The bovine papillomavirus type 1 E2 protein is a multifunctional early viral protein with roles in all phases of the cell cycle. E2 is required during G1 as a transcription factor, in S phase to initiate viral replication and during mitosis to tether the viral genome to dividing DNA. The viral genome contains 17 E2 binding sites, the majority of which are concentrated in the long control region (LCR), a regulatory region that is upstream of the viral coding sequence. The role of these binding sites has been explored in vitro using small plasmids and E1 and E2 proteins expressed in bacteria and insect cells. In this study we attempt to examine the placement of E2 on its binding sites during all phases of the cell cycle and in the context of a stably replicating viral system. As part of the examination of the role of E2 during mitosis, we have also examined the role of the cohesin protein Scc1 in viral tethering. Two groups have published disparate reports identifying the cellular protein that binds to the transactivation domain of E2 to stably maintain viral genomes during cell division. Our group has published that it is the DNA helicase ChlR1 that is required for viral tethering, while it has been reported that it is the bromodomain protein Brd4 that is responsible. In this study we contribute to a report that shows that the cellular protein Scc1 binds to the viral genome through a ChlR1 independent mechanism. The cohesin protein binds to BPV-1 E2 at intermittent stages of the cell cycle and may be a factor in viral genome tethering. This interaction may also be important for regulating viral transcription.

O presente trabalho foi subdividido em quatro capítulos com os seguintes objetivos: (i) elaborar uma minuciosa revisão de literatura abordando os principais aspectos da interação viróide-hospedeiro e as relações evolutivas dos viróides e virusóides; (ii) identificar e caracterizar viróides associados a videiras, no Brasil; (iii) purificar, clonar e caracterizar, um RNA circular de seqüência totalmente desconhecida; (iv) estudar alguns aspectos relacionados à interação viróidehospedeiro. Inicialmente, foram identificadas e caracterizadas duas espécies de viróides (o Citrus exocortis viroid CEVd e o Hop stunt viroid, HSVd) isolados de videiras no Brasil. Para tal, promoveu-se extração de RNAs totais de folhas de Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e V. labrusca ‘Niagara Rosada’, seguida de RT-PCR com oligonucleotídeos específicos. Os fragmentos de DNA amplificados foram clonados e seqüenciados. Os resultados revelaram que as videiras estavam duplamente infectadas com o CEVd e HSVd. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que os clones de HSVd de videira agruparam-se com outros variantes de videira, formando um grupo separado de um segundo formado por variantes de citros. Já os clones de CEVd de videira agruparam-se com isolados de citros e videira. No capítulo 3, empregou-se um método para a clonagem e caracterização de um pequeno RNA circular (com aproximadamente 300 nucleotídeos) de seqüência totalmente desconhecida. Este RNA, quando submetido à eletroforese dupla em géis de poliacrilamida desnaturantes, apresentou um retardamento na migração, similar aos viróides. Após a clonagem de fragmentos do RNA, amplificados via RTPCR com oligonucleotídeos aleatórios (apresentando seis nucleotídeos degenerados no terminal 3&#145),os clones obtidos foram seqüenciados. A partir desses dados, dois oligonucleotídeos adjacentes de polaridades opostas foram desenhados e empregados para amplificar via RT-PCR a seqüência completa do RNA circular. A análise das seqüências revelou a presença da CCR (central conserved region) do Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), espécie tipo do gênero Apscaviroid, e compartilha similaridade com outros membros deste gênero, o que sugere fortemente que o RNA circular é um viróide recombinante. Finalmente, no capítulo 4, foram realizados experimentos que comprovaram a existência do motivo loop E (presente na CCR de algumas espécies dos Pospiviroidae) in vivo no PSTVd. Demonstrou-se também, utilizando ensaios de união in vitro (análise de retardo em gel, EMSA e entrecruzamento com luz ultravioleta), que as proteínas L5 e TFIIIA de Arabidopsis thaliana se unem especificamente ao PSTVd com a mesma afinidade que elas se unem ao seu substrato natural, o rRNA 5S, enquanto que a afinidade por um viróide