Deux fois plus de bien-être en consommant deux fois moins de ressources : visant à l’origine des objectifs d’efficience des modes de production, le concept de « facteur 4 » s’est peu à peu modifié au début du XXIème siècle pour se focaliser sur la division par 4 des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. De nos jours, le facteur 4 est un objectif fractal, faisant référence selon l’échelle étudiée à deux ensembles différents mais reliés : le facteur 4 climatique (à l’échelle nationale) et le facteur 4 énergétique (à l’échelle micro-économique). Le facteur 4 énergétique, transposition des questions climatiques (GES) aux aspects de maîtrise de l’énergie a largement été développé au sein d’un secteur économique : le bâtiment. Ce dernier, de par son gisement d’économies d’énergie, a fait l’objet d’un engouement important s’étant concrétisé par la mise en place de réglementations, labels et scénarios prospectifs dans le but d’orienter et de proposer des directions vers l’atteinte du facteur 4. Malgré tout, la transposition pratique d’objectifs théoriques se heurte à la complexité du système composant ce secteur. Cette complexité est due à la diversité du bâti mais aussi, et surtout, aux nombreux acteurs qu’il est nécessaire de mobiliser. L’enjeu de cette recherche est d’étudier le système complexe que représente le secteur du bâtiment et ses acteurs, face à l’atteinte du Facteur 4. Cette thèse propose notamment d’identifier les points de blocage, ainsi que les facteurs de succès lors d’opérations de rénovation et de construction ; objectif revenant à poser la question suivante : quels sont les freins et leviers d’action rencontrés par les acteurs pour l’atteinte du facteur 4 dans le bâtiment ? Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi d’étudier en détail le cas du département de la Loire et envisagé par la suite la transposition des enseignements tirés sur ce département à l’ensemble de la France. Une vingtaine d’entretiens couplés à un questionnaire semi-directif auprès de plus de 200 acteurs professionnels du bâtiment ont été réalisés. Ces enquêtes qualitatives et quantitatives ont permis d’identifier et classer 24 types de freins, relevant de problématiques financières, techniques, réglementaires et comportementales ainsi que les principaux leviers pouvant permettre de les contourner. Au travers des discours et résultats obtenus, les contraintes financières et comportementales apparaissent prépondérantes pour les acteurs interrogés. Malgré tout, l’enchevêtrement des freins et l’interrelation de ces derniers entre catégories imposent une conclusion : le système actuel, face aux contraintes du facteur 4, nécessite non pas une adaptation voire une évolution mais une refonte des modes de penser et de faire. Cette refonte, prônant les concepts de sobriété et d’efficacité, nécessite d’ordonnancer ces derniers : la sobriété de conception constitue alors une étape préalable à l’efficacité énergétique, elle-même précurseur de la sobriété d’utilisation. Une recherche-action menée sur 3 projets de rénovation sur le territoire de Saint-Etienne Métropole et couplant plus d’une centaine d’entretiens auprès de locataires de logement sociaux confirme cet agencement. Les utilisateurs, acteurs incontournables d’un projet, au travers d’une augmentation de leur niveau de confort conditionnent la sobriété à l’amélioration des niveaux de performances du logement. Cette sobriété, testée au travers de simulations thermiques dynamiques sur trois variables d’utilisation (température, taux d’occupation, fermeture des volets) pouvant permettre une division par deux des consommations du bâti. / Doubling Wealth - Halving Resource Use: from the original goals of efficiency production methods, the concept of "factor 4" has gradually changed in the early twenty-first century to focus on the division by 4 of greenhouse gas emissions. Today, Factor 4 depending on the scale refers to two different but interrelated concepts: climate factor 4 (national scale) and the energy factor 4 (at the micro-economic scale). Energy factor 4, transposition of climate issues (GHG) to the aspects of energy management has largely been developed in one sector of economy: the building sector. This sector, through its pool of savings has demonstrated widespread enthusiasm and has realized the implementation of regulations, labels and scenarios to guide and suggest directions towards the factor 4. Nevertheless, the practical implementation of theoretical objectives is hampered by the complexity of this sector. This complexity is due to the diversity of buildings, but also and above all, to the variety of actors who need to be mobilized. The aim of this research is to study the complex system represented by the construction industry and its actors, faced with the objective of factor 4. This thesis proposes to identify bottlenecks and success factors in operations and construction renovation as so ask the question: what are the barriers and levers encountered by actors trying to achieve the factor 4 in the building sector? To do this, we chose to study in detail the case of the Loire department and then consider whether lessons learned on this department could be applied to all France. Twenty interviews coupled with a questionnaire completed by over 200 professional actors in the building sector have been done. These qualitative and quantitative surveys have identified and classified 24 types of barriers relating to financial, technical, regulatory and behavioural issues as well as key levers that can help to overcome them. Through analysis of results, behavioural and financial issues appear to be paramount for the interviewed actors. Still, the variety of barriers and their interrelationship requires one conclusion: the current system, constrained by the objective of factor 4 requires not an adaptation or an evolution but a redesign of modes of thinking and acting. This redesign, advocating the concepts of sufficiency and efficiency needs to be ordered: the sufficiency of design is a preliminary step to energy efficiency, itself a precursor to the sufficiency of use. Action research conducted on three renovation projects in the territory of Saint-Etienne and combining more than one hundred interviews with tenants of social housing company confirms this arrangement. Inhabitants, as key actors of a project, stipulate that an increase in their comfort level combined to an improvement of housing performance, as a condition to their sufficiency. This sufficiency tested through thermal dynamic simulations (temperature, occupancy, closing the shutters) could allow a halving of building consumption.

