Background: One key component in the development of sustainable farming and foodstuffs is to increase the cultivation of legumes, due to their environmental and health benefits. Legumes contain several essential vitamins and minerals, protein and fiber, but cultivation can be problematic due to their weak stem strength which results in loss of crops as a result of crop lodging and susceptibility to weed invasion. One possible solution is co-cultivation with cereal crops such as oats as they provide support and outcompete weed growth, however, it is still unknown if co-cultivation will affect the nutrient content of lentils. Aim: The thesis has two aims: first, to compare choline, betaine, folate, resistant starch and dietary fiber content in two different types of lentils: Gotland lentils and Anicia lentils; and second to examine if cocultivation with oats will affect the nutrient content of the two lentil types. Methods: Betaine and choline were analyzed through high pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and folate through high pressure liquid chromatography with fluorometric/UV detection (HPLC-FL/UV). Resistant starch, non-resistant starch and dietary fiber were analyzed according to enzymatic assay kits by Megazyme. Results: Significant differences in nutrient content between Anicia and Gotland lentils were seen regarding resistant starch content, with Gotland showing a 50 % higher content. A significantly greater choline content was found in Anicia lentil samples that were co-cultivated with oats, showing approx. a 15 % higher choline content. Gotland lentils co-cultivated with oats showed a significantly greater choline, resistant starch and dietary fiber content by 15 %, 70 % and 10 %, respectively. Conclusions: There was no reported significant difference in choline, betaine, folate and dietary fiber content, but in resistant starch between the two lentil types, with Gotland lentil showing a higher resistant starch content. There appeared to be a positive effect of co-cultivation with oats since a significantly higher choline content in both lentil types co-cultivated with oats and a significant increase resistant starch and dietary fiber in Gotland lentils co-cultivated with oats was reported. This suggests that cocultivation can lead to an increase in nutritional content for some nutrients in Gotland and Anicia lentils. The dietary fiber analysis confirmed that legumes are a great source of fiber by one portion providing approx. half the recommended daily amount. Cultivation and consumption of lentils can give both environmental and health benefits. Further studies are needed to explore other pulses and effect on other nutrients. / Svenska ekologiska linser

The primary objectives of this study were to develop an effective reactive extrusion process to produce granular phosphorylated pea starches with enhanced enzyme resistance, and examine the effects of bulk phosphorylation conditions on the morphology, physicochemical and functional properties of extruded pea starch phosphates. Two types of commercially available pea starches (NutriPea and Meelunie) were chosen as the research subjects in this study with differing native resistance. A number of methods including optical microscopy, SEM, ICP-OES, Englyst method, DSC and rapid visco analysis (RVA) were used to characterize the morphology and properties of extruded pea starches. The effects of feed formulations and extrusion conditions on phosphorus incorporation and Englyst digestion profiles were examined systemically. The results showed that phosphorus content and digestion profiles were highly dependent on the feed moisture. Enzyme resistance did not positively correlate with phosphorus content for extruded pea starch phosphates in contrast to their counterparts prepared by conventional aqueous slurry. This was because extrusion processing can markedly increase the susceptibility of pea starch granules to enzymatic digestion. Lower feed moisture content (40%) gave lower phosphorus content, significantly lower RDS content, and higher SDS and/or RS content. Bulk phosphorylation in the extruder resulted in decreased RS2 content but increased RS4 content. Screw geometry with excessive mixing index was not desirable in terms of producing resistant starch. High screw speeds (150rpm and 200rpm) and low feed rate (1.02kg/h) brought about higher yields of SDS and RS in spite of lower phosphorus incorporation. Reactive extrusion of pea starches under optimized conditions achieved a significant but moderate increase either in RS content (from 18.67% to 22.57% for NutriPea) or in SDS content (from 37.18% to 42.23% for Meelunie) compared to their native counterparts. However, RS and SDS content could not be improved simultaneously at least based on these pea starches and the reactive extrusion processes in this study. The optical and SEM micrographs confirmed that the granule integrity was largely retained after optimized reactive extrusion process. DSC thermograms found no significant correlation between gelatinization characteristics and Englyst digestion profiles. Evidenced by RVA pasting profiles, NutriPea pea starch phosphates exhibited enhanced thermal and shear stability in comparison to their native counterpart. A novel foaming injection technology of cross-linking reagents solution was pioneeringly introduced to uniformly coat all starch particles at the lowest moisture level possible during the continuous production of granular NutriPea pea starch phosphates. Yet, the resulting phosphorus incorporation was much lower than expected and would require further studies. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / The Canadian food industry is increasingly interested in the potential to probe new avenues to produce enzyme-resistant food starches from pulses starches. Although extrusion cooking is commonly used for manufacturing cereals, snacks and other food products, no research has been reported on using an extruder to rapidly produce resistant pulse starches for functional food ingredients. This study aimed to develop an effective reactive extrusion process to produce phosphate cross-linked pea starches with enhanced enzyme resistance (i.e., increased slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS) content ) based on an examination of the effects of reaction conditions on the properties of extrusion products. Two types of commercially available pea starches, NutriPea and Meelunie, were chosen as subjects of the research. The cross-linked pea starches under optimized conditions achieved a significant but moderate increase either in RS content (for NutriPea) or in SDS content (for Meelunie) compared to their native counterparts. However, RS and SDS content could not be improved simultaneously at least based on these pea starches and the reactive extrusion processes in this study.