cloroplástico (Avocado sunblotch viroid, ASBVd) foi significativamente menor. Estas duas proteínas devem participar na síntese e movimento intracelular do PSTVd in vivo. / The present work has been divided into four chapters to: (i) review the main points in viroid-host interactions and present different aspects in the evolutionary relationship of the viroids and virusoids; (ii) identify and characterize viroids infecting grapevine in Brazil; (iii) purify, clone and sequence what appears to be a novel citrus viroid; (iv) study some aspects related to the viroid-host protein interactions. Firstly, two viroid species (Citrus exocortis viroid, CEVd and Hop stunt viroid, HSVd) were identified and characterized from grapevine in Brazil. Total RNAs, extracted from leaves of Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and V. labrusca ‘Niagara Rosada’, were RT-PCR amplified with specific primers for the five viroids described infecting grapevines. The resulting products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the DNA fragments of the expected full-size were eluted, cloned and sequenced. The grapevines analyzed were doublyinfected by CEVd and HSVd. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the Brazilian grapevine HSVd variants clustered with other grapevine HSVd variants forming a specific group separated from citrus variants, whereas the Brazilian CEVd variants clustered with other citrus and grapevine variants. On the other hand, a method for cloning small circular RNAs of unknown sequence has been applied to an RNA of this kind from citrus (with ca. 300 nucleotides). This RNA, when analyzed by PAGE in denaturing conditions, showed the slow mobility typical of viroid RNAs. After denaturation, the purified RNA was RT-PCR amplified using a primer with six randomized positions at its 3? terminus, with the resulting products being then cloned and sequenced. From these data, two adjacent primers of opposite polarities were designed and used to RT-PCR amplify the complete sequence. Analysis of the sequences revealed the presence of the CCR (central conserved region) of the Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), the type member of the genus Apscaviroid, and scattered similarities with other members of this genus, suggesting that the circular RNA is a viroid recombinant. Finally, UV irradiation of infected tissue has revealed the existence in vivo of an RNA motif (loop E) in Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), the type member of the family Pospiviroidae (nuclear viroids), and RNA-protein binding followed by eletrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and UV cross-linking label transfer assays have shown that transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) and L5 ribosomal protein from Arabidopsis thaliana bind this RNA in vitro with the same affinity as they bind 5S rRNA, whereas the affinity for a chloroplastic viroid (Avocado sunblotch viroid, ASBVd) is significantly lower. These two proteins may participate in synthesis and delivery of PSTVd in vivo.

O presente trabalho foi subdividido em quatro capítulos com os seguintes objetivos: (i) elaborar uma minuciosa revisão de literatura abordando os principais aspectos da interação viróide-hospedeiro e as relações evolutivas dos viróides e virusóides; (ii) identificar e caracterizar viróides associados a videiras, no Brasil; (iii) purificar, clonar e caracterizar, um RNA circular de seqüência totalmente desconhecida; (iv) estudar alguns aspectos relacionados à interação viróidehospedeiro. Inicialmente, foram identificadas e caracterizadas duas espécies de viróides (o Citrus exocortis viroid CEVd e o Hop stunt viroid, HSVd) isolados de videiras no Brasil. Para tal, promoveu-se extração de RNAs totais de folhas de Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e V. labrusca ‘Niagara Rosada’, seguida de RT-PCR com oligonucleotídeos específicos. Os fragmentos de DNA amplificados foram clonados e seqüenciados. Os resultados revelaram que as videiras estavam duplamente infectadas com o CEVd e HSVd. As análises filogenéticas mostraram que os clones de HSVd de videira agruparam-se com outros variantes de videira, formando um grupo separado de um segundo formado por variantes de citros. Já os clones de CEVd de videira agruparam-se com isolados de citros e videira. No capítulo 3, empregou-se um método para a clonagem e caracterização de um pequeno RNA