OF THE THESIS Name: Bc. Eliška Vavrušová, DiS. Specialization: Addictology Head of the thesis: Mgr. Hana Fidesová PhD. Opponent: Pages: 88 The name of the thesis: POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS OF WORKING WITH DRUG USERS CUSTUDY AND PRISON Abstract: Background: Penitentiary care of drug users is still under-discussed topic, however that many drug users has experience with to be in prison and often it is just one part during the period of drug use when the user has time to stop and think about their current and future life. Objective: The aim of this thesis was to find what is offered for interventions and care services to drug users in the penitentiary care and then verify if they meet the specific individual needs of respondents. Methods: The theoretical part uses document analysis. In the practical part is used qualitative research - analysis of needs. This analysis was conducted in the form a semistructured interview. Participants: The research sample consisted of 37 respondents (men). Respondents were clients of the center of drug services in prison Laxus o. s., currently located in prison Jičice or Stráž pod Ralskem. Results: The results show the importance of cooperation between NGOs and employees of the Prison Service. The workers in prison are those who most disseminate information on...

of the thesis: Background: The theme of the drugs problem users - mothers are becoming more and more topical. The specificity of women's groups on the drug scene is given to the problems associated with pregnancy and motherhood , different biological factors compared to men. Expert advice for women and addressing issues that are associated with the feminine role is a must for professionals . The phenomenon of mothers - user is necessarily linked to the issue of child care and subsequent abstinence . Our professional and lay society has regarding pregnancy , treatment, abstinence and motivation of mothers who are drug addicts many prejudices and stereotypical behavior. So the question arises , how the fact of pregnancy users - mothers affects their drug use and subsequent motivation for abstinence and retention in treatment . The aim of this work is to determine whether the child is the motivation for abstinence and the role of drug use in pregnancy women. Methods: Data were obtained using a semi-structured interview , the respondents were clients aftercare program . For data analysis using elements of grounded theory. Results: Based on the statements of the respondents , it was found that even when the child is passive motivation for abstinence , responder treatment of 80 % successfully completed....

New synthetic drugs are a new phenomenon that is expanding in many countries. NSD mimic the effects of traditional drugs phenomenological, but retain the hallmark of legal substances. NSD legal status is due to the fact that theses new substances are controlled by the United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 or the UN Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971. To the Czech Republic this trend came somewhat later than in neighboring countries, and especially in 2010, when sales NSD was mainly in shops. This sale was completed in April 2011 becouse of entering 33th NSD to the list of psychotropic and narcotic substances and moved mostly to the internet. NSD composition is often changing, due to disabling preparatory material, it follows that the risks associated with the use of NSD are unpredictable. The research objective of this study is to determine the acquisition and distribution of NSD between problem drug users and also to map the most widely used NSD among this population.The main purpose of the research is to bring knowledge (as it's called, how it look, what it contains, where and from whom it receives, how much it costs). The survey was made up of semi-structures interviews (qualitative part) and structured questionnaires (quantitative part). Respondents were selected...

Title: Development of methamphetamine (ex)users that decided to cease without professional intervention - follow-up study Abstract: BACKGROUND: This work relates to author's research in 2011/2012, in which author captured experience of (ex)users with ceasing drug using without professional help through narrative interviews. Findings shown, that respondents keeps in their narration space for reusing of methamphetamine, so author decided to work with respondents also in future. This work is theoretically based in idiographic and narrative approach, which focus on AIMS: To capture development of methamphetamine (ex)users that decided to cease using methamphetamine without professional intervention after 3 years. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: To capture users' answers about future aiming of individuals, based on preceding research, to catch biography-time development of respondents and to analyze reasoning according to (non)returning to using methamphetamine. METHODS: With those individuals, which were cooperating enough, interviews were held about their current situation. It creates set of interviews from 2011/2012 and from 2015/2016. Interviews were analyzed through narrative-oriented analysis, specifically through categories of values and beliefs. According to demandingness and comprehensiveness of approach, only two...