The incidence of type 2 diabetes is considered an epidemic in Western countries, and its prevalence is more common in the Hispanic population than in non-Hispanic whites. Postprandial hyperglycemia has been associated with oxidative stress (OS), thus; reducing postprandial glycemia and/or OS through dietary consumption of resistant starch (RS) may be one approach to help modulate glucose and insulin responses. The purpose of this study was twofold: 1) to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of cereal food products supplemented with RS. 2) to compare the effects of a single ingestion of granola bars with high (~18 grams of RS) and low (~0 grams of RS) RS compositions on the postprandial glucose and insulin responses (n=14) and oxidative stress parameters (cellular glutathione peroxidase, F2- isoprostanes, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity) in Hispanic women (n=9). Granola bars and cereals were developed to provide 2 levels (10% and 15%) of RS; isocaloric (0% RS) control samples were prepared with readily digestible (high amylopectin) starch. Samples were stored for up to 4 weeks at 20 °C. Mean composition of the high RS granola bars was 6% protein, 15% moisture, and 18% lipid. RS levels slightly increased from 14 to 16 g/serving after 4 weeks of storage, supporting published research that RS increases with storage due to retrogradation and crystallization of amylose chains. Color became lighter as the level of RS increased (p<0.001). Granola bars containing RS were less brittle (p=0.0043) than control granola bars. Sensory results indicated granola bars/cereals were acceptable. RS-supplemented granola bars were then used for the evaluation of RS ingestion in humans. There was no difference in postprandial glucose and insulin responses after a single ingestion of a RS-supplemented (18 g) granola bar. No differences were found in the oxidative stress parameters measured. In a subgroup of subjects (n=9), a lower glucose response 30 minutes after RS consumption was found (p=0.0496). Thus, RS consumption may lower fluctuations in blood glucose, which may help manage glucose levels in individuals at risk of type 2 diabetes. Further studies of short term RS consumption are warranted to elucidate its benefits in glucose management. / Ph. D.

Crescente ênfase vem sendo dada ao estudo e desenvolvimento de alimentos ricos em carboidratos não-disponíveis em virtude de seus benefícios já comprovados. O presente trabalho visou caracterizar carboidratos da banana verde e avaliar efeitos fisiológicos de seus carboidratos não-disponíveis sobre a tolerância à glicose, entre outros parâmetros relacionados a ela ou à saúde em geral. A massa de banana verde (MBV) (banana verde cozida com casca) e o amido de banana verde (ABV) (amido isolado) foram os principais produtos estudados. Foram realizados ensaios de curta duração em humanos e em ratos, e de média duração somente em ratos. Para a caracterização dos produtos e rações utilizados, foram avaliados principalmente os teores de amido resistente (AR), fibra alimentar (FA), fração indigerível (FI) e o perfil da fermentação in vitro. Os efeitos fisiológicos dos produtos e rações foram avaliados por curvas glicêmicas, teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG), perfil lipídico e de fermentabilidade in vivo. Os produtos de banana verde e as rações elaboradas com os mesmos apresentaram alto teor de carboidratos não-disponíveis, diferentes em quantidade e qualidade, mas com alta fermentabilidade, sinalizada pelo aumento da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diminuição de pH na fermentação colônica in vitro ou in vivo. A ingestão de MBV ou ABV como primeira dieta, em ensaios de curta duração com ratos, afetou a glicemia pós-prandial de uma segunda dieta padrão, o que não foi observado com rações contendo tais produtos em menor proporção. Por outro lado, em 28 dias as rações contendo MBV ou ABV causaram menor secreção de insulina em ilhotas pancreáticas, o que possibilita poupar as células ß. Os resultados indicam que os produtos estudados têm grande potencial para serem utilizados na elaboração de alimentos destinados à prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, como diabetes tipo 2. / The study of unavailable carbohydrates has been of great concern due to their proven benefits to health. This work aimed to characterize carbohydrates of unripe bananas, as well as to evaluate physiological effects of their unavailable carbohydrates over glucose tolerance, among other parameters related to it or to individuals\' health in general. The unripe banana mass (MBV) (unripe banana cooked with peel) and the unripe banana starch (ABV) (isolated starch from the fruit in natura) were the main studied products. Short term assays were carried out with humans and rats, while medium term ones were realized with rats. In order to characterize the products and diets used in this work, several parameters were evaluated, such as quantifications of resistant starch (RS), dietary fiber (DF), indigestible fraction (IF) and the study of the in vitro fermentation profile. The physiological effects of the products and diets were evaluated through glycemic curves, glucose tolerance test (GTT), and lipidic and fermentative characteristics. The unripe banana products, as well as the diets elaborated with them, presented high amount of unavailable carbohydrates, in different quantity and quality, but all of them with high fermentative rates, signalized buy an increase in short chain fatty acids (SFCA) production and decrease in pH on colonic fermentation carried out in vivo or in vitro. In the short term assays, the MBV and ABV intakes affected the postprandial glycemic response to a following diet in rats. Similar effect was not noticed in medium term assays after the intake of diets containing unripe banana products in lower proportions for 28 days. On the other hand, in this medium term assays, rats diets containing MBV or ABV lead to lower insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets, which may preserve ß cells function. The results of this work point that the unripe banana products have great potential to be applied in special food elaboration aiming the prevention of some non-transmissible chronic diseases.

