Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad topic that many researchers and stakeholders want to implement into their daily tasks. There are expectations to implement AI in hospitals, starting with mammography centers. But there is a need to guarantee that it will be efficient and safe to use, and that requires a lot of research. However, the challenge is about how radiologists should understand how AI will communicate when it shows unclear results during mammography examinations. When it comes to cultural communication and expectations, radiologists are working with visual communications, since that is where they see the x-ray images of breasts. However, there seems not to be any clear directions on how the AI is supposed to communicate back, in a visual and explainable way. The current studies do not focus on the practical usage of AI towards its target group and how they take in information and how they take in information that is consistent with their work habits and the use of visual communication, as well as human interaction. The goal of this thesis is to view this field from an information design perspective and contribute with a different view. This master thesis will explore the possibility of how visual mapping can contribute for radiologists, in mammography, that will eventually work alongside AI. To highlight important factors that are important when it comes to working with AI. As well as inviting AI researchers and experts to explore the expectations of AI in mammography. The theoretical framework contains explainable AI (XAI), scientific visualization, visual perception, human computer interaction (HCI) and visual mapping etc. This research will use design thinking processes, to empathize with the radiologist and conduct interviews, artifact analysis and finalize a prototype. The results of the thesis will highlight important keywords from the participants that are emphasized on the prototype. / Artificiell intelligens (AI) är ett brett ämne som många forskare och intressenter vill implementera i sina dagliga uppgifter. Det finns förväntningar på att implementera AI på sjukhus, till att börja med mammograficentra. Men det finns ett behov av att garantera att det blir effektivt och säkert att använda, och det kräver mycket forskning. Utmaningen handlar dock om hur radiologer ska förstå hur AI kommer att kommunicera när den visar oklara resultat vid mammografiundersökningar. När det gäller kulturell kommunikation och förväntningar arbetar radiologer med visuell kommunikation, eftersom det är där de ser röntgenbilder av bröst. Det verkar dock inte finnas några tydliga instruktioner om hur AI:n ska kommunicera tillbaka, på ett visuellt och förklarligt sätt. De aktuella studierna fokuserar inte på den praktiska användningen av AI mot sin målgrupp och hur de tar in information och hur de tar in information som stämmer överens med deras arbetsvanor och användningen av visuell kommunikation, samt mänsklig interaktion. Målet med denna uppsats är att se detta fält ur ett informationsdesignperspektiv och bidra med en annan syn. Detta examensarbete kommer att utforska möjligheten av hur visuell kartläggning kan bidra för radiologer, inom mammografi, som så småningom kommer att fungera tillsammans med AI. Att lyfta fram viktiga faktorer som är viktiga när det kommer till att arbeta med AI. Samt att bjuda in AI-forskare och experter att utforska förväntningarna på AI inom mammografi. Det teoretiska ramverket innehåller förklarlig AI (XAI), vetenskaplig visualisering, visuell perception, mänsklig datorinteraktion (HCI) och visuell kartläggning etc. Denna forskning kommer att använda designtänkande processer, för att känna empati med radiologen och genomföra intervjuer, artefaktanalys och slutföra en prototyp. Resultatet av uppsatsen kommer att lyfta fram viktiga nyckelord från deltagarna som betonas på prototypen.

