Es werden Kontaktprobleme im Rahmen der nichtlinearen Elastizitätstheorie mit Mitteln der Variationsrechnung behandelt. Dabei liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Untersuchung des Selbstkontakts eines nichtlinear elastischen Körpers. Unter Verwendung einer geeigneten Lagrangeschen Multiplikatorenregel wird eine notwendige Bedingung für Minimierer hergeleitet. Weiterhin werden Ergebnisse für den Kontakt zweier elastischer Körper formuliert.

(EN) Thesis deals with an approximation of static moduli in wells from dynamic moduli determined by acoustic well logging using T-matrix model. Proposed approach makes possible to determine moduli values, which are close to values of static moduli, which would be determined by loading tests. This approach is based on an idea, that an intact rock with sufficiently high compressional strength sc and sufficiently high value of static Young's modulus Es, manifests more or less linear elastic behaviour. In such case, the values of static and dynamic moduli are identical. This fact has been experimentally verified for rocks with values of sc and Es in order of higher tens of MPa and GPa respectively. In case of a rock damage presence in such rock, it's behaviour becomes nonlinearly elastic. The amount of nonlinearity is proportional to increasing amount of rock damage. This results in the difference between values of static and dynamic moduli. T-matrix model is used to quantify this difference. This model is based on an anisotropic rock matrix with ellipsoidal inclusions. These inclusions can affect each other. The result of this model calculation is a group of values of elastic constants, which we call effective moduli. These effective moduli include the effect of porosity in the rock as well and they...

La surveillance de la réponse structurale est fondamentale pour estimer la performance des bâtiments et réduire les pertes lors de futurs séismes. Un moyen pratique de détecter les changements de comportement structural consiste à analyser les variations des propriétés élastiques lors d'excitations dynamiques. Dans ce travail, on montre que les variations de la fréquence fondamentale des bâtiments lors de tremblements de terre (faibles à forts) pourraient être expliquées par des processus élastiques non linéaires qui se produisent à l'intérieur du matériau, et qui finalement affectent le comportement macroscopique global des bâtiments. Ces processus élastiques non linéaires sont responsables de la diminution temporaire ou permanente de la rigidité structurale, pouvant expliquer les processus de récupération des propriétés élastiques observés à la suite d'événements sismiques. Cette étude comble le fossé entre des expériences de laboratoire à l'échelle microscopique et des observations sismologiques à l'échelle macroscopique, où l’élasticité non linéaire est également observée. Dans un premier temps, une base de données sismiques établie dans le cadre de cette thèse est présentée, incluant des réponses de bâtiments instrumentés de façon permanente dans le monde: des milliers d’enregistrements de mouvements sismiques et plusieurs bâtiments du Japon et des États-Unis ont été traités, apportant des connaissances utiles pour le domaine du génie parasismique, notamment pour la prédiction empirique de la réponse structurale en fonction de mesures d'intensité du mouvement au sol. Les incertitudes associées à la prédiction d’endommagement sont présentées, ainsi que l'évaluation de la vulnérabilité d'un bâtiment sous forme de courbes de fragilité. Ensuite, la base de données est utilisée pour analyser les signatures élastiques non linéaires dans les bâtiments, en particulier les effets de la dynamique lente (ou relaxation). Les variations des fréquences de résonance sont étudiées à court et à long terme, en estimant la contribution du sol à la réponse du système sol-structure. Différents états structuraux sont déduits en fonction des amplitudes de chargement et propriétés observées via les enregistrements. Des modèles de relaxation développés en laboratoire sont ensuite adaptés aux données des bâtiments afin de caractériser la densité de fissuration et les hétérogénéités, en effectuant des comparaisons entre les états structuraux avant et après de fortes excitations telles que le séisme de 2011 (Mw=9) de Tohoku (Japon). Les effets des chargements sont observés lors de la récupération des séquences de répliques. Les résultats sont étendus à différentes typologies de bâtiments, en analysant l'influence du matériau et des caractéristiques de chargement, notamment les taux de déformation. Enfin, quelques conclusions générales sont présentées, ainsi qu'une perspective de travail utilisant des outils de machine learning pour prédire la réponse de bâtiments en fonction de signatures élastiques non linéaires observées. / Monitoring structural response is fundamental for evaluating the performance of buildings and reducing losses during future earthquakes. One practical way to detect changes in structural behavior is analyzing variations of elastic properties during dynamic excitations. Here we show that variations in the fundamental frequency of buildings during (weak -to- strong) earthquakes might be explained by nonlinear elastic processes carried out within the structural material, which affect the global macroscopic structural behavior. These nonlinear elastic processes are responsible for both transitory and permanent structural softening, and might explain the intriguing recovery effects observed in the fundamental frequency of buildings following seismic events. This study bridges the gap between microscale laboratory experiments and macroscale seismological observations, where nonlinear elasticity is also observed. In the first part of this study, a new seismic database of building responses is presented: thousands strong motion recordings and several buildings from Japan and US were processed, providing useful tools for the earthquake engineering community, notably for the empirical prediction of structural response as a function of several ground motion intensity measures. Examples of uncertainties associated to damage prediction are presented, as well as the vulnerability assessment of a building throughout fragility curves. Next, the seismic database is used to analyze nonlinear elastic signatures in buildings, particularly the slow dynamics or relaxation effects. Variations of resonant frequencies are monitored at both short and long-term, estimating the contribution of soil in the response of the system soil-structure. Different levels of damage are inferred according to loading amplitudes and structural states. Some laboratory-based models of relaxation are adapted to the building data in order to infer crack-density and heterogeneities over time, making comparisons between structural states before and after large excitations such as the Mw 9 Tohoku earthquake. Conditioning effects are observed during the backbone recovery of aftershocks sequences. The results are extended to different building typologies, analyzing the influence of structural material and loading features, notably strain-rates. Finally, some general conclusions are presented, together with a perspective work using machine learning to predict building response based on nonlinear elastic signatures.

