We show that replicator equations follow naturally from the exponential affine structure of the simplex known from information geometry. It is then natural to call replicator equations linear if their fitness function is affine. For such linear replicator equations an explicit solution can be found. The approach is also demonstrated for the example of Eigen’s hypercycle, where some new analytic results are obtained using the explicit solution.

Class C power amplifiers offer higher efficiency than class B power amplifiers, but suffer from poor linearity. A feedback based biasing system to improve the linearity of a class C power amplifier is designed. A class B amplifier with a gain of 20 dB and 20 MHz bandwidth at 900 MHz acts as the launching point for the design. The biasing and output network of the class B power amplifier is modified to produce a class C amplifier at conduction angles of 180°, 162°, 126°, 90°, and 54°. A feedback based biasing system, which uses two matched and scaled down transistors, compares the DC current of a class B and a class C biased transistor. This comparison is used to control the biasing voltage of the amplifier. The performance for each class C amplifier is simulated with the proposed constant conduction angle biasing (CCAB) system. The conduction angle, transducer gain, operational gain, VSWR, and drain efficiency are measured from simulation for each of the 5 normally biased and 5 CCAB amplifiers. Dynamic ranges of over 8 dB are demonstrated for the CCAB amplifiers. The effects of loop gain, temperature, and operating frequency for the 126° amplifier are simulated. The 3rd order intermodulation products of a 10 MHz AM modulated 900 MHz signal are compared for the 126° normally biased and CCAB biased amplifier as well as the class B amplifier. The difference between the fundamental and the 3rd order intermodulation products is shown to improve from 9.9 dB for the normal class C to 28.7 dB for the CCAB amplifier.

No description available.

No description available.

Polystyrene samples prepared in emulsion at 55 C were carefully fractionated. The resulting fractions were in turn fractio­nated, combined in groups having similar intrinsic viscosities, and re-­fractionated. As the intrinsic viscosity of these fractions increased, the value of Huggins' k' in methyl ethyl ketone was found to increase a slightly ( from 0.39 to 0.41). Polystyrene samples prepared in exactly the same way except for the addition of small amounts of divinylbensene, a cross-linking agent, were similarly fractionated. The value of k' in methyl ethyl ketone for these fractions increased considerably (from 0.41 to 0.68) as the intrinsic viscosity increased, even though the amount of divinylbensene added was very small (from 0.003to 0.05%). Relations were then established for these cross-linked fractions between k' and the proportion of divinylbensene present, and between k' and the intrinsic viscosity of the fractions. It was concluded that polystyrene prepared in emulsion at 55 C. is essentially linear in structure, and that the value of Huggins' k* seems to provide a convenient and sensitive test for the presence of any appreciable branching that might occur in polystyrene. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

Title: Testing for linearity in time series Author: Martin Melicherčík Department: Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Supervisor: doc. RNDr. Zuzana Prášková, CSc., Department of Probability and Mathematical Statistics Abstract: In the first part of the thesis, a necessary theoretical base from time series analysis is explained, which is consequently used to formulate several tests for linearity. According to variety of approaches the theory includes wide range of knowledge from correlation and spectral analysis and introduces some basic nonlinear models. In the second part, linearity tests are described, classified and compared both theoretically and practically on simulated data from several linear and nonlinear models. At the end, some scripts and hints in R language are introduced that could be used when applying tests to real data. Keywords: linear time series, bispectrum, testing for linearity, nonlinear models

Neste trabalho são discutidos os aspectos inerentes à análise não-linear física (NLF) e geométrica (NLG) das estruturas de contraventamento em concreto armado. O estudo proposto tem como base a análise estrutural de pórticos planos de concreto armado, desenvolvendo-se uma ferramenta rigorosa capaz de analisar essas estruturas de forma elaborada e consistente. Com essa ferramenta serão avaliadas as reduções de inércia que ocorrem em pórticos planos de concreto armado, submetidos a diferentes condições de carregamento e a diferentes taxas de armadura, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de estimativas confiáveis dos efeitos da NLF nessas estruturas. Estes resultados, combinados com os parâmetros de estabilidade &#945 e &#947z - capazes de estimar com bastante precisão os efeitos devidos à NLG - permitem o estabelecimento de métodos simplificados para a análise não-linear física e geométrica das estruturas de contraventamento de edifícios em concreto armado, de grande utilidade para os projetistas. / In this work the inherent aspects to the physical nonlinear analysis (PNL) and geometric nonlinear analysis (GNL) of reinforced concrete bracing structures are argued. The considered study is based in the structural analysis of in reinforced concrete plane frames, developing a rigorous tool capable to analyze these structures of elaborated and consistent form. Using this tool, inertia reductions that occurs in reinforced concrete plane frames, submitted the different loading conditions and the different levels of reinforcement will be evaluated, contributing for the establishment of trustworthy estimates to the effects of PNL in these structures. These results, matched with the stability parameters &#945 e &#947z - capable to estimate with sufficient accuracy the effects of GNL - allow the establishment of simplified methods for physical and geometrical non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings bracing structures, of great utility for the designers.