This research proposed to determine, in the context of preliminary data analysis, whether one can generate more--and more complex--"insights" (meaningful or possibly relevant relationships suggested by the data) by looking at a graphic (multiple bar chart) representation--as opposed to numeric table--of a large, multivariate quantitative dataset (twenty variables with twenty four observations each), displayed and manipulated h interactively in a personal computer-based system. If the more complex observations made possible by graphic representations can be explored in more detail--with further help from statistical and mathematical techniques-then the probability of achieving truly novel and useful solutions can be increased. The major issue involved is not how to communicate more effectively information to a large audience; it is rather what would stimulate deeper, sharper, and more expeditious analysis of a problem. An experiment--of a "posttest only control group" design--was conducted, with eighty Subjects. Half of those Subjects were randomly assigned to a treatment group (graphic representation of a quantitative dataset) and the other half, to a control group (multivariate representation of same dataset). Individual experimental sessions took approximately two hours, with an interactive tutorial--designed to give both groups the same level of basic skills for handling the computer program--followed by sixty minutes (maximum) for problem analysis. The null hypothesis was there would be no differences between the scores of Subjects looking at a graphic versus a numeric representation of data for each of four classes of "insight" generation: 1 "Insights" ignoring complexity levels 2 Multiple-field "insights", exclusive of single-field "insights" 3 Multiple "field-group" (such as age groups) "insights" 4 Number of different complexity levels A methodology was developed for objective scoring of the raw data (written notes with requested observations and inferences). Observations were eliminated on the basis of repetition, incompleteness, and lack of validation from underlying dataset. The differences between "insights" produced by the "graphic" and “numeric" groups were statistically significant. The major differences corresponded to the higher levels of "insight" complexity-—those observations relative to a large number of problem variables or to the whole dataset. The "graphic“ group produced a significantly larger number of such observations. / Ph. D. / incomplete_metadata

Denna studie beskriver hur svenska lärosäten använder sig av retorik för att kommunicera sin identitet till externa intressenter. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys undersöks artiklar och medförande bilder ur åtta svenska lärosätens forskningsmagasin: Chalmers Tekniska Högskola, Lunds Universitet, Högskolan Väst, Jönköping University, Mittuniversitetet, Högskolan i Gävle, Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH) och Högskolan i Borås. Genom Hoffman och Fords (2010) organisationsretoriska modell analyserades en artikel från de utvalda lärosätenas forskningsmagasin för att se på vilket sätt de uttrycker sin strategiska vision samt vilka strategier de använder för att skapa och upprätthålla sin identitet. Vi analyserade även bilderna till respektive artikel för att se vad de bidrar med i lärosätenas kommunikation. Utöver samarbete med externa intressenter var de strategiska visioner som tydligast framträdde i magasinen lärosätenas forskningskvalitet och deras goda innovationsförmåga. Det skiljer sig dock åt mellan lärosäten på vilket sätt dessa två teman framställs. Resultaten i denna studie indikerar att mindre lärosäten är mer benägna att kommunicera värdet av innovation och konkurrensfördelar till sina externa intressenter. Detta för att förbättra sin image och attrahera externa intressenter att samarbeta med lärosätet. Resultaten indikerar även att associeringsstrategier är vanliga när lärosätena bygger sin identitet. Denna studie visar dock att även differentieringsstrategier förekommer. Slutligen indikerar resultaten att bilder har potential att förbättra lärosätenas kommunikation av sin strategiska vision och kan även hjälpa lärosätet att nå ut med forskningsresultat till en bredare målgrupp. / This study describes how Swedish universities use rhetoric to communicate their identity to their external stakeholders. Articles and pictures in research magazines of eight Swedish universities are examined through a qualitative text analysis, these universities are: Chalmers University of Technology, Lund University, University West, Jönköping University, Mid Sweden University, the University of Gävle, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) and the University of Borås. A organizational rhetorical model for text analysis by Hoffman and Ford (2010) is used to study the universities concerned in their way of expressing their strategic vision, how they use different strategies in their identity building and what their published photos in the magazines contributes to the communication of the strategic vision. The results of the study indicates that smaller institutions are more prone to communicate the value of innovation and competitive advantage in their communication with external stakeholder in order to establish a good image and attract external stakeholder to cooperate with the university. The most commonly used rhetorical strategy by universities to communicate their identity is by association. The use of differentiation is however an interesting strategy that might help higher education institutions stand out from the crowd and create a more unique identity. The use of pictures can also be helpful to communicate the strategic visions. Because of the popular science character of the visual communication, pictures can also help universities to reach a broader audience with the latest academic research.

