with four mutually supportive justifications: Kantian ethics, utilitarianism, ethical empathism and a principle of equal consideration of interests. The moral frameworks appealed to either support the thesis directly or do so after philosophically questionable elements have been removed form them. These frameworks are ultimately justified by an appeal to Aristotelian ethics. Although Aristotle concludes that only those who are capable of abstract rational contemplation can embody the good that is the proper subject of moral philosophy, it is briefly claimed within this thesis that Aristotle's undefended premises assume this conclusion. This claim regarding Aristotle's conclusion about rational beings is not defended herein and is left for a future work. The thesis that all beings who possess the capacity for core self-awareness are persons, or ought not to be used merely as a means, is relatively rare in philosophical discourse. The present work is original because its essential claim is defended with a synergy of seemingly disparate traditional moral theories, a new moral theory and a principle of equal consideration of interests. It is a significant contribution to III philosophical knowledge because the question of who counts in ethics, or who is the proper subject of moral discourse, is fundamental to moral philosophy. An important political implication of this thesis is that non-human animals are persons.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)

Endurance exercise has been shown to both raise and lower leucine oxidation in studies in rodents. We studied the effects of a 38 d endurance exercise training program upon leucine turnover during a 90 min exercise bout at 60 % VO_2peak in 6 males and 6 females. Subjects were studied at both the same absolute (ABS) and relative (REL) exercise intensities post-training. Pre (PRE)- and post-training measurements were taken for analysis of: L-[1-^13C]leucine turnover, muscle branched-chain oxoacid dehydrogenase activity (BCOAD), muscle glycogen, phosphocreatine and ATP utilization, and resting enzyme activity of citrate synthase (CS) and NADH-cytochrome c-oxidoreductase (complex I-III). We also determined total substrate oxidation by indirect calorimetry, and plasma lactate, glucose, and insulin concentrations. The exercise training resulted in a significant increase in both CS (P < 0.001) and complex I- III (P < 0.05) activities. Leucine oxidation increased during exercise for the pre-training trial (P < 0.001), however, there was no increase for either the post-training ABS or REL trial. Leucine oxidation was significantly lower for females at all time points (P < 0.01). Total BCOAD activity was also significantly increased when comparing the PRE to both ABS and REL trials (P < 0.001). The % activation of BCOAD was significantly increased from t=0 to t=90 in both the PRE and REL exercise trials with the increase in PRE being greater (P < 0.001 (PRE), and P < 0.05 (REL)). Exercise RER was lower for females vs. males (P< 0.05). In addition, the ABS trial was significantly lower than PRE and REL (P < 0.01). Plasma lactate was significantly lower at all time points for ABS vs. PRE (P < 0.001) and REL vs. PRE at t=30 min of exercise (P < 0.001). Resting muscle glycogen was higher for both ABS and REL vs. PRE (P < 0.001). In conclusion, we found that 38 d of endurance exercise training significantly attenuated both leucine oxidation and BCOAD activation during 90 min of endurance exercise at 60 % VO_2peak for both absolute and relative exercise intensities. In addition, females were also shown to oxidize a greater proportion of energy from lipid and a lesser amount from carbohydrates and proteins during exercise. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

No description available.

No / Bariatric surgery has emerged as an increasingly popular weight loss intervention, with larger and more endurable weight loss compared to pharmacological and behavioural interventions. The degree of weight loss patients experience varies, between individuals, surgeries and over time. An explanation as to why differing weight loss trajectories exist post-surgery could be due to the complex interplay of individual differences in relation to eating behaviours and appetite. Thus the aim of this narrative review is to explore literature between 2008 and 2018, to assess the impact of impact of bariatric surgery on food selection and nutrient status, on eating behaviour traits and on disturbed and disordered eating behaviour, to determine their impact of weight loss success and weight loss trajectories. Immediately post-surgery, up until 1–2 years post-surgery, there is a reliance upon the surgery's alteration of the gastrointestinal tract to control food intake and subsequently lose weight. Energy intake is reduced, dietary adherence is higher, supplement intake is higher, appetite ratings are lower, there is a reduction in psychopathology, and an increase in wellbeing. After this point, patients become more susceptible to weight regain, as this is the point where passive observation of the weight reducing action of surgery, moves into more cognitive effort, on the part of the individual, to control energy intake. There are various factors which influence an individual's ability to successfully regulate their energy intake post-surgery, such as their level of Disinhibition, Restraint, Hunger, Emotional Eating, Uncontrolled Eating, psychopathology and wellbeing. The need for continued psychological and nutritional support post-surgery is necessary to reduce weight regain susceptibility.