Orientador: Yoon Kil Chang / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T11:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VernazaLeoro_MariaGabriela_D.pdf: 8287795 bytes, checksum: a64048a016fa41109e78ee329b64b6fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A demanda por produtos com melhor qualidade nutricional e funcional tem aumentado nos últimos anos. O mercado de alimentos funcionais está aumentando no Brasil apresentando um crescimento superior a 50 % desde 2002. A soja e seus derivados apresentam grande potencial no mercado de alimentos funcionais, especialmente devido à presença das isoflavonas e ao alto teor protéico. Por outro lado, o amido resistente, considerado como um componente da fibra alimentar, não é digerido pelas enzimas presentes no sistema digestóriio dos seres humanos, mas pode ser fermentado pelas bactérias presentes no cólon, produzindo ácidos graxos de cadeia curta, trazendo benefociios á saúde das pessoas. O mercado mundial de macarrão instantâneo vem crescendo a taxas relativamente altas, maior do que o índice apresentado por sua própria categoria (massas alimentícias). O macarrão instantâneo, por ser um produto frito, contém uma alta porcentagem de óleo. Atualmente existe uma grande preocupação relacionada à saúde e ao consumo de alimentos com alto teor de gordura. Por isso, existe a necessidade de desenvolver produtos com melhor valor nutricional e a importância na utilização de novas tecnologias. A fritura a vácuo é uma forma alternativa de cozimento, a qual aumenta a qualidade dos alimentos desidratados. O objetivo geral deste trabalho visou o desenvolvimento de macarrão instantâneo funcional pela adição de amido resistente e isolado protéico de soja obtidos pelos processos de fritura convencional e a vácuo. Para alcançar o objetivo geral, o trabalho foi realizado em 3 etapas: i) Estudo da adição de sal (0-3 %) e de goma guar (0-1,5 %) na produção de macarrão instantâneo obtido pelo processo de fritura convencional, otimizando-se a formulação através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, para obter um produto com características tecnológicas adequadas (baixo teor de gordura e boa firmeza); ii) Estudo da adição de 10 % de três amidos resistentes comerciais diferentes (Hi Maize 260, Promitor e farinha de banana verde) para estudar as propriedades reológicas e escolher a melhor formulação para obtenção de macarrão instantâneo funcional obtido pelos processos de fritura convencional e a vácuo, visando-se a obtenção de um produto com baixo teor de gordura, boa textura e alto teor final de amido resistente, e por ótimo; iii) Estudo da adição de amido resistente tipo 3 (AR3) (0-16 %) e de isolado protéico de soja (0-16 %) na produção de macarrão instantâneo obtido pelos processos de fritura convencional e a vácuo, visando-se a otimização da formulação através da Metodologia de Superfície de Resposta, com intuito de obter um produto com melhores características tecnológicas (baixo teor de gordura e boa firmeza), funcionais e nutricionais (alto teor de fibra e de proteína). Na primeira etapa, os resultados mostraram que a adição de goma guar e sal à formulação de macarrão instantâneo alteraram as propriedades da massa e a qualidade do produto final. Os maiores valores de absorção de gordura e os menores valores de firmeza foram obtidos quando utilizados valores médios das duas variáveis, enquanto que os menores valores foram alcançados ao utilizar os níveis extremos, ou seja, altos níveis de uma variável e baixos da outra, ou vice versa. Analisando os resultados obtidos no delineamento central composto rotacional (DCCR) foi possível escolher uma formulação adequada para dar continuidade ao estudo. Portanto, foi escolhido como ponto ótimo uma formulação com 0,22 % de goma guar e 2 % de sal para obter macarrões instantâneos de boa qualidade, com um teor de gordura moderadamente mais baixo e uma firmeza intermediária. Na segunda etapa, as misturas de farinha de trigo com 10 % de Hi Maize (HM10) (AR2) e Promitor (Prom10) (AR3) n? afetaram significativamente as propriedades reológicas da massa, quando comparados com a mistura com 10 % de farinha de banana verde (Ban10) que alterou significativamente a estabilidade da massa e o indice de tolerância à mistura. Os macarrões instantâneos Prom10 apresentaram as melhores propriedades tecnológicas, sendo que foram obtidos os menores valores de absorção de gordura e os maiores valores de firmeza, quando comparados com os macarrões instantâneos HM10 e Ban10. De uma forma geral, as amostras obtidas pelo processo de fritura a vácuo apresentaram menor teor de gordura, quando comparados aos macarrões obtidos pelo processo de fritura convencional. Concluindo, foi possível obter macarrões instantâneos funcionais com as três formulações diferentes estudadas, pois as amostras apresentaram um teor de amido resistente maior que 3 %, podendo ser declarados como fonte de fibra pela legislação brasileira. Na terceira etapa, as superfícies de resposta mostraram que a adição de amido resistente AR3 e de isolado protéico de soja diminuiu a absorção de gordura quando utilizados os dois processos de fritura (convencional e vácuo). No entanto, os macarrões instantâneos obtidos pelo processo de fritura convencional apresentaram teores de gordura maiores (18,28 - 25,09 %) do que os obtidos pelo processo de fritura a vácuo (18,08 e 22,26 %). Em ambos os processos foi possível obter macarrões instantâneos com um teor de amido resistente significativo (acima de 3 % para todos os ensaios). Na analise de textura, os macarrões obtidos pelo processo de fritura convencional apresentaram uma firmeza maior do que os obtidos pelo processo de fritura a vácuo. As superfícies de resposta mostraram que a adição de amido resistente e de isolado protéico de soja afetaram a firmeza dos macarrões devido à diluição das proteínas do glúten, apresentando macarrões menos firmes. Finalmente, independente do processo de fritura utilizado, ao adicionar 12 % de AR3 e 8 % de IPS foi possível desenvolver um produto funcional com alto teor de fibras, alto teor de proteínas, presença de isoflavonas e com um perfil de aminoácidos melhorado / Abstract: A higher demand for products with better quality has increased the use of new ingredients and new technologies. Therefore, nowadays, there is a greater demand for functional foods. The functional food market is growing in Brazil, showing a 50 % increase since 2002. Soybean and its derivatives present good potential in the functional food market, especially due to the presence of isoflavones and the quality of its protein and polypeptides. On the other hand, resistant starch, considered as a food fiber component, is poorly digested by the enzymes present in the human digestive