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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
131

\'58 ANTPOT. Co\': estudo de um núcleo ímpar-ímpar na camada pf / 58Co: study of an odd-odd nucleus in the pf shell

Marcilei Aparecida Guazzelli da Silveira 14 December 2004 (has links)
Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos do estudo da estrutura do núcleo \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' utilizando a técnica de espectroscopia de raios gama em linha. Este núcleo foi produzido a partir da reação de fusão-evaporação \'ANTPOT. 51 V\'(ANTPOT. 10 B\', p2n), com energia de feixe de 33 MeV incidindo em três alvos de 200\'mü\'g/\'cm POT. 2\', realizada no acelerador Pelletron da Universidade de São Paulo. Foram feitas medidas em coincidência \'gama\'\'gama\'-partícula com o espectrômetro de raios \'gama\' Saci-Pererê, composto de 4 detectores de GeHP com blindagem Compton, e um sistema auxiliar para detectar partículas carregadas, consistindo de 11 telescópios cintiladores \'delta\'E-E tipo phoswich. Foram encontradas quarenta e sete transições novas que depopulam trinta e sete novos estados. O esquema de níveis proposto foi estendido até uma energia de excitação de 8 MeV e momento angular de \'J POT. pi\'=\'11 POT. +\'. A atribuição dos valores de spins foi baseada na razão DCO (Correlação Direcional de Estados Orientados). Os resultados experimentais foram comparados com os calculados pelo Modelo de Camadas em Larga Escala (LSSM) utilizando os códigos MSHELL e Antoine, assim como a interação residual GXPF1, desenvolvida para ser usada na camada pf Foram interpretados dezenove estados excitados a partir do LSSM. Foram medidas também as vidas médias para treze estados excitados do \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' utilizando o Método de Deslocamento Doppler Atenuado (DSAM). Para este estudo, o núcleo \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' foi produzido a partir da reação \'ANTPOT. 51 V\'(ANTPOT. 10 B\', p2n) com energia de feixe de 36 MeV, usando um alvo de 770\'mü\'g/\'cm POT. 2\' prensado em um suporte de Pb. Os valores experimentais também foram comparados aos cálculos do LSSM. Probabilidades de transição reduzidas B(Ml), e portanto as vidas médias, foram bem reproduzidas pelo modelo teórico para cinco níveis identificados. Os níveis de energia observados apresentaram funções de onda com grande mistura de configurações sendo a principal dada por \'pi\'\'f POT -1 IND. 7/2\' (PRODUTO VETORIAL) v \'p POT 2 IND. 3/2\' \'f POT 1 IND. 5/2\',. Os resultados indicam que a maior parte dos estados excitados do núcleo \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' tem um comportamento esférico e são bem reproduzidos considerando excitações de partícula única / The excited states in the doubly odd nucleus \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' have been studied using inbeam gama-ray spectroscopy. The \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' nucleus has been produced with the fusionevaporation reaction \'ANTPOT. 51 V\'(ANTPOT. 10 B\', p2n) at 33 MeV bombarding energy, using the SMV Pelletron accelerator of the University of São Paulo. Gamrna-gamma-charged particle coincidences were measured with the Saci-Pererê gama-ray spectrometer composed of 4 Compton-suppressed GeHP and an ancillary charged-particle detector system composed of 11 plastic phoswich scintillator ~E-E telescopes. We have found 47 new gama-transitions de-populating 37 new excited states. A level scheme extending up to an excitation energy of about 8.0 MeV and spin \'J POT. pi\'=\'11 POT. +\' has been proposed. The spin assignments were based on the DCO (Directional Correlation from Oriented States) ratios. The experimental results were compared with Large Scale Shell Model (LSSM) calculations performed with the MSHELL and Antoine codes using the GXPFl effective interaction, developed for use in the pf shell. We have interpreted 19 excited states in the frame of the LSSM. We have measured also the lifetimes for 13 excited states of the \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' nucleus. The lifetimes were measured with the Doppler Shift Attenuation Method (DSAM). For this study the \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' nuclei were populated with the reaction \'ANTPOT. 51 V\'(ANTPOT. 10 B\', p2n) at 36 MeV bombarding energy, using a target consisting of a 770\'mü\'g/\'cm POT. 2\' foil with Pb backing. The experimental values were also compared with the LSSM calculations. Experimental B(M1) reduced transition probabilities, and thus the lifetimes, are well reproduced by the theoretical model for fi v e o f the identified levels. The observed levels presented wave functions with large configuration mixing with the main configuration being \'pi\'\'f POT -1 IND. 1/2\' (PRODUTO VETORIAL) v \'p POT 2 IND. 3/2\' \'f POT 1 IND. 5/2\',. The results indicate that most of the excited states in the \'ANTPOT. 58 CO\' nucleus has a spherical behavior and is well reproduced considering single-particle excitations.
132