Proverbs are one of the important oral literary genres in various cultures. Though in many societies and for a long time proverbs are regarded as succinct fixed artistic form, and authoritative which contain a general truth, wisdom and experience of the society and its creators are elders or anonymous, these characteristics are increasingly challenged today. This paper, therefore, intends to examine how Swahili literary writers and social network users participate in the creation and spread of Swahili modern proverbs in Tanzania. Data of this study were collected from Swahili literary works and websites. The findings reveal that the need to address and cope with today’s environment and change of worldview of the present generation are among the important factors to the emergence of the modern proverbs. It is also noted that modern Swahili proverbs are not only found among the Kiswahili literary writers and social network users, but also other people and avenues. / Methali ni moja ya utanzu muhimu wa fasihi simulizi katika tamaduni mbalimbali. Ingawa katika jamii nyingi na kwa muda mrefu methali zimekuwa zikichukuliwa kama usemi mfupi wa kisanaa, wenye mamlaka, ukweli, maarifa na tajiriba ya jamii, na watungaji wake ni wazee au hawajulikani, sifa hizi siku hizi zinazidi kudadisiwa. Makala hii, kwa hiyo, inalenga kuchunguza namna waandishi wa fasihi ya Kiswahili na watumiaji wa mitandao ya kijamii wanavyoshiriki katika uundaji na usambazaji wa methali za kileo za Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Data za makala hii zilikusanywa kwa kupitia kazi mbalimbali za fasihi ya Kiswahili na kutembelea tovuti. Matokeo ya data yanaonesha kuwa haja ya kuakisi mazingira ya sasa na mabadiliko ya kimtazamo kwa kizazi cha leo ni miongoni mwa sababu zinazochangia katika kuibuka kwa methali za kileo. Aidha, methali za kileo za Kiswahili si tu zinapatikana miongoni mwa wanafasihi wa Kiswahili na watumiaji wa mitandao ya kijamii, bali pia zinatumika na watu na miktadha mbalimbali.

This work titled Advertising impact of influencers as perceived by the young online users defines the term influencer in its theoretical part, offering several perspectives through which this phenomen can be viewed. For example, the number of followers on influencers' profiles, the interaction between these two sides, or the characteristic features of influential figures, such as their behaviour on the Internet. Furthermore, this work deals with influencer marketing, some types of collaboration between influencers and companies within social media, and the issue of tagging the sponsored commercial content. Also, one of the chapters summarizes some of the findings from several relevant studies, creating an initial insight into the topic. The research part of this work explores the issue as perceived by the young online users, using the research sample comprising 179 respondents in the range of 16-26 years old. The data collected through the electronic standardized questionnaire revealed, for example, that respondents require tagging sponsored posts on influencers' profiles, even though they trust these commercial posts less. Also, the pattern of behaviour hinting some verifying information before immediate tasting influencers' recommendations was indicated. The analyzed answers also point to the...

BACKGROUND: The needle exchange programme (NEP) started in Sweden in 1986 in Lund and shortly after in Malmo. The first NEP in Stockholm opened in spring 2013. The NEP is a service aimed at intravenous drug users (IDU) from 18 years old, with a goal of preventing the blood borne diseases, such as HIV, Hepatitis B (HBV), and Hepatitis C (HCV). With the on going HIV and Hepatitis epidemics, numerous countries around the world have adopted control strategies, such as the NEP to halt the spread of HIV, HBV, and HCV. The objective of this study was to examine if the needle exchange programme has decreased the incidence of HIV, HBV, and HCV in Sweden over a six-year period.  METHODS: Data for incidence and prevalence was extracted from the yearly reports of the Stockholm’s needle exchange programme from 2013 to 2018 and the yearly reports of the public health agency in Sweden from 2013 to 2018. The data was collected for Stockholm, and compared to Västra Götaland, and the whole of Sweden. RESULTS: The incidence of HIV was zero in 2013 and 2015 in the NEP. The incidence of HBV decreased to zero in 2013 in the NEP. There is an increased incidence of HCV in the NEP. CONCLUSION: The NEP has a protective effect through its combination of needle exchange, opiate substitute therapy, counselling, and vaccinations in reducing and stabilising incidences of the infections, in some instances to zero, as well as providing surveillance and treating infections.

