The brake system is critical for ensuring safe driving and has been the focus of development for many years. Pneumatic braking technology is commonly used in heavy vehicles,but it results in energy wastage and high service costs. Some countries mandate auxiliarybraking systems to assist in stopping the vehicle in addition to service brakes. One suchsystem is the regenerative braking system, which captures kinetic energy from braking andconverts it into electrical energy. Retarders are another commonly used auxiliary brakingsystem. These systems are essential due to heavy vehicle weight, which can weaken servicebrake performance.This thesis focuses on estimating net forces on the truck’s driven axle to understandhow auxiliary braking systems and vehicle traction affect the normal force on the drivenwheel axle. The expected result can assist in maintaining the slip ratio and increasing thelife span and performance of brakes.Scania uses a function to estimate forces on the driven axle and drive wheel slip. Theyneed to determine the normal force on the axle to improve performance of auxiliary brakingsystems, but tests showed that for the same specified slip ratio, the auxiliary braking forcerequired was smaller than that in an acceleration state. Scania believe that dynamic axleload transfer may be the cause, so a 6x2 electrified truck will be investigated in this thesis.The obtained results show the driven wheel axle’s behavior during different dynamicalscenarios.This research aimed to develop a model that can accurately simulate a truck’s movement and estimate the ground reaction force in response to variations in the scenario of thecontrol signal. By studying the quarter car model, bounce-pitch and half car model, theresearchers were able to obtain a model represented by 5 ODEs, which predicts the wheelaxle normal force. To verify the model, data from the CAN bus and measurements using ascale were collected and compared with the model’s output. The Mean Squared Error canbe used to evaluate and compare the model’s performance, and the results showed that themodel provides a reasonable estimate of the normal force on all axles. The study also analyzed the factors that contributed to the errors in the results. The behavior of the normalforce for each wheel axle during acceleration and braking was illustrated, explaining howthe normal force distribution becomes mirrored compared to the acceleration state duringbraking. The study’s discussions enhance the validity of the observed behavior and thereliability of the results.

No description available.

No description available.

Harmonic oscillatory tests for a fighter aircraft using the Dynamic Plunge--Pitch--Roll model mount at Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel are described. Corresponding data reduction methods are developed on the basis of multirate digital signal processing. Since the model is sting mounted, the frequencies associated with sting vibration are included in balance readings thus a linear filter must be used to extract out the aerodynamic responses. To achieve this, a Finite Impulse Response (FIR) is designed using the Remez exchange algorithm. Based on the reduced data, a state–space model is developed to describe the unsteady aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft during roll oscillations. For this model, we chose to separate the aircraft into panels and model the local forces and moments. Included in this technique is the introduction of a new state variable, a separation state variable which characterizes the separation for each panel. This new variable is governed by a first order differential equation. Taylor series expansions in terms of the input variables were performed to obtain the aerodynamic coefficients of the model. These derivatives, a form of the stability derivative approach, are not constant but rather quadratic functions of the new state variable. Finally, the concept of the model was expanded to allow for the addition of longitudinal motions. Thus, pitching moments will be identified at the same time as rolling moments. The results show that the goal of modeling coupled longitudinal and lateral–directional characteristics at the same time using the same inputs is feasible. / Master of Science