No description available.

The presence of prestrain can have a tremendous effect on the mechanical behavior of slender structures. Prestrained elastic plates show spontaneous bending in equilibrium—a property that makes such objects relevant for the fabrication of active and functionalmaterials. In this paperwe studymicroheterogeneous, prestrained plates that feature non-flat equilibriumshapes. Our goal is to understand the relation between the properties of the prestrained microstructure and the global shape of the plate in mechanical equilibrium. To this end, we consider a three-dimensional, nonlinear elasticity model that describes a periodic material that occupies a domain with small thickness. We consider a spatially periodic prestrain described in the form of a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient.By simultaneous homogenization and dimension reduction, we rigorously derive an effective plate model as a Γ-limit for vanishing thickness and period. That limit has the form of a nonlinear bending energy with an emergent spontaneous curvature term. The homogenized properties of the bending model (bending stiffness and spontaneous curvature) are characterized by corrector problems. For a model composite—a prestrained laminate composed of isotropic materials—we investigate the dependence of the homogenized properties on the parameters of the model composite. Secondly, we investigate the relation between the parameters of the model composite and the set of shapes with minimal bending energy. Our study reveals a rather complex dependence of these shapes on the composite parameters. For instance, the curvature and principal directions of these shapes depend on the parameters in a nonlinear and discontinuous way; for certain parameter regions we observe uniqueness and non-uniqueness of the shapes. We also observe size effects: The geometries of the shapes depend on the aspect ratio between the plate thickness and the composite period. As a second application of our theory, we study a problem of shape programming: We prove that any target shape (parametrized by a bending deformation) can be obtained (up to a small tolerance) as an energy minimizer of a composite plate, which is simple in the sense that the plate consists of only finitely many grains that are filled with a parametrized composite with a single degree of freedom.

No description available.