Nos dias atuais, o desenvolvimento de um país passa obrigatoriamente por seu Sistema Financeiro, o qual, num mundo globalizado, trabalha em sintonia com outros Sistemas Financeiros. Assim, a incumbência de tais sistemas resume-se a atuar nos fluxos de transferência de ativos financeiros em poder de poupadores para os setores produtivo e/ou de consumo. Tal transferência ocorre por meio de operações de compra, venda e/ou troca desses ativos, no âmbito do que se denomina mercados. Para tanto, faz-se necessário captar, intermediar e aplicar tais ativos, o que é feito por operadores, como os bancos de investimento. Neste trabalho, privilegiando as tarefas realizadas por analistas financeiros de bancos de investimento, os quais prospectam oportunidades de negócio, analisam-nas e as oferecem a investidores, são estudadas as características das fontes de informação utilizadas por estes analistas e o comportamento informacional destes. A pesquisa, de abordagem qualitativa e natureza exploratória, foi conduzida com base em análise da literatura e estudo de caso de um serviço de informação vinculado a um banco de investimento. Dentre os resultados, destacamse a compreensão do comportamento informacional dos analistas de investimentos, sistematização das fontes de informação utilizadas e a proposta de uma infraestrutura de apoio às atividades destes analistas. Conclui-se que tais analistas utilizam informações provenientes de diversas fontes, porém, identificou-se um conjunto de fontes comum aos diversos analistas, bem como, a prática do intercâmbio de informações entre eles. Nesse sentido, frente aos resultados e impactos relativos às transferências de ativos financeiros, os mesmos analistas dependem do acesso a diversas fontes de informações da área financeira, prevalecendo a manutenção dos diversos atributos relativos à qualidade da informação. / Nowadays, the development of a country necessarily passes through its financial system, which, in a globalized world, works in tune with other financial systems. Thus, the task of such systems is to act in the flows of transfer of financial assets in the power of savers to the productive and/or consumption sectors. Such transfer takes place through the purchase, sale and/or exchange of these assets, in the context of what is called market. To do so, it is necessary to capture, intermediate and apply such assets, which is done by operators, such as investment banks. In this work, privileging the tasks performed by financial analysts of investment banks, which prospect business opportunities, analyze and offer them to investors, the characteristics of the sources of information used by these analysts and theirs informational behavior are studied. The research, of qualitative approach and exploratory nature, was conducted based on literature analysis and case study of information service linked to an investment bank. Among the results, we highlight the understanding of the informational behavior of investment analysts, systematization of the sources of information used and the proposal of an infrastructure to support the activities of these analysts. It is concluded that the analysts use information from various sources, however, a set of sources common to the various analysts was identified, as well as the practice of exchange of information between them. In this sense, in the face of the results and impacts related to the transfer of financial assets, the same analysts depend on the access to several sources of information in the financial area, with the maintenance of the various attributes related to information quality.