system, but can be fermented by bacteria present in the colon, producing short chain fatty acids that provide health benefits to the consumer. The world instant noodle market has been growing at relatively high rates, higher than the rate presented by the category as a whole. Since they are fried products, instant noodles contain high levels of residual oil. Currently, there is a considerable concern about health with respect to the consumption of high fat foods. Therefore, there is a need to develop products with enhanced nutritional value and the use of new technologies. The vacuum frying process is an alternative way of cooking, which increases the quality of dehydrated foods when compared to the conventional deep-frying process. The objective of the present work was to develop instant noodles with functional properties, using both conventional and vacuum frying processes to reduce oil absorption and hence caloric content, by the partial substitution of wheat flour with soy protein isolate and resistant starch. To achieve the overall objective, the work was divided into three stages: i) Study of the addition of salt (0-3 %) and guar gum (0-1.5 %) in the production of instant noodles optimizing the formulation by Response Surface Methodology to obtain a product with appropriate technological characteristics (low in fat and good texture); ii) Study of the addition of 10 % of three different commercial resistant starches, such as Hi Maize (HM) (RS2), Promitor (Prom) (RS3) and green banana flour (GBF) to analyze the rheological properties to produce the best formulation of functional instant noodles obtained by both conventional and vacuum frying, in order to obtain a product with adequate technological properties (low in fat, good texture and high content of resistant starch), and finally, iii) Study of the addition of type 3 resistant starch (RS3) (0-16 %) and soy protein isolate (0-16 %) in the production of instant noodles obtained by conventional and vacuum frying, in order to optimize the formulation by Response Surface Methodology with the objective of obtaining a product with adequate technological properties (low fat and good texture) and high nutritional value (high fiber and protein). In the first stage, the results showed that the addition of guar gum and salt to instant noodles formulation changed the properties of the dough and the final product quality. The highest values of fat absorption and the lowest values of firmness were obtained when intermediate levels of the two variables were used, whereas the lowest values were achieved when using the extreme levels, i.e. high levels of one variable and low of the another, or vice versa. Analyzing the results obtained from the central composite rotational design (CCRD) it was possible to choose a suitable formulation to continue the next stages. Therefore, the instant noodles considered optimum in this stage contained 0.22 % guar gum and 2 % salt, resulting in a product of good quality, with significant lower fat content and intermediate firmness. In the second stage, mixtures of wheat flour with 10 % Hi Miaze 260 (HM10) (RS2) and Promitor (Prom10) (RS3) did not significantly affect dough¿s rheological properties when compared to the mixture with 10 % green banana flour (Ban10), that changed drastically the dough stability and the mixing tolerance index. Prom10 noodles presented the best technological properties, obtaining the lowest values of fat absorption and the highest values of firmness. In general, samples obtained by the vacuum frying process had lower fat content, compared to the samples obtained by the conventional frying process. Using the three different formulations, it was possible to obtain functional instant noodles because all samples presented a resistant starch content higher than 3 %, being possible to be claimed as source of fiber according to the Brazilian Legislation. In the third stage, the response surfaces showed that the addition of both resistant starch and soy protein isolate decreased fat absorption when using both frying processes (conventional and vacuum). However, instant noodles obtained by the conventional frying process presented higher levels of fat than those obtained by vacuum frying. In both cases there was a decrease in resistant starch content. In the texture analysis, noodles obtained by the conventional frying process presented higher firmness values than those obtained with the vacuum frying process. The response surfaces showed that resistant starch and soy protein isolate addition affected the firmness of noodles because of the dilution of gluten proteins, showing noodles with lower firmness. In conclusion, regardless of the frying process used in this study, when added 12 % of RS3 and 8 % of soy protein isolate, it was possible to develop a functional product with high fiber content (close to 8 %), high protein content (close to 11 %), isoflavones and with an improved amino acid profile / Doutorado / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Crescente ênfase vem sendo dada ao estudo e desenvolvimento de alimentos ricos em carboidratos não-disponíveis em virtude de seus benefícios já comprovados. O presente trabalho visou caracterizar carboidratos da banana verde e avaliar efeitos fisiológicos de seus carboidratos não-disponíveis sobre a tolerância à glicose, entre outros parâmetros relacionados a ela ou à saúde em geral. A massa de banana verde (MBV) (banana verde cozida com casca) e o amido de banana verde (ABV) (amido isolado) foram os principais produtos estudados. Foram realizados ensaios de curta duração em humanos e em ratos, e de média duração somente em ratos. Para a caracterização dos produtos e rações utilizados, foram avaliados principalmente os teores de amido resistente (AR), fibra alimentar (FA), fração indigerível (FI) e o perfil da fermentação in vitro. Os efeitos fisiológicos dos produtos e rações foram avaliados por curvas glicêmicas, teste de tolerância à glicose (TTG), perfil lipídico e de fermentabilidade in vivo. Os produtos de banana verde e as rações elaboradas com os mesmos apresentaram alto teor de carboidratos não-disponíveis, diferentes em quantidade e qualidade, mas com alta fermentabilidade, sinalizada pelo aumento da produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC) e diminuição de pH na fermentação colônica in vitro ou in vivo. A ingestão de MBV ou ABV como primeira dieta, em ensaios de curta duração com ratos, afetou a glicemia pós-prandial de uma segunda dieta padrão, o que não foi observado com rações contendo tais produtos em menor proporção. Por outro lado, em 28 dias as rações contendo MBV ou ABV causaram menor secreção de insulina em ilhotas pancreáticas, o que possibilita poupar as células ß. Os