Propriedades de decaimento eletromagnético dos núcleos espelho 67As e 67Se / Electromagnetic decay properties of the 67As e 67Se mirror pair

Kenia Teodoro Wiedemann 04 February 2009 (has links)
No presente trabalho foram feitos estudos das propriedades de decaimento eletromagnético do par de núcleos espelho mais pesado conhecido atualmente: 67As e 67Se. Esses núcleos foram produzidos através da reação de fusão-evaporação 32S+40Ca, com energia de feixe Ef = 90MeV. O experimento foi realizado nos Laboratórios Nacionais de Argonne, com o feixe fornecido pelo acelerador ATLAS. Os raios gama emitidos do decaimento dos núcleos residuais foram observados utilizando o espectrômetro de raios gama Gammasphere, em conjunto com o sistema de detecção de partículas carregadas Microball e o sistema de detecção de nêutrons Neutron Shell. Os esquemas de níveis obtidos mostraram-se bastante similares como é de se esperar para um par de núcleos espelho, e caracterizados por fortes transições dipolares elétricas E1 na desexcitação na sequência principal. No caso do núcleo de 67As, foram acrescentadas cinco transições gama e dois estados excitados ao esquema de níveis já conhecido. As multipolaridades de todas as transições novas foram determinadas através da técnica de análise ADO. O esquema de níveis do núcleo de 67Se foi ampliado até o momento angular (25/2+), a 5.560(1) MeV. Foram acrescentadas doze transições e oito estados excitados ao esquema de níveis já conhecido. As multipolaridades das transições já conhecidas foram determinadas e, das transições inseridas no esquema de níveis deste núcleo, cinco tiveram suas multipolaridades determinadas também pela técnica ADO. Do ponto de vista teórico, foram realizados cálculos de Modelo de Camadas em Larga Escala, utilizando o código Antoine, com diferentes interações residuais (KB3G, GXPF1 e fpg). Para a descrição dos estados de paridade positiva, foi utilizada a interação residual fpg, que permite a excitação de núcleons de valência até o orbital g9/2. Esta interação não prevê interação coulombiana entre os núcleons, e desta forma, os cálculos realizados para um par de núcleos espelho, apresenta resultados idênticos. Os cálculos realizados com a interação fpg para os estados de paridade positiva dos núcleos espelho de 67As e 67Se mostraram-se em bom acordo com os resultados experimentais, descrevendo as energias dos estados excitados de ambos os núcleos, com uma diferença máxima, em energia, de 500 keV. Diferenças observadas nas intensidades das transições dipolares magnéticas, M1, que depopulam os estados análogos 19/2(+), dos núcleos de 67As e 67Se foram discutidas em termos da contribuição dos termos isoescalar e isovetorial no operador de transição M1, e sustentam a hipótese de conservação na simetria de isospin. Para o estudo dos estados de paridade negativa, foram utilizadas duas interações residuais, levando em consideração a interação coulombiana entre os núcleons de valência: KB3G e GXPF1, ambas permitindo a descrição teórica de núcleos com núcleons de valência na camada pf . Ambas intera ções reproduziram razoavelmente bem as energias dos estados de paridade negativa para ambos os núcleos. A interação KB3G, entretanto, inverteu os momentos angulares do estado fundamental e do primeiro estado excitado do núcleo de 67As, enquanto a interação GXPF1, reproduziu bem a ordem dos momentos angulares dos estados de paridade negativa. A análise da diferença das energias dos estados análogos (MED) foi feita com a introdução de termos de correção nas energias de partícula única devido à interação órbita-órbita (Ell ) e spin-órbita (Els ), além de uma estimativa de um termo de quebra de simetria de isospin (VB). Os resultados