The present diploma thesis investigates Czec sociopolitical and translation reception of poet, journalist and dissident Natalya Gorbanevskaya. The thesis bases on the context from the Moscow Red Square demonstration against the occupation of Czechoslovakia in August 1968 and maps its reception, which is above all in the Czech Republic an inseparable part of the image of this personage. Further, it introduces the life, literary output and poetics of Gorbanevskaya and makes translatological analysis of Czech translations of authorial parts from her book Red Square at Noon, cycle of eight-line-poems "Place de la non-Concorde" (Площадь несогласия) and other particular poems. Inseparable part of the thesis is also an interview with the author of Czech translations Milan Dvořák.

Den hegemoniska maskuliniteten är försatt i ett stadie av konstant förändring och omförhandling. Saker som i en viss tidsepok kommit att associeras med femininitet kan vid en annan tidpunkt komma att tillskrivas som ett maskulint attribut. Då mannens relation till sig själv  – och hans relation till sin omgivning – påverkas av den maskulina idealbild som förmedlas, i bland annat populärkulturellt material, blir det därför viktigt att undersöka hur denna hegemoniska maskulinitet yttrar sig i olika tidsepoker. Detta dels för att utröna varför den ser ut som den gör idag och hur den porträtterats historiskt, men även för att förutspå hur gestaltningen av maskulinitet kan komma att förändra sig i framtiden. Denna studie har utfört en komparation mellan westernfilmer som av diverse forskare och kritiker ses som typiska tidsenliga exempel på filmer inom westerngenren. Detta gjordes för att fastställa hur den historiska porträtteringen av den hegemoniska maskuliniteten skiljer sig från den i ett modernt populärkulturellt material inom samma genre. Detta gjordes genom att utföra en semiotisk bildanalys av protagonistens och antagonistens slut- samt introduktionsscen, därefter jämfördes de observationer som gjorts i analysen, varpå övergripande analyser gjordes, i vilken återkommande drag, behandlingen av minoriteter, kroppsattribut och miljöerna som dessa befann sig i och bebodde, diskuterades och sammanställdes. Kontentan av resultatet var att attribut som tidigare associerats med protagonister i materialet från 1950-talet numera utgjordes av antagonisterna i materialet från 2010-talet. Den tidigare maskuliniteten som gestaltades av storväxthet och breda axlar har förändrats, och den hegemoniska maskuliniteten har nu gett upphov till en man med mer komplexa motivationer, större känsloliv och hänsynsfullhet än den som skänktes av protagonisten i dom tidigare gestaltningarna. Genom att uppnå sina målsättningar kunde även protagonisterna i materialen från båda tidsperioderna dölja att dessa antagit attribut som tidigare varit kvinnligt kodade i den nya maskulina idealbilden, exempelvis fällandet av tårar.

The master's thesis focuses on a translatological analysis of the original text and two available translations of the Break of Noon, a play written by a significant French playwright and diplomat Paul Claudel. Miloš Marten was the first to translate the play into Czech in 1910. The second translation was done by Vladimír Mikeš and was published in 2012. Given the time span of more than a hundred years between the translations, it is not only interesting to compare them linguistically but also to make a comparison of their reception. Therefore, the thesis deals with the reception of the texts and its development over time. The thesis defines Paul Claudel's place in French culture in the past and today and how its play is perceived in the Czech context. The thesis studies the position of the first translation in the time of its publishing and right after it. The thesis seeks to determine the reasons for the second translation to be commissioned and assess the position of the new text in the target culture. To determine the position of the translations in the Czech context and their potential effect on the culture, the thesis uses the polysystem theory which seems to be the most convenient tool as it studies to what extent translation literature affects domestic literature.