resultados indicam que os produtos estudados têm grande potencial para serem utilizados na elaboração de alimentos destinados à prevenção de determinadas doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis, como diabetes tipo 2. / The study of unavailable carbohydrates has been of great concern due to their proven benefits to health. This work aimed to characterize carbohydrates of unripe bananas, as well as to evaluate physiological effects of their unavailable carbohydrates over glucose tolerance, among other parameters related to it or to individuals\' health in general. The unripe banana mass (MBV) (unripe banana cooked with peel) and the unripe banana starch (ABV) (isolated starch from the fruit in natura) were the main studied products. Short term assays were carried out with humans and rats, while medium term ones were realized with rats. In order to characterize the products and diets used in this work, several parameters were evaluated, such as quantifications of resistant starch (RS), dietary fiber (DF), indigestible fraction (IF) and the study of the in vitro fermentation profile. The physiological effects of the products and diets were evaluated through glycemic curves, glucose tolerance test (GTT), and lipidic and fermentative characteristics. The unripe banana products, as well as the diets elaborated with them, presented high amount of unavailable carbohydrates, in different quantity and quality, but all of them with high fermentative rates, signalized buy an increase in short chain fatty acids (SFCA) production and decrease in pH on colonic fermentation carried out in vivo or in vitro. In the short term assays, the MBV and ABV intakes affected the postprandial glycemic response to a following diet in rats. Similar effect was not noticed in medium term assays after the intake of diets containing unripe banana products in lower proportions for 28 days. On the other hand, in this medium term assays, rats diets containing MBV or ABV lead to lower insulin secretion in isolated pancreatic islets, which may preserve ß cells function. The results of this work point that the unripe banana products have great potential to be applied in special food elaboration aiming the prevention of some non-transmissible chronic diseases.

Orientador: Marise Aparecida Rodrigues Pollonio / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T13:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carraro_CarlaIvone_M.pdf: 1342581 bytes, checksum: 704953159961e17e7eccb8bbed399c09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: As mudanças nas exigências dos consumidores e o aumento da competição global no mercado de alimentos fazem com que as indústrias de produtos cárneos adotem novas tecnologias de processamento e uso de novos ingredientes, para agregar valor, especialmente no atributo saúde. Neste contexto, os amidos resistentes são compostos, que apresentam propriedades semelhantes às fibras, exercendo a mesma função fisiológica, no entanto muito pouco estudados em produtos cárneos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a utilização de amidos resistentes em produto cárneo emulsionado tipo mortadela com reduzido teor de gordura para a obtenção de um produto final com apelo saudável. Os amidos resistentes do tipo 2, 3 e 4 foram testados quanto à capacidade de retenção de água e apresentaram valores similares a outros extensores já utilizados. Na primeira etapa do trabalho, foi escolhido o amido resistente (conhecido pela sigla AR) tipo 3 para ser avaliado frente a três diferentes níveis de adição. Na sequência, foram realizados os ajustes de formulação e elaboradas duas formulações controle, seguidas de quatro substituições parciais e substituições totais com 2,5 e 5,0 % de AR. .As formulações: C1 (10% de gordura e 5% de fécula de mandioca), C2 (20% de gordura e 5% de fécula de mandioca), F2 (10% de gordura e 5% de AR tipo 3), F4 (10% de gordura e 5% de AR tipo 2) e F6 (10% de gordura e 5% de AR tipo 4) foram selecionadas para avaliação sensorial. As formulações com farinha de banana verde foram excluídas no teste preliminar de diferença de controle pela diferença de coloração e propriedades físico-químicas indesejadas resultantes no produto final. As amostras foram submetidas a testes sensoriais de aceitação: cego e informado e de diferença do controle. Na avaliação sensorial por diferença de controle foi observado que nos atributos de textura e sabor as amostras não apresentaram diferenças significativas e no atributo cor, a amostra C1 obteve notas mais altas que o controle C2,demonstrando que o produto com menor teor de gordura teve uma boa aceitação. As amostras F2, F4 e F6 não apresentaram diferença com relação ao controle C1, concluindo que a substituição da fécula de mandioca por amido resistente foi satisfatória. O teste cego de aceitação para os atributos: aparência, aroma e sabor não apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as amostras, sendo que o controle C1, obteve pontuação maior em relação ao controle C2. Nos atributos de textura e impressão global, as amostras F4 e F6 não apresentaram diferenças significativas e a amostra F2 obteve menor pontuação. No teste informado não houve mudança perceptível na avaliação dos consumidores, porém a amostra controle C2 teve uma aceitação melhor, demonstrando que o consumidor ainda não está preparado para o conceito de alimento com apelo saudável. Desta forma pode-se concluir que é possível reduzir a gordura de mortadelas sem prejudicar a composição físico-química, propriedades funcionais e sensoriais do produto através da utilização de amido resistente como ingrediente extensor / Abstract: Changes in consumer demand and the increase of competition in the global food market make meat product industries adopt new processing technologies and we use new ingredients to add value, especially in health attribute. In this context, the resistant starches are compounds that exhibit properties similar to fibers, with the same physiological function, however very little studied in meat products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of resistant starches in emulsified meat product as Bologna sausage with reduced fat to obtain a final product with healthy appeal. The resistant starches, type 2, 3 and 4 were tested for their ability to retain water with the same results of others extenders already used in meat products. In the first step, was chosen resistant starch (abbreviated as RS) type 3 to be evaluated against three different levels of addition. After, adjustments were made to formulate and elaborate: two control formulations, followed by four substitutions partial and total replacements with 2,5% and 5,0% of RS. These formulations were selected for sensory assessment: C1 (10% fat and 