Neste trabalho são discutidos os aspectos inerentes à análise não-linear física (NLF) e geométrica (NLG) das estruturas de contraventamento em concreto armado. O estudo proposto tem como base a análise estrutural de pórticos planos de concreto armado, desenvolvendo-se uma ferramenta rigorosa capaz de analisar essas estruturas de forma elaborada e consistente. Com essa ferramenta serão avaliadas as reduções de inércia que ocorrem em pórticos planos de concreto armado, submetidos a diferentes condições de carregamento e a diferentes taxas de armadura, contribuindo para o estabelecimento de estimativas confiáveis dos efeitos da NLF nessas estruturas. Estes resultados, combinados com os parâmetros de estabilidade &#945 e &#947z - capazes de estimar com bastante precisão os efeitos devidos à NLG - permitem o estabelecimento de métodos simplificados para a análise não-linear física e geométrica das estruturas de contraventamento de edifícios em concreto armado, de grande utilidade para os projetistas. / In this work the inherent aspects to the physical nonlinear analysis (PNL) and geometric nonlinear analysis (GNL) of reinforced concrete bracing structures are argued. The considered study is based in the structural analysis of in reinforced concrete plane frames, developing a rigorous tool capable to analyze these structures of elaborated and consistent form. Using this tool, inertia reductions that occurs in reinforced concrete plane frames, submitted the different loading conditions and the different levels of reinforcement will be evaluated, contributing for the establishment of trustworthy estimates to the effects of PNL in these structures. These results, matched with the stability parameters &#945 e &#947z - capable to estimate with sufficient accuracy the effects of GNL - allow the establishment of simplified methods for physical and geometrical non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete buildings bracing structures, of great utility for the designers.

Neste trabalho são discutidos os procedimentos simplificados para a consideração da não linearidade física (NLF) e da não linearidade geométrica (NLG) na análise de edifícios de concreto armado. Deste modo, pretende-se estabelecer o grau de confiabilidade desses processos. Algumas prescrições para redução na inércia dos elementos estruturais são comparadas com os resultados obtidos através de modelos em elementos finitos, permitindo, assim, a avaliação destas prescrições. Um estudo detalhado do parâmetro &#947z, como majorador dos esforços em primeira ordem para a obtenção dos esforços finais em segunda ordem, é efetuada, de modo que se possa estabelecer, de forma mais clara, as vantagens e as limitações deste parâmetro. / This work shows some simplified procedures to consider physical non-linearity (FNL) and geometrical non-linearity (GNL), for reinforced concrete buildings, and discusses its reliability. For FNL, prescriptions for stiffness reduction of structural elements are compared with the results obtained from finite elements analysis, in order to verify its assessment. For GNL, a detailed study of the accuracy of &#947z parameter to evaluate final second order effects is made. The behavior of the parameter along the height of the building and for each effort considered is shown.

Orientador: Francisco Antonio Menezes / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T09:14:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fontana_LuizAntonio_M.pdf: 833272 bytes, checksum: c80e60878c10acff4e3559bea3929d20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho são apresentadas as expressões matemáticas necessárias para determinar o momento de inércia em função da curvatura para seções retangulares de concreto armado solicitadas a flexo-compressão reta. As expressões são determinadas através da integração analítica da curva tensão-deformação do concreto. Com base nestas expressões foi desenvolvido um programa de computador para calcular o momento de inércia em função da curvatura. O objetivo é obter o momento de inércia real da seção para ser utilizado na verificação das deformações. Para o programa é necessário conhecer: a geometria, a disposição das armaduras, as características dos materiais e as solicitações atuantes na seção. Na entrada de dados é possível controlar os coeficientes de ponderação dos materiais e das solicitações. Para o módulo de elasticidade, podem ser adotados os valores prescritos na NBR6118, ou outro valor que deve ser informado. A resistência à tração do concreto foi desprezada. Para validação dois modelos estruturais são analisados. A análise estrutural é feita de várias formas, sendo que uma delas é a análise considerando a não linearidade fisica (NLF) através da curvatura. Neste caso os elementos estruturais têm uma discretização maior, visando considerar a não linearidade ao longo do comprimento das peças. O objetivo é avaliar a possibilidade de implementar um processo de análise estrutural onde a consideração dos efeitos de segunda ordem seja relevante, que considere um. momento de inércia que aproxime o modelo matemático do modelo fisico real / Abstract: In this work, are presented the mathematic expressions necessary for determinate the moment of inertia in function of the curvature for rectangular cross-section the reinforced concrete submitted to mono-axial eccentricity. The expressions are determinate by the integration of analytic parabola rectangle stress strain diagram of concrete. Based in these expressions a computer system was developed to calculate the inertia of moment curvature. The objective is to get the moment of real inertia to be used in the verification of the deformations. It is necessary that the computer system know: geometry, the disposal of the bars, the characteristics of the materiaIs and operating requests in the section. When the database is imputed it is possible to have a control over the method of partial factors of materiaIs and solicitations. For the elasticity model may be adopt the NBR6118's values, or another value that must be informed. The resistance tension of concrete was rejected. To make the validation two structural models are analyzed. The structural analysis is made of severa! forms, one of them is the analysis considering no-linearity physical (NLP) through the curvature. In this case the structural elements have the biggest discretization, aiming to consider no-linearity along the length of the parts. The objective is to evaluate the possibility to implement a process of structural analysis where the effects of second order are relevant, that considers an inertia moment that can make the mathematical model dose to the real physical one / Mestrado / Estruturas / Mestre em Engenharia Civil