Genetic algorithms (GA) are stochastic global search methods based on the mechanics of natural biological evolution, proposed by John Holland in 1975. Here in this thesis, we have exploited possible utilities of Genetic Algorithm optimization in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments. We have performed (i ) Pulse sequence generation and optimization for NMR Quantum Information Processing, (ii ) efficient creation of NOON states, (iii ) Composite operator design and (iv ) delay optimization for refocused quantitative INEPT. We have generated time optimal as well as robust pulse sequences for popular quantum gates. A Matlab package is developed for basic Target unitary operator to pulse sequence optimization and is explained with an example. Chapter 1 contains a brief introduction to NMR, Quantum computation and Genetic algorithm optimization. Experimental unitary operator decomposition using Genetic Algorithm is explained in Chapter 2. Starting from a two spin homonu- clear system (5-Bromofuroic acid), we have generated hard pulse sequences for performing (i ) single qubit rotation, (ii ) controlled NOT gates and (iii ) pseudo pure state creation, which demonstrates universal quantum computation in such systems. The total length of the pulse sequence for the single qubit rotation of an angle π/2 is less than 500µs, whereas the conventional method (using a selective soft pulse) would need a 2ms shaped pulse. This substantial shortening in time can lead to a significant advantage in quantum circuits. We also demonstrate the creation of Long Lived Singlet State and other Bell states, directly from thermal equilibrium state, with the shortest known pulse sequence. All the pulse sequences generated here are generic i.e., independent of the system and the spectrometer. We further generalized this unitary operator decomposition technique for a variable operators termed as Fidelity Profile Optimization (FPO) (Chapter 3) and performed quantum simulations of Hamiltonian such as Heisenberg XY interaction and Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction. Exact phase (φ) dependent experimental unitary decompositions of Controlled-φ and Controlled Controlled-φ are solved using first order FPO. Unitary operator decomposition for experimental quantum simulation of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in the presence of Heisenberg XY interaction is solved using second order FPO for any relative strengths of interactions (γ) and evolution time (τ ). Experimental gate time for this decomposition is invariant under γ or τ , which can be used for relaxation independent studies of the system dynamics. Using these decompositions, we have experimentally verified the entanglement preservation mechanism suggested by Hou et al. [Annals of Physics, 327 292 (2012)]. NOON state or Schrodinger cat state is a maximally entangled N qubit state with superposition of all individual qubits being at |0 and being at |1 . NOON states have received much attention recently for their high precession phase measurements, which enables the design of high sensitivity sensors in optical interfer- ometry and NMR [Jones et al. Science, 324 1166(2009)]. We have used Genetic algorithm optimization for efficient creation of NOON states in NMR (Chapter 4). The decompositions are, (i ) a minimal in terms of required experimental resources – radio frequency pulses and delays – and have (ii ) good experimental fidelity. A composite pulse is a cluster of nearly connected rf pulses which emulate the effect of a simple spin operator with robust response over common experimental imperfections. Composite pulses are mainly used for improving broadband de- coupling, population inversion, coherence transfer and in nuclear overhauser effect experiments. Composite operator is a generalized idea where a basic operator (such as rotation or evolution of zz coupling) is made robust against common experimental errors (such as inhomogeneity / miscalibration of rf power or errror in evaluation of zz coupling strength) by using a sequence of basic operators available for the system. Using Genetic Algorithm optimization, we have designed and experimentally verified following composite operators, (i ) broadband rotation pulses, (ii ) rf inhomogeneity compensated rotation pulses and (iii ) zz evolution operator with robust response over a range of zz coupling strengths (Chapter 5). We also performed rf inhomogeneity compensated Controlled NOT gate. Extending Genetic Algorithm optimization in classical NMR applications, we have improved the quantitative refocused constant-time INEPT experiment (Q-INEPT- CT) of M¨kel¨ et al. [JMR 204(2010) 124-130] with various optimization constraints . The improved ‘average polarization transfer’ and ‘min-max difference’ of new delay sets effectively reduces the experimental time by a factor of two (compared with Q-INEPT-CT, M¨kel¨ et al.) without compromising on accuracy (Chapter 6). We also introduced a quantitative spectral editing technique based on average polarization transfer. These optimized quantitative experiments are also described in Chapter 6. Time optimal pulse sequences for popular quantum gates such as, (i ) Controlled Hadamard (C-H) gate, (ii ) Controlled-Controlled-NOT (CCNOT) Gate and (iii ) Controlled SWAP (C-S) gate are optimized using Genetic Algorithm (Appendix. A). We also generated optimal sequences for Quantum Counter circuits, Quantum Probability Splitter circuits and efficient creation of three spin W state. We have developed a Matlab package based on GA optimization for three spin target operator to pulse sequence generator. The package is named as UOD (Unitary Operator Decomposition) is explained with an example of Controlled SWAP gate in Appendix. B. An algorithm based on quantum phase estimation, which discriminates quantum states non-destructively within a set of arbitrary orthogonal states, is described and experimentally verified by a NMR quantum information processor (Appendix. C). The procedure is scalable and can be applied to any set of orthogonal states. Scalability is demonstrated through Matlab simulation.

Les westerns de l’âge d’or étasunien (1948-1962) mettent en scène un "gender trouble" en créant des personnages de femmes et d’hommes qui empruntent les uns et les autres aux caractéristiques genrées associées par la société nord-américaine et occidentale en général aux genres binaires du féminin et du masculin. Ce trouble genré se développe entre autres par la volonté de trois hommes de recréer la cellule familiale nucléaire conventionnelle dans "Red River" (1948) de Howard Hawks, par le rapport de peur et d’oppression du groupe social sur les individus dans "High Noon" (1952) de Fred Zinnemann et "Johnny Guitar" (1954) de Nicholas Ray, ainsi que par la rencontre opposant l’homme de l’Est et l’homme de l’Ouest dont les idéologies et les valeurs divergent dans "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962) de John Ford. / Golden Age American westerns movies (1948-1962) display "gender trouble" by creating male and female characters who borrow gendered characteristics from one another. In North American and Western societies en general, these characteristics are associated with binary feminine and masculine gender constructions. For instance, "gender trouble" develops in three men's attempt to recreate a conventional nuclear family cell in Howard Hawk's "Red River" (1948), in a social group's fearful and oppressive dynamic in Fred Zinnemann's "High Noon" (1952) and Nicholas Ray's "Johnny Guitar" (1954) and in the meeting between Eastern and Western men whose ideologies and values clash in John Ford's "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962).