Motivated by experiments on titanium alloys of Petrinic et al. (2006), which show the formation of cracks through the growth and coalescence of voids in ductile fracture, we consider the problem of formulating a variational model in nonlinear elasticity compatible both with cavitation and the appearance of discontinuities across two-dimensional surfaces. As in the model for cavitation of Müller and Spector (1995) we address this problem, which is connected to the sequential weak continuity of the determinant of the deformation gradient in spaces of functions having low regularity, by means of adding an appropriate surface energy term to the elastic energy. Based upon considerations of invertibility, we derive an expression for the surface energy that admits a physical and a geometrical interpretation, and that allows for the formulation of a model with better analytical properties. We obtain, in particular, important regularity results for the inverses of deformations, as well as the weak continuity of the determinants and the existence of minimizers. We show, further, that the creation of surface can be modeled by carefully analyzing the jump set of the inverses, and we point out some connections between the analysis of cavitation and fracture, the theory of SBV functions, and the theory of Cartesian currents of Giaquinta, Modica, and Soucek. In addition to the above, we extend previous work of Sivaloganathan, Spector and Tilakraj (2006) on the approximation of minimizers for the problem of cavitation with a constraint in the number of flaw points, and present some numerical results for this problem.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma formulação para modelagem não linear geométrica e não linear elástica de materiais compósitos através da imersão de elementos finitos de barra simples em elementos finitos triangulares do tipo chapa utilizando uma formulação inovadora do método dos elementos finitos baseada em posições. Essa formulação posicional utiliza funções de forma para aproximar grandezas definidas na Teoria da Elasticidade Não Linear e propõe que a energia específica de deformação e o potencial das cargas externas sejam escritos em função das posições nodais definidas a partir de uma função mudança de configuração. Assumindo as posições nodais valores atuais em cada nó, esse método considera naturalmente a não linearidade geométrica, ao passo que relações não lineares entre tensão e deformação podem ser consideradas através de uma teoria elástica não linear denominada hiperelasticidade que permite obter leis constitutivas linearizadas em formato variacional. Utilizando malhas independentes para os elementos de barras e chapa, a técnica para a imersão das barras adota funções de forma para escrever a posição de qualquer ponto de um elemento de barra em função dos nós dos elementos de chapa, não ocorrendo, portanto, nem o aumento do número de graus de liberdade nem a necessidade de que os nós dos elementos de barra coincidam com os nós dos elementos de chapa. Além disso, nesse trabalho propõe-se também uma formulação posicional para os elementos de barra simples que utiliza uma medida de deformação chamada de não linear de engenharia, a qual permite introduzir facilmente um comportamento tanto ativo quanto viscoso nos elementos de barra imersos. As formulações propostas são idealizadas para a modelagem de tecidos musculares, não estando, no entanto, limitadas somente a esse tipo de aplicação. Os quatro primeiro exemplos escolhidos são casos simples, alguns inclusive com soluções analíticas, e são destinados principalmente à validação das formulações apresentadas. Através da modelagem de uma estrutura formada por braço e antebraço, o quinto e último exemplo demonstra as potencialidades dos conceitos trabalhados e das formulações propostas durante este trabalho. / This work presents a formulation for material and geometrical nonlinear analysis of composite materials by immersion of truss finite elements into triangular 2D solid ones using a novel formulation of the finite element method based on positions. This positional formulation uses the shape functions to approximate some quantities defined in the Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity and proposes to describe the specific strain energy and the potential of the external loads as function of nodal positions which are set from a deformation function. Because the nodal positions have current values in each node, this method naturally considers the geometric nonlinearities while the nonlinear relationships between stress and strain may be considered by a pure nonlinear elastic theory called hyperelasticity which allows to obtain linearized constitutive laws in its variational form. If independent meshes are used for the truss elements and for the 2D solid elements, the immersion technique of the trusses adopts shape functions to write the position of any point of a truss as a function of the nodal positions of the 2D solid elements, therefore there is neither an increase in the number of degrees of freedom nor the need that the nodes of the trusses elements coincide with the nodes of the 2D solid elements. Moreover, this work also proposes a positional formulation for the truss elements using a so called nonlinear engineering strain which allows to easily introduce both active and viscous behavior in the immersed truss elements. The proposed formulations are idealized for muscle tissue modeling, however they are not limited only to this type of application. The first 4 chosen examples are simple cases, some of them even with analytical solutions, mainly for validation purposes of the presented formulations. By modeling a structure formed by an arm and an forearm, the 5th and last example shows the potentialities of the concepts and proposed formulations during this work.