Ce mémoire présente une analyse de la réponse tribologique d’un contact cylindre/plan soumis à des sollicitations de fretting sous chargement complexe, à savoir une sollicitation normale de force sinusoïdale et une sollicitation tangentielle de déplacement sinusoïdal, toutes deux possiblement sujettes à des fluctuations d'amplitude, de fréquence et de déphasage entre sollicitations. On s'intéresse plus particulièrement à l’usure des guides de grappe en 304L par les crayons en 316L nitrurés, induite par les vibrations de l’écoulement du fluide primaire dans les réacteurs nucléaires.L’étude expérimentale menée dans un environnement non représentatif mais très simple, à savoir un milieu sec et à l'ambiante, montre une usure non négligeable des deux contre-corps ce qui révèle les propriétés fragiles du tube nitruré dans cet environnement. Une très forte dépendance des faciès d’usure avec l’amplitude de glissement est notée. Seule la cinétique d’usure du tube nitruré est influencée par l'évolution de la charge normale. Aussi, une description analytique de l’énergie de frottement est développée, en prenant compte de l’ensemble des paramètres de chargement.En solution aqueuse lithium-bore, choix de milieu un peu plus représentatif mais en restant néanmoins à l'ambiante, seul le plan en acier 304L s’use, le cylindre en acier 316L nitruré n’étant pas sujet à de l'usure détectable. Un couplage avec des phénomènes corrosifs est proposé. En fretting simple, le confinement du contact augmente localement la valeur du pH et l’analyse de l’influence de la fréquence de fretting suggère que seule la couche passive est usée entre chaque glissement. Sous chargement complexe, la fluctuation de la charge normale permet une meilleure accessibilité de la solution dans l’interface frottée, augmentant localement les effets tribocorrosifs. Une loi d’usure multiplicative prenant en compte les différents effets de fluctuation des sollicitations est introduite et sa stabilité est vérifiée.Un modèle de calculs par éléments finis permet de simuler les profils d’usure en fretting simple et aussi en présence de force normale variable. En fretting simple, les résultats de simulation d'essais où seul le plan 304L s'use sont satisfaisants. En revanche, la non-superposition des profils expérimentaux et numériques lorsque la force normale fluctue confirme la présence de phénomènes physiques dans l'interface non encore représentés dans l'outil numérique. / This PhD thesis presents an analysis of the fretting wear of a cylinder/plane contact subject to complex loading conditions, namely a normal sinusoidal force solicitation and a tangential sinusoidal displacement, both possibly subject to fluctuations in amplitude, frequency and phase shift between signals. The purpose of this work is to study the wear of 304L cluster guides by nitrided 316L rods due to flow-induced vibrations of primary fluid in nuclear reactors.Firstly, the experimental study conducted in a dry and ambient temperature - a non-representative but very simple environment - shows significant wear of both counter-bodies, which reveals the fragile properties of the nitrided tube in this environment. A very strong dependence of the fretting scar morphology with the sliding amplitude is noted. Only the wear kinetics of the nitrided tube is influenced by the evolution of the normal load. Also, an analytical description of friction energy is developed, taking into account all loading parameters.In a second hand, in aqueous lithium-boron solution, a slightly more representative choice of medium but still remaining in the ambient, only the 304L steel plane wears out, the 316L nitrided steel cylinder is not subject to detectable wear. A coupling with corrosive phenomena is proposed. In simple fretting, contact confinement locally increases the pH value. Moreover, the analysis of the influence of the fretting frequency suggests that only the passive layer is worn between each slip. Under complex loading, the fluctuation of the normal load allows a better accessibility of the solution in the rubbed interface, increasing locally the tribocorrosive effects. A multiplicative wear law taking into account the various effects of normal force fluctuation is introduced and its stability is checked.Finally a finite element calculation model is used to simulate wear profiles in simple fretting and also in the presence of variable normal force. Only cases where the plan wears out (lithium-boron environment) have been simulated. In simple fretting, test simulation results are satisfactory. On the other hand, the non-superposition of the experimental and numerical profiles when the normal force fluctuates, confirms the presence of physical phenomena in the interface which are not yet represented in the numerical tool.

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. / Ever-increasing demands for accuracy and range in modern warfare have expedited the optimization of projectile design. The crux of projectile design lies in the understanding of its aerodynamic properties early in the design phase. This research first investigated the aerodynamic properties of a standard M549, 155mm projectile. The transonic speed region was the focus of the research as significant aerodynamic variation occurs within this particular region. Aerodynamic data from wind tunnel and range testing was benchmarked against modern aerodynamic prediction programs like ANSYS CFX and Aero-Prediction 09 (AP09). Next, a comparison was made between two types of angle of attack generation methods in ANSYS CFX. The research then focused on controlled tilting of the projectile’s nose to investigate the resulting aerodynamic effects. ANSYS CFX was found to provide better agreement with the experimental data than AP09.