circular (com aproximadamente 300 nucleotídeos) de seqüência totalmente desconhecida. Este RNA, quando submetido à eletroforese dupla em géis de poliacrilamida desnaturantes, apresentou um retardamento na migração, similar aos viróides. Após a clonagem de fragmentos do RNA, amplificados via RTPCR com oligonucleotídeos aleatórios (apresentando seis nucleotídeos degenerados no terminal 3&#145),os clones obtidos foram seqüenciados. A partir desses dados, dois oligonucleotídeos adjacentes de polaridades opostas foram desenhados e empregados para amplificar via RT-PCR a seqüência completa do RNA circular. A análise das seqüências revelou a presença da CCR (central conserved region) do Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), espécie tipo do gênero Apscaviroid, e compartilha similaridade com outros membros deste gênero, o que sugere fortemente que o RNA circular é um viróide recombinante. Finalmente, no capítulo 4, foram realizados experimentos que comprovaram a existência do motivo loop E (presente na CCR de algumas espécies dos Pospiviroidae) in vivo no PSTVd. Demonstrou-se também, utilizando ensaios de união in vitro (análise de retardo em gel, EMSA e entrecruzamento com luz ultravioleta), que as proteínas L5 e TFIIIA de Arabidopsis thaliana se unem especificamente ao PSTVd com a mesma afinidade que elas se unem ao seu substrato natural, o rRNA 5S, enquanto que a afinidade por um viróide cloroplástico (Avocado sunblotch viroid, ASBVd) foi significativamente menor. Estas duas proteínas devem participar na síntese e movimento intracelular do PSTVd in vivo. / The present work has been divided into four chapters to: (i) review the main points in viroid-host interactions and present different aspects in the evolutionary relationship of the viroids and virusoids; (ii) identify and characterize viroids infecting grapevine in Brazil; (iii) purify, clone and sequence what appears to be a novel citrus viroid; (iv) study some aspects related to the viroid-host protein interactions. Firstly, two viroid species (Citrus exocortis viroid, CEVd and Hop stunt viroid, HSVd) were identified and characterized from grapevine in Brazil. Total RNAs, extracted from leaves of Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and V. labrusca ‘Niagara Rosada’, were RT-PCR amplified with specific primers for the five viroids described infecting grapevines. The resulting products were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis and the DNA fragments of the expected full-size were eluted, cloned and sequenced. The grapevines analyzed were doublyinfected by CEVd and HSVd. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the Brazilian grapevine HSVd variants clustered with other grapevine HSVd variants forming a specific group separated from citrus variants, whereas the Brazilian CEVd variants clustered with other citrus and grapevine variants. On the other hand, a method for cloning small circular RNAs of unknown sequence has been applied to an RNA of this kind from citrus (with ca. 300 nucleotides). This RNA, when analyzed by PAGE in denaturing conditions, showed the slow mobility typical of viroid RNAs. After denaturation, the purified RNA was RT-PCR amplified using a primer with six randomized positions at its 3? terminus, with the resulting products being then cloned and sequenced. From these data, two adjacent primers of opposite polarities were designed and used to RT-PCR amplify the complete sequence. Analysis of the sequences revealed the presence of the CCR (central conserved region) of the Apple scar skin viroid (ASSVd), the type member of the genus Apscaviroid, and scattered similarities with other members of this genus, suggesting that the circular RNA is a viroid recombinant. Finally, UV irradiation of infected tissue has revealed the existence in vivo of an RNA motif (loop E) in Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd), the type member of the family Pospiviroidae (nuclear viroids), and RNA-protein binding followed by eletrophoretic mobility shift (EMSA) and UV cross-linking label transfer assays have shown that transcription factor IIIA (TFIIIA) and L5 ribosomal protein from Arabidopsis thaliana bind this RNA in vitro with the same affinity as they bind 5S rRNA, whereas the affinity for a chloroplastic viroid (Avocado sunblotch viroid, ASBVd) is significantly lower. These two proteins may participate in synthesis and delivery of PSTVd in vivo.