In this thesis we are concerned with the numerical simulation of the in- teraction of compressible viscous flow and an elastic structure in 2D. For the elastic deformation we use a 2D linear model and nonlinear St. Venant- Kirchhoff and neo-Hookean models. The flow is described by the compressible Navier-Stokes equations written in the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) form in order to take into account the time-dependence of the flow domain. The discretization of both the flow problem and the elasticity problem is re- alized by the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method (DGM). We focus on testing the DGM applied to the solution of the flow and elasticity prob- lems. Furthermore, we discuss the coupling algorithm and the technique, how to deal with the deformation of the computational domain for the fluid flow problem. Our work is motivated by the biomedical applications. Numerical experiments include numerical simulation of vibrations of human vocal folds induced by the compressible viscous flow.

Neste trabalho apresenta-se uma formulação para modelagem não linear geométrica e não linear elástica de materiais compósitos através da imersão de elementos finitos de barra simples em elementos finitos triangulares do tipo chapa utilizando uma formulação inovadora do método dos elementos finitos baseada em posições. Essa formulação posicional utiliza funções de forma para aproximar grandezas definidas na Teoria da Elasticidade Não Linear e propõe que a energia específica de deformação e o potencial das cargas externas sejam escritos em função das posições nodais definidas a partir de uma função mudança de configuração. Assumindo as posições nodais valores atuais em cada nó, esse método considera naturalmente a não linearidade geométrica, ao passo que relações não lineares entre tensão e deformação podem ser consideradas através de uma teoria elástica não linear denominada hiperelasticidade que permite obter leis constitutivas linearizadas em formato variacional. Utilizando malhas independentes para os elementos de barras e chapa, a técnica para a imersão das barras adota funções de forma para escrever a posição de qualquer ponto de um elemento de barra em função dos nós dos elementos de chapa, não ocorrendo, portanto, nem o aumento do número de graus de liberdade nem a necessidade de que os nós dos elementos de barra coincidam com os nós dos elementos de chapa. Além disso, nesse trabalho propõe-se também uma formulação posicional para os elementos de barra simples que utiliza uma medida de deformação chamada de não linear de engenharia, a qual permite introduzir facilmente um comportamento tanto ativo quanto viscoso nos elementos de barra imersos. As formulações propostas são idealizadas para a modelagem de tecidos musculares, não estando, no entanto, limitadas somente a esse tipo de aplicação. Os quatro primeiro exemplos escolhidos são casos simples, alguns inclusive com soluções analíticas, e são destinados principalmente à validação das formulações apresentadas. Através da modelagem de uma estrutura formada por braço e antebraço, o quinto e último exemplo demonstra as potencialidades dos conceitos trabalhados e das formulações propostas durante este trabalho. / This work presents a formulation for material and geometrical nonlinear analysis of composite materials by immersion of truss finite elements into triangular 2D solid ones using a novel formulation of the finite element method based on positions. This positional formulation uses the shape functions to approximate some quantities defined in the Nonlinear Theory of Elasticity and proposes to describe the specific strain energy and the potential of the external loads as function of nodal positions which are set from a deformation function. Because the nodal positions have current values in each node, this method naturally considers the geometric nonlinearities while the nonlinear relationships between stress and strain may be considered by a pure nonlinear elastic theory called hyperelasticity which allows to obtain linearized constitutive laws in its variational form. If independent meshes are used for the truss elements and for the 2D solid elements, the immersion technique of the trusses adopts shape functions to write the position of any point of a truss as a function of the nodal positions of the 2D solid elements, therefore there is neither an increase in the number of degrees of freedom nor the need that the nodes of the trusses elements coincide with the nodes of the 2D solid elements. Moreover, this work also proposes a positional formulation for the truss elements using a so called nonlinear engineering strain which allows to easily introduce both active and viscous behavior in the immersed truss elements. The proposed formulations are idealized for muscle tissue modeling, however they are not limited only to this type of application. The first 4 chosen examples are simple cases, some of them even with analytical solutions, mainly for validation purposes of the presented formulations. By modeling a structure formed by an arm and an forearm, the 5th and last example shows the potentialities of the concepts and proposed formulations during this work.