The study is aimed to map the gestures of Non Player Characters to make it easier for developers in the future to find fitting gestures for their characters to make sure they retain their believability. By making a survey with open questions and animations of the different gestures, the respondents were asked what they thought the characters in the animation wanted to convey. By counting how many times the respondents used the same, or similar words, each question were summarized into a table. The results were that many of the gestures that were used to convey a feeling, were better suited to another type of gesture, and by mapping these the goal is to create a lexikon with gestures that makes it easier for future developers to apply the correct gesture in the right situation. / Studien avser att kartlägga gesterna hos Non Player Characters för att underlätta för framtida utvecklare att hitta passade gester för olika situationer som gör att karaktärerna i spelet bibehåller sin trovärdighet. Genom att formulera en enkät med öppna frågor och animeringar för att gestalta gesterna tillfrågades respondenterna vad de trodde att karaktären försökte förmedla. Genom att räkna hur många gånger respondenterna valde att beskriva gesterna i enkäten med samma eller liknande ord, sammanfattades varje fråga i en tabell. Resultatet blev att många gester som används i vissa syften passar bättre för att gestalta andra typer av känslor, och genom att kartlägga dessa gester är syftet att bygga upp ett lexikon med gester som utvecklare i framtiden kan använda för att applicera rätt typ av gest i rätt situation.

Believable Non-Player Characters (NPCs) help motivate player engagement with narrative-driven games. An important aspect of believable characters is their contextually-relevant reactions to changing situations, which emotion often drives in humans. Therefore, giving NPCs "emotion" should enhance their believability. For adoption in industry, it is important to create processes for developing tools to build NPCs "with emotion" that fit with current development practices. Psychological validity—the grounding in affective science—is a necessary quality for plausible emotion-driven NPC behaviours. Computational Models of Emotion (CMEs) are one solution because they use at least one affective theory/model in their design. However, CME development tends to be insufficiently documented such that its processes seem unsystematic and poorly defined. This makes it difficult to reuse a CME’s components, extend or scale them, or compare it to other CMEs. This work draws from software engineering to propose three methods for acknowledging and limiting subjectivity in CME development to improve their reusability, maintainability, and verifiability: a systematic, document analysis-based methodology for choosing a CME’s underlying affective theories/models using its high-level design goals and design scope, which critically influence a CME’s functional requirements; an approach for transforming natural language descriptions of affective theories into a type-based formal model using an intermediate, second natural language description refining the original descriptions and showing where and what assumptions informed the formalization; and a literary character analysis-based methodology for developing acceptance test cases with known believable characters from professionally-crafted stories that do not rely on specific CME designs. Development of EMgine, a game development CME for generating NPC emotions, shows these methods in practice. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / Video games can deeply engage players using characters that appear to have emotionally-driven behaviours. One way that developers encode and carry knowledge between projects is by creating development tools, allowing them to focus on how they use that knowledge and create new knowledge. This work draws from software engineering to propose three methods for creating development tools for game characters “with emotion”: a process for analyzing academic emotion literature so that the tool’s functions are plausible with respect to real-life emotion; a process for translating academic emotion literature into mathematical notation; and a process for creating tests to evaluate these kinds of development tools using narrative characters. The development of an example tool for creating game characters "with emotion", EMgine, demonstrates these methods and serves as an example of good development practices.

Procedural content generation is a technique used to produce a wide range of computer-generated content in many industries today, the video game industry in particular. This study focuses on how procedural content generation can be applied to create emotionally interesting non-player characters and through this, generate narrative snippets that can immerse and interest a reader. The main points examined are how to achieve this using a modular approach to personality and behaviour, how well readers can distinguish whether motivations and interactions are generated by a computer or written by a human, and to what degree a reader can be immersed in a computer-generated narrative. Procedural narrative could help to reduce workload on large projects or lower costs, and is an area in which there is much room for further research. To answer these problems, a literature review of existing techniques for the creation of emotionally interesting non-player characters was conducted and used to design and construct a prototype implementation for generating procedural narrative. The output of this narrative was dressed up to match the style of a human text and A/B testing was conducted utilising a survey in order to evaluate and compare responses to the two texts. Ultimately, the results showed very little difference between the perception of the human-written text and the computer-written text, with the only aspects found lacking in the computer-written text being clarity of emotion and foreshadowing.