The goal of this Master´s thesis is a review of a reinforced concrete chimney´s stack and a foundation design based on a combination of M+N load. Two bar models (by ČSN and EN) and one shall model were created to analyze internal forces. The fine element software SCIA ENGINEERING was used to create the models. The loads taken into consideration - for analysis include self weight, lining, temperature, wind, and Karman vortex. The stack was horizontally divided by several cuts which were investigated. The stack and foundation were designed by an algorithm created in the program MS EXCEL. The piles were designed in the program GEO 5. Drawings include - drawings of shapes and drawings of the reinforcement of specifics part of chimney.

The aim of this thesis was to investigate roller ski characteristics; classical and freestyle roller skis’ rolling resistance coefficients (μR) and classical style roller skis’ static friction coefficients (μS), and to study the influence of different μR and μS on cross-country skiers’ performance and both physiological and biomechanical indices. The aim was also to study differences in skiing economy and efficiency between recreational skiers, female and male junior and senior elite cross-country skiers.The experiments showed that during a time period of 30 minutes of rolling on a treadmill (warm-up), μR decreased significantly (p<0.05) to about 60-65 % and 70-75 % of its initial value for freestyle and classical roller skis respectively. Also, there was a significant influence of normal force on μR, while different velocities and inclinations of the treadmill only resulted in small changes in μR.The study of the influence on physiological variables of a ~50 % change in μR showed that during submaximal steady rate exercise, external power, oxygen uptake, heart rate and blood lactate were significantly changed, while there were non-significant or only small changes to cycle rate, cycle length and ratings of perceived exertion. Incremental maximal tests showed that time to exhaustion was significantly changed and this occurred without a change in maximal power, maximal oxygen uptake, maximal heart rate and blood lactate, and that the influence on ratings of perceived exertion was non-significant or small.The study of classical style roller skis μS showed values that were five to eight times more than the values of μS reported from on-snow skiing with grip-waxed cross-country skis.The subsequent physiological and biomechanical experiments with different μS showed a significantly lower skiing economy (~14 % higher v̇O2), higher heart rate, lower propulsive forces coming from the legs and shorter time to exhaustion (~30 %) when using a different type of roller ski with a μS similar to on-snow skiing, while there was no difference between tests when using different pairs of roller skis with a (similar) higher μS.The part of the thesis which focused on skiing economy and efficiency as a function of skill, age and gender, showed that the elite cross-country skiers had better skiing economy and higher gross efficiency (5-18 %) compared with the recreational skiers, and the senior elite had better economy and higher efficiency (4-5 %) than their junior counterparts, while no differences could be found between the genders. / Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka fristils- och klassiska rullskidors rullmotståndskoefficienter (μR) och klassiska rullskidors statiska friktionskoefficienter (μS) samt effekter av olika μR och μS på längdskidåkares prestation vid rullskidåkning på rullande band. Syftet var även att undersöka s.k. åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad mellan motionärer och kvinnliga och manliga junior- och seniorlängdskidåkare på elitnivå.Experimenten visade att under en period av 30 minuters kontinuerligt rullande, på rullande band, så sjönk μR signifikant (p<0.05) till 60-65 % och 70-75 % av initiala värden, för fristils- respektive klassiska rullskidor. Undersökandet av olika normalkrafter, hastigheter och lutningars påverkan på μR resulterade i en signifikant, negativ korrelation för μR som funktion av normalkraft, medan olika hastigheter och lutningar endast medförde små förändringar av μR.Studien som undersökte fysiologiska effekter av olika μR visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att yttre effekt, syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat förändrades signifikant vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Försökspersonernas frekvens och sträcka per frekvens samt skattning av upplevd ansträngning resulterade dock i mestadels icke signifikanta eller små förändringar. Protokollen med successivt ökande arbetsbelastning (maxtest) resulterade i signifikant förändrad tid till utmattning, vid ~50 % förändring av μR. Detta inträffade utan signifikant skillnad i maximal syreupptagning, hjärtfrekvens och blodlaktat, vilket även mestadels gällde för skattning av upplevd ansträngning.Experimenten som undersökte klassiska rullskidors μS visade att dessa erhöll värden som är fem till åtta gånger högre än vad som rapporterats från studier av μS på snö med fästvallade skidor.Den efterföljande studien som undersökte fysiologiska och biomekaniska influenser av olika μS visade, vid submaximala konstanta arbetsbelastningar, att åkekonomin försämrades (~14 % högre syreförbrukning), hjärtfrekvensen ökade, den framåtdrivande kraften från benen på rullskidorna minskade samt att det blev kortare tid till utmattning (~30 %), vid maxtest, när skidåkarna använde rullskidor med en μS i likhet med vad som rapporterats för skidåkning på snö. För arbetsförsöken med olika rullskidor av olika fabrikat med en högre, och likartad, μS förelåg ingen skillnad i de undersökta variablerna.Studien som undersökte åkekonomi och mekanisk verkningsgrad som funktion av prestationsnivå, ålder och kön, visade att elitskidåkarna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (5-18 %) i jämförelse med motionärerna, att seniorerna hade bättre åkekonomi och verkningsgrad (4-5 %) än juniorerna och att ingen skillnad kunde konstateras mellan könen.