5% cassava starch), C2 (20% fat and 5% cassava starch), and formulations with starch replacement by resistant starch: F2 (10% fat and 5% RS Type 3), F4 (10% fat and 5% RS Type 2) and F6 (10% fat and 5% RS type 4). The formulations with green banana flour were excluded by difference from control, as the different colour and physicochemical properties resulting undesired final product. The samples were tested for sensory acceptance: blind and informed test and difference from the control. In sensory evaluation by difference from control was observed that the texture and flavor attributes of the samples showed no significant differences in the color attribute and the sample C1 was obtained higher scores than the control C2, demonstrating that the product with lower fat content had a good acceptance. The samples F2, F4 and F6 showed no difference compared to the control C1, concluding that the replacement of cassava starch by resistant starch was satisfactory. The blind acceptance for attributes: appearance, aroma and flavor showed no significant differences between the samples, and control C1, obtained higher scores than control C2. In texture attributes and overall impression, F4 and F6 samples showed no significant differences and F2 sample obtained lower scores. In reported test no noticeable change in the assessment of consumers, but the control sample C2 had a better acceptance, demonstrating that the consumer is not ready for the concept of meat products with healthy appeal. Thus it can be concluded that it is possible to reduce fat in Bologna sausage without impairing the physical and chemical composition, functional and sensory properties of the product through the use of resistant starch as an extender ingredient / Mestrado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Mestra em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Yoon Kil Chang / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:08:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jaekel_LeandraZafalon_D.pdf: 6646939 bytes, checksum: 22f384ec4204fdfd6cd400a411696f70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O interesse dos consumidores por alimentos com características funcionais tem aumentado nos últimos anos. A farinha de trigo de grão inteiro (FTGI) contém constituintes com efeitos benéficos a saúde (fibras, minerais, vitaminas, antioxidantes e aminoácidos). O amido resistente (AR) também tem sua contribuição à saúde, atuando como fibra alimentar. Massas alimentícias, cuja produção brasileira cresce a cada ano, constituem uma excelente forma de aplicação dessas matérias-primas. Contudo, a FTGI e o AR podem trazer prejuízos tecnológicos. A enzima transglutaminase (TG) mostra-se como alternativa a esse problema, pode atuar formando ligações cruzadas com a glutenina e a gliadina. O objetivo geral foi estudar o efeito de diferentes fontes de fibras (FTGI ou AR) e da transglutaminase nas características tecnológicas, estruturais e sensoriais de massas alimentícias tipo espaguete. O estudo foi desenvolvido em quatro artigos: 1°) estudar a influência da adição de FTGI (51 a 100 %) e TG (0 a 0,5 %) nas características reológicas, de cozimento, textura e solubilidade de proteínas dos espaguetes, através de um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR); 2°) estudar o efeito da TG (0,5 %) nas características de cozimento e textura, estruturais e sensoriais de espaguetes adicionados de 58 % de FTGI; 3°) estudar o efeito da adição de AR (0 a 20 %) e TG (0,2 a 1,0 %) nas características (citadas no 1°artigo) dos espaguetes, através de um DCCR; 4°) estudar o efeito da TG (1,0 %) nas características (citadas no 2° artigo) de espaguetes adicionados de 14 % de AR. No 1°) observou-se que a adição de FTGI e TG foi estatisticamente significativa (p<0,10) para o tempo de desenvolvimento da massa, índice de tolerância à mistura e cor (L*). Os produtos constituem fontes de fibras, pois contêm mais de 3 % de fibra alimentar no produto pronto para o consumo (Portaria SVS/MS nº 27, 13/01/1998). No 2°) verificou-se que a TG aumentou (p<0,05) a firmeza e a temperatura final de gelatinização; também observou-se seu efeito na estrutura do produto por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A avaliação sensorial mostrou que o produto adicionado ou não de TG não diferiu estatisticamente (p<0,05) do controle quanto à textura e sabor, e a aparência foi melhor. Nos testes de aceitação e intenção de compra, a média dos espaguetes foi 7 e 4, que correspondem a "gostei moderadamente" e "provavelmente compraria", respectivamente. Além disso, as massas com adição de 58 % de FTGI são consideradas fonte de fibras e produtos e baixo índice glicêmico (aproximadamente 65 %). No 3°) AR e TG foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0,10) para cor, tempo ótimo de cozimento, aumento de peso, elasticidade e o teor de AR. Alguns dos produtos desenvolvidos foram fontes de fibra. No 4°) TG aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) a firmeza e elasticidade. A solubilidade proteica foi inferior no produto com TG para um tipo de solvente. O efeito da TG também foi observado através de MEV. Na avaliação sensorial, os espaguetes com ou sem TG não apresentaram diferença estatística para os parâmetros analisados através do teste de comparação múltipla, na aceitação e intenção de compra. A adição de 14 % de AR, além de caracterizar os produtos como fonte de fibras e de baixo índice glicêmico, possibilita a obtenção de produtos de qualidade tecnológica semelhante aos existentes no mercado / Abstract: The consumer interest in foods with better nutritional and functional characteristics is increasing in recent years. Whole-grain wheat flour (WGWF) contains many constituents with beneficial health effects (fiber, minerals, vitamins, natural antioxidants and amino acids). The resistant starch (RS) also contributes to human health once it presents similar effect of dietary fiber. Pasta, whose Brazilian production is increasing every year, consists of an excellent way of applying these raw materials. However, WGWF and RS may produce harmful effects during production process, since these components dilute the proteins forming the gluten in the product. The transglutaminase enzyme (TG) can act by forming cross links with the glutenin and gliadin, showing up as an alternative to this problem. The general objective was to develop spaghetti and study the effect of different sources of fiber (WGWF or RS) and transglutaminase on the technological, structural and sensory characteristics of the pasta. The study was conducted in four article: 1) the influence of adding WGWF and TG on texture, cooking characteristics and protein solubility of pasta using a randomized central composite design (RCCD), where the independent variables were WGWF (51 to 100%) and TG (0 to 0.5); 2) the effect of TG (0.5%) in texture, cooking, sensory and structural characteristics of pasta added 58% WGWF; 3) the effect of adding RS and TG on texture, cooking characteristics and protein solubility of pasta using a RCCD, where the independent variables were RS (0 to 20%) and TG (0.2 to 1.0); 4) the effect of TG (1.0%) on texture, cooking, structural and sensory characteristics of pasta containing 14% of RS. 1) The addition of TG and WGWF was statistically significant (p <0.10) in the dough development time, mixing tolerance index and color (L *). All formulations can be considered sources of fiber, since they contain more than 3% total dietary fiber. 