L’ubiquité des terminaux intelligents équipés de capteurs a donné naissance à un nouveau paradigme de collecte participative des données appelé Crowdsensing. Pour mener à bien les tâches de collecte, divers défis relatifs à l’implication des participants et des demandeurs de services doivent être relevés. Dans ce contexte, nous abordons quatre questions majeures inhérentes à ce problème: Comment affecter les tâches de collecte afin de maximiser la qualité des données d’une façon éco-énergétique ? Comment minimiser le temps nécessaire à la collecte et au traitement des tâches? Comment inciter les participants à dédier une partie de leurs ressources pour la collecte? et Comment protéger la vie privée des participants tout en préservant la qualité des données reportées ? Tout d’abord, nous nous intéressons au fait que les ressources énergétiques des terminaux mobiles restent limitées. Nous introduisons alors des modèles de déploiement de tâches qui visent à maximiser la qualité des données reportées tout en minimisant le coût énergétique global de la collecte. Ainsi, notre première contribution se matérialise en un modèle d’allocation appelé, QEMSS. QEMSS définit des métriques de qualité de données et cherche à les maximiser en se basant sur des heuristiques utilisant la recherche taboue. De plus, afin de rendre le processus d’allocation résultante plus équitable, nous faisons appel à un deuxième algorithme, F-QEMSS, extension de QEMSS. Les deux solutions ont permis d’obtenir des niveaux de qualité de données compétitifs principalement dans les situations défavorables des zones de faible densité ou de ressources limitées. En outre, afin de minimiser le temps moyen de collecte et de traitement des données, une deuxième phase d’allocation distribuée est ajoutée. Plus précisément, nous proposons dans cette deuxième contribution de désigner des participants responsables de déléguer des tâches. Ces derniers prédisent le comportement d’autres utilisateurs en termes de mobilité et de préférences de collecte. Par conséquent, nous développons deux types d’allocation; MATA qui ne tient compte que de la mobilité et P-MATA qui tient compte à la fois de la mobilité et des préférences des participants. Les deux allocations démontrent que l’estimation des préférences des utilisateurs minimise le temps de collecte et évite le rejet des tâches. La troisième contribution de cette thèse, IP-MATA+, propose des incitations aux participants, ce qui favorise leur engagement aux campagnes de collecte notamment quand le budget dédié est partagé en fonction de la qualité des contributions. Pour finir, nous considérons la problématique de la vie privée des participants au crowdsensing. Particulièrement, nous ciblons la minimisation du risque de divulgation de la vie privée durant la phase du déchargement tout en veillant à l’utilité des données collectées. Ainsi, la quatrième contribution de cette thèse vise à assurer simultanément deux objectifs concurrents, à savoir assurer l’utilité des données nécessaire aux demandeurs et protéger les informations sensibles des participants. Pour ce faire, nous introduisons une entité de confiance dans le système de collecte ayant pour rôle d’exécuter un mécanisme qui génère une version altérée de la donnée collectée qui répond au compromis de protection et d’utilité. La solution développée, appelée PRUM, a été évaluée sur des datasets de collecte participative en variant les scénarios d’attaque et de déchargement des données. Les résultats obtenus prouvent qu’une altération limitée des données collectées peut assurer une protection des informations sensibles des participants tout en préservant environ 98% de l’utilité des données obtenue pour les demandeurs. Pour conclure, nos contributions abordent diverses problématiques complémentaires inhérentes à la collecte participative des données ouvrant la voie à des mises en œuvre réelles et facilitant leur déploiement / The ubiquity of sensors-equipped mobile devices has enabled people to contribute data via crowdsensing systems. This emergent paradigm comes with various applications. However, new challenges arise given users involvement in data collection process. In this context, we introduce collaborative sensing schemes which tackle four main questions: How to assign sensing tasks to maximize data quality with energy-awareness? How to minimize the processing time of sensing tasks? How to motivate users to dedicate part of their resources to the crowdsensing process ? and How to protect participants privacy and not impact data utility when reporting collected sensory data ? First, we focus on the fact that smart devices are energy-constrained and develop task assignment methods that aim to maximize sensor data quality while minimizing the overall energy consumption of the data harvesting process. The resulting contribution materialized as a Quality and Energy-aware Mobile Sensing Scheme (QEMSS) defines first data quality metrics then models and solves the corresponding optimization problem using a Tabu-Search based heuristic. Moreover, we assess the fairness of the resulted scheduling by introducing F-QEMSS variant. Through extensive simulations, we show that both solutions have achieved competitive data quality levels when compared to concurrent methods especially in situations where the process is facing low dense sensing areas and resources shortcomings. As a second contribution, we propose to distribute the assignment process among participants to minimize the average sensing time and processing overload com- pared to a fully centralized approach. Thus, we suggest to designate some participants to carry extra sensing tasks and delegate them to appropriate neighbors. The new assign- ment is based on predicting users local mobility and sensing preferences. Accordingly, we develop two new greedy-based assignment schemes, one only Mobility-aware (MATA) and the other one accounting for both preferences and mobility (P-MATA), and evaluate their performances. Both MATA and P-MATA consider a voluntary sensing process and show that accounting for users preferences minimize the sensing time. Having showing that, our third contribution in this thesis is conceived as an Incentives-based variant, IP-MATA+. IP-MATA+ incorporates rewards in the users choice model and proves their positive impact on enhancing their commitment especially when the dedicated budget is shared function of contributed data quality. Finally, our fourth and last contribution addresses the seizing of users privacy concerns within crowdsensing systems. More specifically, we study the minimization of the incurred privacy leakage in data uploading phase while accounting for the possible quality regression. That is, we assess simultaneously the two competing goals of ensuring queriers required data utility and protecting participants’ sensitive information. Thus, we introduce a trust entity to the crowdsensing traditional system. This entity runs a general privacy-preserving mechanism to release a distorted version of sensed data that responds to a privacy-utility trade-off. The proposed mechanism, called PRUM, is evaluated on three sensing datasets, different adversary models and two main data uploading scenarios. Results show that a limited distortion on collected data may ensure privacy while maintaining about 98% of the required utility level.The four contributions of this thesis tackle competing issues in crowdsensing which paves the way at facilitating its real implementation and aims at broader deployment