A demanda pelo uso de perfis tubulares em estruturas na construção civil tem tido grande avanço no Brasil, apesar de ser, há muito tempo, amplamente empregado na Europa e países desenvolvidos. O lançamento de uma norma técnica brasileira específica para dimensionamento de perfis tubulares confirma esta tendência, havendo então a necessidade de uma maior divulgação e execução de estudos e trabalhos de pesquisa para uma melhor compreensão e desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da influência da aplicação de esforço normal no banzo no comportamento de ligações tubulares do tipo T. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram realizados seis ensaios em laboratório com ligações do tipo T com perfis do tipo RHS para o banzo e SHS para o montante, sendo utilizados perfis conformados a frio para composição das ligações ensaiadas. Do total dos ensaios foram executados dois ensaios sem aplicação de esforço normal no banzo; dois com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão e dois com aplicação de esforço normal de tração. A resistência última das ligações nos ensaios foi obtida por meio do Critério de Deformação Limite proposto por diversos pesquisadores. Estes resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos em modelos numéricos em elementos finitos desenvolvidos no programa ANSYS 12.0, sendo considerado nestes modelos as não-linearidades geométricas e de material. Estes resultados também foram comparados com os resultados teóricos obtidos com base nas prescrições constantes nas normas Eurocode 3; norma brasileira NBR 16239 e do CIDECT. Conclui-se com este estudo que os resultados obtidos tanto nos ensaios experimentais quanto nos modelos numéricos ficaram a favor da segurança quando comparados com os valores teóricos obtidos pelas normas Eurocode 3 e NBR 16239:2013 e CIDECT com o banzo sem aplicação de esforço normal e com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão de até 60% e 80 % da carga de plastificação do banzo, respectivamente, para o Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 e para o CIDECT. As resistências obtidas para as ligações com a aplicação de esforço normal de tração no banzo foram superiores aos resultados teóricos no caso estudado. / The demand for the use of hollow sections structures in construction has had great progress in Brazil, despite being a long time widely used in Europe and developed countries. The release of a Brazilian Technical Standard specific for design of hollow sections, confirms this trend, and the need for increased dissemination and implementation of studies and research for a better understanding and development of this technology. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of chord normal stresses on the behavior of hollow sections connections, specifically for a T tubular joint. The experimental program consisted of six tests where two experiments were executed without chord axial forces, two were performed with compressive axial forces and two tension axial forces. The tested joints ultimate strengths were determined using deformation limit criteria proposed by several researchers. These results were then compared to the results obtained from a finite element numerical model developed 12.0 ANSYS program that included geometrical and material nonlinearities. These results were also compared to the design provisions present at the Eurocode 3; Brazilian standard NBR 16239:2013 and CIDECT. This assessment indicated that the results obtained in both experimental tests and in the numerical models were in favor of security when compared to the theoretical values obtained by all the investigated standards for chords without axial forces and with compressive axial forces corresponding to 60% and 80% of the chord plastic resistance, respectively, according to Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 and CIDECT. The obtained resistances for the joints applying tensile axial force on the chord were superior to the predicted theoretical results in the studied cases.