Master of Arts / Department of Communication Studies, Theatre, and Dance / Nicole M. Laster / Goffman (1959) suggests that it is through communication that we are able to form impressions of self and express our identity to society. With the emergence of computer-mediated communication and social network sites we’ve witnessed a new form of communication online, and as a result, the traditional forms of impression management used to construct and display identity have shifted to include not just speaking or writing our identity, but displaying who we are through photographs online. This research investigates the connection between the use of a particular social network site, Facebook, and the pattern of impression management techniques through the management and addition of photographs on the site. A two-month ethnography of 16 participants was conducted followed by 3 interviews. Results indicate that digital natives (individuals who have grown up heavily in the presence of technology) tend to convey a variety of conflicting online identities through images, resulting in a “no consequences” generation that, while concerned with privacy, are more concerned with communicating an impression that fits within their primary social roles.

Objects can evoke our most vivid memories and sensory emotions, through the stories that have been engraved into them across their lifetime. Throughout history, patchwork-quilting has been used to tell stories, hide messages and hold histories. They are seen as objects of warmth, comfort and security, inanimate extensions of ourselves that store our most complex sentiments and memories- becoming heirlooms that are kept in the families and communities for generations, preserving our histories and material culture.    I intend to explore the inseparable relationship between craft and narrative within quilts, whilst re-imagining the quilts forms and functions in order to communicate stories more vividly. To do so I will use my memories of My Dead Dog, Henry, to illustrate narratives and embed them into quilted objects to stage as a tableau of artifacts. I intend to encourage the viewer to realise the imagined, through a haptic experience of my material world, whilst simultaneously creating my own heirlooms that can be passed down so my stories are not forgotten. / <p>The full thesis contains copyrighted material</p><p>which has been removed in the published version</p>

Thesis (MA (VA)(Visual Arts))--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This investigation uses an object relations psychoanalytic framework to explore ways that art embodies both social and personal meaning. The relationship between the non- verbal experience of art and the pre-verbal realm of infancy is explored and linked to bodily, perceptual and inner forms of non-discursive knowledge which are of value for the subject. The study investigates how this inner experience is related through art to language and representation as aspects of external experience. The study argues that these two dimensions, the inner/bodily and the outer/linguistic, are held together in the art object which, as metaphor, is a conjoined structure that embodies the maternal and paternal realms in paradoxical and dynamic interplay. The art object, which elicits imaginary and phantasied responses from the viewer, serves both the self (through presentational symbols) and social needs (through representational symbols), thus allowing the creation and communication of new meanings.

The purpose in this thesis is to analyse which information about the sustainable impacts in fashion supply chain is the most important for the consumer. To find out how the eco-label can be designed with information and messages about the sustainable producing process, and to make the consumer more safe and satisfied with the fashion industry’s communication about sustainability and their sustainable products. - How to define sustainability in fashion supply chain? - What information about eco-labeled clothes does the fashion consumers require? - What are the conditions for creating and designing sustainable messages on the clothing’s eco-labels? In the final definition of sustainability according to this study, the focus falls on four distinctive expressions, which are, good working conditions, profitability, comfort and human needs. To explain this further, the good working conditions and the human needs have to do with wellbeing and health for the consumer and workers. Profitability has to do with the economy for both companies and consumers, and comfort is something both consumers and workers strive for. So the finally definition of sustainability in this thesis is to strive for better health, economy and comfort for all people. The information about eco-labeled clothes that the consumers require, have actually nothing to do with sustainability. However, the consumers require information about price, quality, and comfort. Moreover, if the product would be eco-labeled, the consumer should wish to get reliable information about the working conditions and chemicals, which gives the consumer a chance to know what they are paying for. To be able to create a message the focus should be on significances that increases the consumers self-interests, which in this case would be long lasting quality, health and price. These significances are similar to the earlier presented definition of sustainability, which is to strive for better health, economy and comfort for all people. Here comfort can be a part of the long lasting quality or a part of the good working conditions in the supply chain. Therefore, a sustainable message with reliable information about price and quality should be the symbol that explains how it affects the health, economy, and comfort for both the consumers and the employees in the fashion supply chain.