Histone Nuclear Factor P (HiNF-P) is a known transcriptional regulator that is critical for the activation of replication dependent histone H4 genes during S phase. HiNF-P is a 65 kDa zinc finger protein that binds to its consensus binding sequence in the Cell Cycle Control Element (Site II) of the proximal promoter region of 11 of the 14 histone H4 genes. HiNF-P is a known co-factor of the global histone gene regulator and cyclinE/CDK2 substrate p220NPAT, however it was not known if this regulatory function reflected a physical interaction. In addition, other HiNF-P interacting proteins have yet to be identified. The work presented in this thesis identifies and characterizes HiNF-P interactions with various proteins within the cell, including p220NPAT. A yeast two-hybrid interaction screen identified candidate interacting proteins of HiNF-P and provided insight into novel cellular functions and transcriptional targets. A candidate yeast two-hybrid approach identified an interaction between HiNF-P and p220NPAT. This direct physical interaction links the cyclin E/CDK2 signaling pathway governing the G1/S phase transition with replication dependent histone gene transcription in S phase. An unbiased yeast two-hybrid screen for HiNF-P interacting proteins revealed an interactome library which suggests roles of HiNF-P in multiple cellular processes. This screen identified 67 candidate HiNF-P interacting proteins that are RNA processing factors, known and putative gene regulators, uncharacterized proteins, proliferation related proteins, as well as metabolic and signaling proteins. Identification of multiple RNA binding and processing factors, including the splicing cofactor, SRm300, links HiNF-P to mRNA processing. HiNF-P is potentially functioning in mRNA processing by interacting with these proteins directly and functioning in complex with them, or more likely, by recruiting these and other splicing factors to sites of transcription. We identified a number of known and putative gene regulators which are candidate HiNF-P interacting proteins. We isolated the atypical C2CH zinc finger protein, THAP7, a known transcriptional repressor. THAP7 interacts with HiNF-P by co-immunoprecipitation and co-immunofluorescence experiments. We show forced expression of THAP7 abrogates HiNF-P/p220 mediated activation of histone H4 gene transcription. THAP7 may represent a novel co-factor of HiNF-P and p220 mediated regulation of histone H4 genes. Identification of interacting proteins of HiNF-P that are involved in transcriptional regulation provides insight into other transcriptional targets of HiNF-P. HiNF-P is localized throughout the nucleus, presumably at multiple gene foci. These interacting proteins may represent novel co-factors of HiNF-P regulation of these other multiple target genes. HiNF-P has been identified as a regulator of cell cycle dependent histone genes, therefore we were interested in identifying other proliferation related proteins with which HiNF-P is interacting. We identified a number of proteins thought to be involved in cellular proliferation, including Ki-67 and an unknown protein XTP2. The functions of these proteins have not been identified. An interaction with HiNF-P might suggest a role for these proteins in histone gene regulation. In addition, Ki-67 has been implicated transcriptional control of ribosomal genes, although no role of HiNF-P in this function has been identified. HiNF-P is a known regulator of histone gene expression via a functional interaction with the global histone gene regulator and cyclin E/CDK2 substrate, p220. This thesis demonstrates HiNF-P directly interacts with the N-terminus of p220. This interaction requires multiple regions within the N-terminus including a LisH-like domain known to function in protein-protein interactions, a region (aa 121-145) known to be required for histone gene transactivation, and another uncharacterized region (209-318). In addition a phylogenically conserved region within the C-terminus of HiNF-P, the HiNF-P Specific Conserved Region (PSCR) is necessary for this interaction. Mutational analysis of these regions abrogates this interaction. HiNF-P and p220 co-localize at specific foci within the cell corresponding to Cajal bodies, which are known sites of histone gene clusters. This work shows that this interaction is necessary for histone gene transcriptional activation and HiNF-P dependent recruitment of p220 to histone H4 gene promoters. In addition HiNF-P as well as p220 interact with the Stem Loop Binding Protein (SLBP) and co-localize in situ. SLBP is a necessary factor for histone pre-mRNA processing events which also occur at Cajal bodies. These interactions provide evidence of the coupling of transcription and processing of histone genes and the involvement of common factors in both processes. This would allow for rapid production of abundant histone proteins which is needed during S phase. This thesis has identified multiple candidate interacting proteins of HiNF-P. These proteins establish HiNF-P as a protein involved in many cellular processes and mechanisms beyond transcriptional control of cell cycle dependent histone genes.

The midbody (MB) is a proteinaceous complex formed between the two daughter cells during cell division and is required for the final cell separation event in late cytokinesis. After cell division, the post-mitotic midbody, or midbody derivative (MBd), can be retained and accumulated in a subpopulation of cancer cells and stem cells, but not in normal diploid differentiated cells. However, the mechanisms by which MBds accumulate and function are unclear. Based on this, I hypothesize that the MBd is degraded by autophagy after cell division in normal diploid differentiated cells, whereas non-differentiated cells have low autophagic activity and would accumulate MBds. Indeed, I found this to be the case. MBd degradation occurred soon after cytokinesis in differentiated cells that possess high autophagic activity. Specifically, I found MBd degradation to be mediated by binding of the autophagy receptor, NBR1, to the MB protein Cep55. Moreover, by performing proteomic analysis of NBR1 interactions I found additional MB-localized proteins that are potential substrates for NBR1. In contrast to differentiated cells, stem and cancer cells have low autophagic activity thus MBds evade autophagosome encapsulation and accumulate. To examine whether MBds can define the differentiation status of a cell, we depleted NBR1 from differentiated fibroblasts causing an increase in MBd number. Strikingly, under these conditions, reprogramming of fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells is increased. Equally interestingly, cancer cells with increased MBds have increased in vitro tumorigenicity. In conclusion, this study gives an insight into the fates of post-mitotic midbodies and also suggests a non-cytokinetic role of midbodies in enhancing pluripotency in stem cells and cancer stem cells.