A demanda pelo uso de perfis tubulares em estruturas na construção civil tem tido grande avanço no Brasil, apesar de ser, há muito tempo, amplamente empregado na Europa e países desenvolvidos. O lançamento de uma norma técnica brasileira específica para dimensionamento de perfis tubulares confirma esta tendência, havendo então a necessidade de uma maior divulgação e execução de estudos e trabalhos de pesquisa para uma melhor compreensão e desenvolvimento desta tecnologia. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise da influência da aplicação de esforço normal no banzo no comportamento de ligações tubulares do tipo T. No desenvolvimento deste trabalho, foram realizados seis ensaios em laboratório com ligações do tipo T com perfis do tipo RHS para o banzo e SHS para o montante, sendo utilizados perfis conformados a frio para composição das ligações ensaiadas. Do total dos ensaios foram executados dois ensaios sem aplicação de esforço normal no banzo; dois com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão e dois com aplicação de esforço normal de tração. A resistência última das ligações nos ensaios foi obtida por meio do Critério de Deformação Limite proposto por diversos pesquisadores. Estes resultados foram comparados com os resultados obtidos em modelos numéricos em elementos finitos desenvolvidos no programa ANSYS 12.0, sendo considerado nestes modelos as não-linearidades geométricas e de material. Estes resultados também foram comparados com os resultados teóricos obtidos com base nas prescrições constantes nas normas Eurocode 3; norma brasileira NBR 16239 e do CIDECT. Conclui-se com este estudo que os resultados obtidos tanto nos ensaios experimentais quanto nos modelos numéricos ficaram a favor da segurança quando comparados com os valores teóricos obtidos pelas normas Eurocode 3 e NBR 16239:2013 e CIDECT com o banzo sem aplicação de esforço normal e com aplicação de esforço normal de compressão de até 60% e 80 % da carga de plastificação do banzo, respectivamente, para o Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 e para o CIDECT. As resistências obtidas para as ligações com a aplicação de esforço normal de tração no banzo foram superiores aos resultados teóricos no caso estudado. / The demand for the use of hollow sections structures in construction has had great progress in Brazil, despite being a long time widely used in Europe and developed countries. The release of a Brazilian Technical Standard specific for design of hollow sections, confirms this trend, and the need for increased dissemination and implementation of studies and research for a better understanding and development of this technology. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of chord normal stresses on the behavior of hollow sections connections, specifically for a T tubular joint. The experimental program consisted of six tests where two experiments were executed without chord axial forces, two were performed with compressive axial forces and two tension axial forces. The tested joints ultimate strengths were determined using deformation limit criteria proposed by several researchers. These results were then compared to the results obtained from a finite element numerical model developed 12.0 ANSYS program that included geometrical and material nonlinearities. These results were also compared to the design provisions present at the Eurocode 3; Brazilian standard NBR 16239:2013 and CIDECT. This assessment indicated that the results obtained in both experimental tests and in the numerical models were in favor of security when compared to the theoretical values obtained by all the investigated standards for chords without axial forces and with compressive axial forces corresponding to 60% and 80% of the chord plastic resistance, respectively, according to Eurocode 3/NBR16239:2013 and CIDECT. The obtained resistances for the joints applying tensile axial force on the chord were superior to the predicted theoretical results in the studied cases.