The politicians have entered a new platform with the potential to democratization and to exchange ideas. Therefore, we want to look into what new conditions social media creates for politicians. Through strategic political communication the goal-oriented two-way communication is depicted as it is crucial for relations to establish, build up, maintain and to be affected.   One aspect of this is about the creation of messages and the visual communication affecting the meaning of the content. In our study, these theories have become the foundation in the research, and of the tools used when developing messages for social networks. We have looked deeper into Facebook as a social media and political parties on this platform. We focused on and observed their different ways of developing messages in their Facebook feed and the reactions they generated. We found tendencies saying that pictures and videos have a great effect on a engagement generated in the posts. This proves that visual communication is a crucial tool for political strategic communications within the networks of social media.

The objective of this study was to analyze the visual communication of fashion brand identity through the concept of window displays. Window displays are often categorized as an aspect of a much larger concept of visual merchandising that should be seen as a crucial part of the entire marketing communications. Although the concept of window displays is not new, their effect on the overall brand image creation remains relatively unexplored. The interpretation of communication in a visual form is complex in nature, and this research approaches the matter from a semiotic perspective. The approach was selected due to its capability to explore deeper meanings behind visual objects. In this study, window display is understood as a crucial part of the sign system of a fashion store. Window display is commonly regarded as the starting point of the entire shopping experience, and therefore in the lack of previous research, it is a logical starting point for this study. The analytical framework of the study follows the thee metafunctions of semiotic modes as discussed in the Theory of the Grammar of Visual Design by Kress and van Leeuwen (2006). The analytical framework is then applied to analyze six different window displays produced by the same fashion brand. Findings of the research are discussed in terms of the three metafunctions of ideational, interpersonal and textual, and the purpose is to increase the knowledge of how window displays can be used to depict different relations between brand, people, places and things. In terms of brand identity communication, the most important contribution is to understand the complex relationship that is formed between the window (the brand) and its viewer (the customer). As a result, this research finds that the window displays are loaded with multiple visual cues all of which intend to serve the same purpose of brand identity communication. Clothing and accessories are the most salient elements used and they can be understood as the embodiment of the brand identity. Images of models and mannequins are used to address the viewers and create a specific relationship with them. The less salient elements in the window displays are used to support the message the brand is conveying through the display.

Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the Master of Technology Degree: Graphic Design, Durban Institute of Technology, 2004. / This project has investigated African graphic systems, both writing systems and systems of symbolic graphics. These systems are commonly used in Graphic Design, but those of African origin have been largely ignored in both the applied discipline, and in its History and Theory. The project has attempted to explain this in historical and theoretical terms: its motivation is described in terms of countering the exclusion of African visual culture in the face of historical and ideological factors such as colonialism and globalisation. The project's research aims were to collect as much information as feasible on these systems; and to classify them according to such criteria as their language or cultural group, their location, and the functional nature of the systems. From this body of information a smaller number of representative systems were selected for further description and discussion, in order to highlight the variety of systems existing in Africa, their historical development, and techniques and materials used. These selected systems were then used as inspiration and raw material for a body of applied Graphic Design work, which is intended to provide a visual introduction to the material, and to promote and advocate the revaluation of this cultural material. Information has mainly been gathered by means of library and internet search, in order to establish approximately the extent of the literature in the public sphere. Because of the obscurity of most of this information, it has been gathered from such other disciplines as Linguistics, Anthropology, or History. The project has established the existence of a large number of graphic symbols and systems, and gathered a body of literature and references about them. Many are poorly documented, if at all, and even those for which extensive literature / M