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<p>The aim of this essay is to investigate the function and development of non-player characters (NPC) in the TV/computer game <em>Dragon Age: Origins</em>. The NPCs are analysed in order to see if their development is affected by the player character’s (PC) background and interactions. The game’s ethics is also investigated by studying how the NPCs treat the PC and what significance they give to his background and actions.</p><p>The results show that the NPCs are affected by the PC’s interactions, and furthermore, that they are round characters, which is unusual in TV/computer games. The NPC Alistair and the PC are vital for the game’s story, while the NPCs Leliana and Morrigan have a moral and psychological function. The NPCs are moral indicators and by either opposing or accepting the PC’s actions they show their own personality. The game’s norm is created by the player/PC. Also, the game sheds light on the player’s moral actions and gives the player a chance to reflect over his/her choices and the consequences thereof.</p><p>The results give way to a discussion on how games like <em>Dragon Age: Origins</em> can be used in learning. Through interactions and by letting the player project his/her own identity onto the PC, TV/computer games can show the consequences of actions. Since the player is not only told the story, but ‘lives’ it, the moral choices faced in the game make the player practice being responsible and facing moral dilemmas as if in real life, hence enriched by new experiences.</p>

Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited / Visual perception modeling is generally weak for game AI and computer generated forces (CGF), or agents, in computer games and military simulations. Several tricks and shortcuts are used in perceptual modeling. The results are, under certain conditions, unrealistic behaviors that negatively effect user immersion in games and call into question the validity of calculations in fine resolution military simulations. By determining what the computer-generated agent sees using methods similar to that used to generate the human players' screen view in 3- D virtual environments, we hope to present a method that can more accurately model human visual perception, specifically the major problem of a entity "hiding in plain sight" / Lieutenant, United States Navy

The aim of this essay is to investigate the function and development of non-player characters (NPC) in the TV/computer game Dragon Age: Origins. The NPCs are analysed in order to see if their development is affected by the player character’s (PC) background and interactions. The game’s ethics is also investigated by studying how the NPCs treat the PC and what significance they give to his background and actions. The results show that the NPCs are affected by the PC’s interactions, and furthermore, that they are round characters, which is unusual in TV/computer games. The NPC Alistair and the PC are vital for the game’s story, while the NPCs Leliana and Morrigan have a moral and psychological function. The NPCs are moral indicators and by either opposing or accepting the PC’s actions they show their own personality. The game’s norm is created by the player/PC. Also, the game sheds light on the player’s moral actions and gives the player a chance to reflect over his/her choices and the consequences thereof. The results give way to a discussion on how games like Dragon Age: Origins can be used in learning. Through interactions and by letting the player project his/her own identity onto the PC, TV/computer games can show the consequences of actions. Since the player is not only told the story, but ‘lives’ it, the moral choices faced in the game make the player practice being responsible and facing moral dilemmas as if in real life, hence enriched by new experiences.

Procedural content generation for video games (PCGG) has seen a steep increase in the past decade, aiming to foster emergent gameplay as well as to address the challenge of producing large amounts of engaging content quickly. Most work in PCGG has been focused on generating art and assets such as levels, textures, and models, or on narrative design to generate storylines and progression paths. Given the difficulty of generating harmonically pleasing and interesting music, procedural music generation for games (PMGG) has not seen as much attention during this time. Music in video games is essential for establishing developers' intended mood and environment. Given the deficit of PMGG content, this paper aims to address the demand for high-quality PMGG. This paper describes the system developed to solve this problem, which generates thematic music for non-player characters (NPCs) based on developer-defined attributes in real time and responds to the dynamic relationship between the player and target NPC. The system was evaluated by means of user study: participants confront four NPC bosses each with their own uniquely generated dynamic track based on their varying attributes in relation to the player's. The survey gathered information on the perceived quality, dynamism, and helpfulness to gameplay of the generated music. Results showed that the generated music was generally pleasing and harmonious, and that while players could not detect the details of how, they were able to detect a general relationship between themselves and the NPCs as reflected by the music.