mostraram que a introdução dos termos de correção propostos não permitiu reproduzir completamente os resultados experimentais, indicando que as estimativas teóricas devem ser melhoradas para essa região de massa. Foi observado que as transições E1, análogas, de 319 keV, proveniente do núcleo de 67As, e de 304 keV, proveniente do núcleo de 67Se, apresentaram intensidades bastante distintas, a saber: B(E1)319 keV = 8.6(6) × 106 u.W., e B(E1)319 keV = 2.6(8) × 106 u.W. Além deste resultado, os estados análogos 7/22 , populados por essas transições, foram os únicos a apresentar um pequeno desvio na descrição de suas funções de onda. Os resultados foram discutidos em termos de uma possível quebra de simetria de isospin. / In the present work the electromagnetic decay properties of the mirror pair 67As and 67Se are investigated. The experiment was performed in the Argonne National Laboratory, and these nuclei were produced through the fusion-evaporation reaction 32S +40 Ca, with a 90 MeV beam provided by the ATLAS accelerator. The gamma rays emitted by the residual nuclei were observed using the Gammasphere spectrometer, with 72 HPGe detectors, and its ancillary system composed of the Microball and Neutron Shell systems, for charged particle and neutron detection, respectively. The obtained level schemes are very similiar, as expected for mirror nuclei, and characterized by strong E1 transitions in the main sequencies. Five new transitions and two new excited states were added to the already known 67As level scheme, and in the case of the 67Se nucleus, the level scheme was extended up to 5.56 MeV, and twelve new transitions and eight new excited states were added to the previously known level scheme. The multipolarities were obtained by ADO analysis, taking into account the geometry of the Gammasphere spectrometer. In the theoretical point of view, Large Scale Shell Model calculations were performed, using KB3G and GXPF1 residual interactions for the natural parity states description, including electromagnetic interactions among the valence nucleons. The fpg residual interaction, with no electromagnetic interaction among the valence nucleons, was used for the positive parity description. Diferences in the analogue states energies were discussed using arguments based on the role of the isospin quantum number in the electromagnetic decay properties. The GXPF1 residual interaction provided a better description of the nuclear states, and was assumed as the best theoretical description provider for the nuclear states of the mirror pair 67As and 67Se. The mirror energies dierences were investigated including the orbit-orbit (Ell ) and the spin-orbit (Els) corrections to the single particle energies, and an estimative of an isospin non-conserving term (VB). The results showed that the proposed corrections do not describe completely the mirror energy diferences of the natural parity states, for this mirror pair, which is the heaviest mirror pair known nowadays, indicating that improvements in the residual interactions are highly desirable for this mass region. There was observed diferences in the strengths of the 319 and 304 keV transitions, that depopulate the 9/2+ analogue states of the 67As and 67Se respectively, being B(E1)319 keV = 8.6(6) × 106 u.W., and B(E1)319 keV = 2.6(8) × 106 u.W. The diferences were discussed in terms of a possible charge symmetry breaking, supported by the theoretical results, that showed a slight diference in the wavefunctions, described by the occupation numbers, of the analogue states populated by these transitions.
133

Simetrias dinâmicas e energias de ligação de núcleos com N = Z / And dynamic symmetry binding energies of nuclei with N = Z.