No description available.

Omi/HtrA2 is a mitochondrial serine protease that is known to translocate to the cytoplasm upon induction of apoptosis and to activate caspase-dependent and caspase-independent cell death. The molecular mechanism of Omi/HtrA2's function is not clear but involves degradation of specific substrates. These substrates include cytoplasmic, mitochondrial, as well as nuclear proteins. We have isolated a new Omi/HtrA2 interactor, the THAP5 protein. THAP5 is a fifth member of a large family of transcription factors that are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle control, chromosome segregation, chromatin modification and transcriptional regulation. THAP5 is an approximately 50kDa nuclear protein, with a restricted pattern of expression. Furthermore, there is no mouse or rat homolog for this protein. THAP5 mRNA is highly expressed in the human heart but some expression is also seen in the brain and skeletal muscle. The normal function of THAP5 in the heart or heart disease is unknown. THAP5 protein level is significantly reduced in the myocardial infarction (MI) area in the heart of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). This part of the heart sustains most of the cellular damage and apoptosis. Our data clearly show that THAP5 is a specific substrate of the proapoptotic Omi/HtrA2 protease and is cleaved and removed during cell death. The molecular mechanism of THAP5's function is unclear. THAP5 can bind to a specific DNA sequence and repress transcription of a reporter gene. Our work suggests that THAP5 is a tissue specific transcriptional repressor that plays an important role in the normal function of the human heart as well as in the development of heart disease.

The brain is incredibly complex, with billions of diverse cells performing a variety of necessary functions. It is fascinating then, that a small group of progenitor cells are capable of generating all of the neural cell types. During development, robust and stable expression of identity factors is necessary for diverse cell fate determination, but progenitor cells must also be flexible to quickly change expression programs in response to developmental cues. The metazoan genome is non-randomly organized, and this organization is thought to underlie cell type specific gene expression programs. However, the process by which genome organization is stabilized, and then reorganized, is not well-understood. A Drosophila neuroblast nuclear factor, Distal antenna (Dan), was previously identified as a key regulator of this process. Downregulation of Dan is necessary for a developmentally-timed genome reorganization in neural progenitors that terminates their competence to specify early-born cell types. Maintaining Dan expression prevents genome reorganization, extending the early competence window, and implicating Dan in the stabilization of the early competence state. The mechanisms through which Dan functions to stabilize the genome architecture is not known. In this work, we take advantage of the Drosophila embryonic ventral nerve cord model system to study Dan and its role in regulating neuroblast competence. We find that Dan, a DNA- binding protein that localizes throughout the nucleus in distinct puncta, coalesces into large, liquid condensates that relocalize to the nuclear periphery when DNA-binding is inhibited. The size of the droplets increases as impairment to the DNA-binding domain increases, suggesting that Da normally exists in a competitive tug-of-war between genome binding and protein condensation at the nuclear periphery. We further find that while Dan is a highly intrinsically disordered protein, formation of the large droplets requires a LARKS domain – a glycine-rich, structural motif that forms kinked beta-sheets associated with labile interactions that underlie phase-separation. In embryos, Dan’s ability to maintain neural progenitor early competence requires both its Pipsqueak motif DNA-binding domain and phase separation properties. Finally, we find that Dan interacts with proteins of the nuclear pore complex. In particular, we find that Elys, a core scaffold protein which has been shown to bind DNA and regulate nuclear architecture, is required for termination of the early competence window. Together, we propose a mechanism by which a single protein can exert opposing forces between DNA binding and self- association to organize progenitor genome architecture and regulate neuronal diversification.

Dissertation (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2008. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 197 pages. Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2008. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.