2) We found that the addition of TG significantly increased (p <0.05) firmness and final gelatinization temperature and this effect was also observed in scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The sensory evaluationbased on the multiple comparison test showed that either pasta with TG addition orwithout the enzyme was not statistically different (p <0.05) than control sample with respect to texture and flavor. The appearance of these products was considered better than the control sample and did not differ from each other. Regarding the acceptance test and purchase intention, the average scores was 7 and 4, which correspond to "like moderately" and "probably buy" respectively. In addition, astacontaining 58% WGWF is considered source of fiber and low glycemic index food (about 65%). 3) RS and TG influenced the product quality, being statistically significant (p<0.10) for the color (L *, a *, b * and _E) optimum cooking time, increase weight, elasticity and RS content. It is worth mentioning any of the pasta developed in this study is source of dietary fiber. 4) We observed a significant effect (p <0.05) of TG on the characteristics of texture (firmness and resilience), once the product with added TG showed higher values than the product without TG addition. A significant effect was also observed on protein solubility, which was lower in the product containing TG when using a mixture of solvent. The effect of TG was also observed in scanning electron microscopy. In sensory evaluation, pasta with TG added or without the enzyme showed no statistical difference for theparameters studied by multiple comparison test, acceptance test and purchase intention. Besides characterizing the products as a source of fiber and low glycemic index, adding 14% of RS allows for obtaining competitive high-quality products / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutora em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Muitas alternativas têm sido propostas para melhorar as características nutricionais dos alimentos, algumas delas utilizando fontes de fibra alimentar ainda pouco conhecidas. Entre estas fontes de fibra alimentar (FA), a farinha de banana verde (FBV) tem se mostrado uma boa alternativa por sua alta concentração de amido resistente (AR) que pode melhorar o valor nutricional de diferentes preparações. Neste trabalho foram estudadas barras de cereal elaboradas com FBV, com o objetivo de avaliar in vivo e in vitro as propriedades nutricionais desses produtos. As amostras consistiam em dois tipos de barras de cereais, uma delas elaborada com FBV (barras FBV) e outra sem este ingrediente (barras controle). A composição centesimal e perfil de carboidratos das barras foram avaliados. A fermentabilidade da fração não-disponível das barras foi avaliada através de testes in vitro utilizando inóculo de ratos. A resposta glicêmica das barras foi avaliada após sua ingestão por voluntários saudáveis (n=16), sendo determinados o índice glicêmico (IG) e carga glicêmica (CG). A principal característica que pôde ser observada é que as barras FBV possuem maior conteúdo de AR que as barras controle (7,22 g/100g e 2,11 g/100g na base integral), resultado da adição de FBV. Esta adição reflete na concentração de carboidratos não-disponíveis (soma de FA e AR) das barras FBV, que é de 18,19 g/100g na base integral. As barras FBV apresentam maior fermentabilidade in vitro em relação às barras controle (p<0,05) de acordo com a produção de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), produzindo 4,04 mmol/g de substrato, enquanto as barras controle produzem apenas 3,51 mmol/g de substrato. As barras FBV apresentam baixo IG (em relação à glicose) (41%) e CG (4), enquanto as barras controle apresentam IG médio (60%) e CG baixa (5). A partir dos resultados apresentados, é possível concluir que a adição de FBV às barras de cereal aumenta seu conteúdo de carboidratos não-disponíveis, representados pelo AR e FA, resultando num produto de alta fermentabilidade e de baixa resposta glicêmica pós-prandial. / Several alternatives have been proposed to improve the nutritional characteristics of foods, some of them using sources of dietary fiber that are still underused. Among these sources of dietary fiber (DF), unripe banana flour (UBF) has been considered a good alternative for its high concentration of resistant starch (RS), which can improve the nutritional value of different preparations. The aim of this study was to evaluate, in vivo and in vitro, the nutritional properties of cereal bars made with UBF. The samples consisted of two types of cereal bars, one made with UBF (UBF bars) and the other one without this ingredient (control bars). The chemical composition and carbohydrate profile of the bars were evaluated. The fermentability of the non-available fraction of bars was assessed in vitro using cecal contents of mice. The glycemic response of the bars was assessed after its ingestion by healthy volunteers (n = 16), being determined the glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL). The main feature that could be observed is that the UBF bars have higher RS content than the control bars (7.22 g/100g and 2.11 g/100g wet weight), a result of the addition of UBF. This addition reflects on the concentration of non-available carbohydrates (sum of DF and RS) in UBF bars, which is 18.19 g/100g wet weight. The UBF bars presented better in vitro fermentability in relation to control bars (p <0.05) according to the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA), yielding 4.04 mmol / g substrate, while the control bars produce only 3.51 mmol / g substrate. The UBF bars have a low GI (based on glucose) (41%) and CG (4), while the control bars show medium GI (60%) and low CG (5). According to these results, it is possible to conclude that the addition of UBF to cereal bars increases their non-available carbohydrate content, represented by RS and DF, resulting in a product of high fermentability and low postprandial glycemic response.

Estudos com farinha de banana verde (FBV), rica em amido resistente, mostram efeitos positivos sobre a saciedade, resposta glicêmica e melhora do funcionamento intestinal. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a capacidade da FBV em estimular seletivamente o crescimento e/ou atividades de microbiota intestinal benéfica e os efeitos fisiológicos do consumo habitual. No presente trabalho foi investigado o efeito da ingestão regular e descontinuada de FBV sobre a microbiota intestinal em voluntários saudáveis, bem como as interações com hormônios relacionados à fome e saciedade, funcionamento intestinal e homeostase da glicose. Para tanto foi realizado estudo de intervenção, duplo cego paralelo controlado com placebo, no qual voluntários saudáveis consumiram FBV ou maltodextrina, veiculadas através de sopa prontas congeladas, três vezes por semana e durante seis semanas. Os resultados evidenciaram que a FBV pode aumentar a saciedade, promover redução no aporte energético de refeições subsequentes (14%) e melhorar o funcionamento intestinal. Ao mesmo tempo reduz a secreção plasmática de insulina no jejum e o Índice HOMA2-RI em 20%, sinalizando aumento na sensibilidade à insulina. A análise da microbiota intestinal utilizando o rDNA 16S mostrou que existem dois grupos distintos de indivíduos, os quais respondem diferentemente ao consumo de FBV. O consumo de FBV por voluntários, cujo microbioma era mais abundante no gênero Prevotella, apresentou aumento de genes envolvidos em vias metabólicas relacionadas à degradação anaeróbia de carboidratos (794 Kegg orthologs, FDR=0,05), como as vias do metabolismo de amido e glicose, do butirato, propionato. Paralelamente outros genes indicaram redução de algumas vias metabólicas, incluindo a biossíntese de lipopolissacarídeos. Este mesmo grupo de voluntários apresentou gêneros microbianos positivamente relacionados com conteúdo de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta (AGCC), em padrão distinto do outro grupo de voluntários que consumiu FBV e do grupo Controle. Foi possível demonstrar que o consumo de FBV pode promover a modulação do microbioma em indivíduos saudáveis com enterótipos distintos, trazendo efeitos benéficos para a saúde humana. / Studies with Unripe Banana Flour, rich in resistant starch, shave shown positive effects on satiety, glycemic response and improved intestinal function. Nevertheless, little is known about its capacity to selectively stimulate the intestinal microbiota\'s activity, or the physiological effects of its habitual consumption. This study investigated the effects of the regular, discontinued ingestion of UBF on the intestinal microbiome in healthy volunteers, as well as effects on hormones related to satiety, intestinal function and glucose homeostasis. To achieve these goals, a double blind, parallel, placebo controlled study was designed, in which healthy volunteers ingested UBF or maltodextrin added to a standardized frozen soup meal, 3 times a week for 6 weeks. The results showed that UBF can improve satiety, promote a reduction in energy intake at subsequent meals (14%) and improve intestinal function. At the same time, it reduces plasmatic secretion of fasting insulin and e the HOMA2-RI index by 20%, signaling an increase in insulin sensitivity. The analysis of the microbiome using the 16S rDNA gene showed that there are two clusters of individuals, which respond differently to the dietary intervention. The UBF consumption by volunteers with a Prevotella dominant microbiome showed an increase in genes related to anaerobic carbohydrate degradation (794 Kegg orthologs, FDR=0,05), such as members of the starch and glucose metabolism, propanoate metabolism and butyrate metabolism. At the same time, other genes were reduced, including the biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharides. The same volunteers presented several microbial groups positively correlated with the short chain fatty acids (SCFA) present in the fecal samples analyzed. This was a distinct pattern to that observed for the remaining volunteers. We demonstrated that the consumption of UBF can promote the overall health of the human host as well as the modulation of the intestinal microbiome in healthy individuals and that this effect is dependent on the enterotype present.