Ettore Baldini Neto 20 December 2001 (has links)
Neste trabalho é apresentado um modelo algébrico para o cálculo de energias de ligação de núcleos pesados com N = Z baseado nas versões invariantes por isospin do Modelo de Bósons interatuantes (IBM). Com a utilização de uma interação adequada para a descrição dos modos isoescalar e isovetorial do emparelhamento nuclear adicionada àquelas interações que descrevem globalmente uma dada região de massa, foram ajustados os parâmetros da hamiltoniana e calculados núcleos com N = Z ao longo das camadas sd e pf. Deste modo, pôde-se fazer algumas predições, para suas massas do estado fundamental e para estados excitados, que oferecem um desafio às novas gerações de feixes radiativos que estão por vir. / In this work we present an algebraic model for calculating the binding energies of heavy nuclei with the same number of protons and neutrons which is based in the isospin invariant versions of the Interacting Boson Model (IBM). With an adequate interaction for the description of the isoscalar and isovector pairing modes of the residual nuclear interaction added to those terms responsible for the bulk properties of a given mass region, we have fitted the parameters of our algebraic Hamiltonian and have calculated nuclei with N=Z along the sd and pf shells. Therefore we were able to make some predictions, for their ground state masses as well as for the excited states, which offer a challenge to the new generations of radioactive nuclear beams.
134

Alpha Particles in Effective Field Theory / Partículas Alfa em Teorias de Campo Efetivas

Cristian Javier Caniu Barros 03 December 2014 (has links)
In this thesis we work on the problem of the two-alpha-particle system using a halo/- cluster effective field theory (EFT). Our goal is to address the alpha-alpha scattering observables and its low-energy resonance identified as the ground state of Beryllium-8. In this work we start with an EFT in which the degrees of freedom are the alpha particles interacting via momentum-dependent contact forces. These, in contrast to forces that are energy-dependent, are more useful in extending the theory to systems with more than two alpha particles. Additionally, momentum-dependent forces allow us to address causal restrictions on scattering observables, known as the Wigners causality bound. We present our EFT calculations for the alpha-alpha system. / Nesta tese, nós trabalhamos sobre o problema do sistema de duas partículas alfa utilizando uma teoria de campos efetiva. O nosso objetivo é abordar os observáveis e a ressonância do sistema alfa-alfa de baixa energia identificada como o estado fundamental do berílio-8. Neste trabalho nós começamos com uma teoria de campo efetiva em que os graus de liberdade são as partículas alfa interagindo via forças de contato dependentes do momento. Estes, em contraste com as forças que são dependentes da energia, são mais úteis na extensão da teorias para sistemas com mais de duas partículas alfa. Além disso, forças dependentes do momento nos permitem abordar restrições causais nos observáveis, conhecidas como causalidade de Wigner. Nós apresentamos nossos cálculos para o sistema alfa-alfa.
135

Interferência coulombiana-nuclear no espalhamento inelástico de Dêuterons por ANTIPOT.99,101 Ru. / Coulomb-nuclear interference in the inelastic scattering of deuterons by Ru99, Ru101

Cleber Lima Rodrigues 31 October 2005 (has links)
Medidas inéditas de Interferência Coulombiana-Nuclear (ICN) nos núcleos ímpares ANTPOT.99,101 Ru complementam a investigação da coletividade da primeira excitação quadrupolar dos isótopos pares de Ru ao redor de A~100, com projéteis que interagem isoescalamente com núcleo. As distribuições angulares do espalhamento inelástico com dêuterons incidentes de 13 MeV, nos núcleos ímpares estáveis de rutênio, foram obtidas no sistema Acelerador Pelletron - Espectrógrafo Magnético Enge, utilizando emulsões nucleares no plano focal. Foram medidos espectros associados a catorze e dezesseis ângulos de espalhamento nos ANTPOT.99 Ru e ANTPOT.101 Ru, respectivamente, com excelente caracterização do mínimo de interferência na primeira excitação qadrupolar do caroço. O exame da ICN foi realizado na descrição DWBA-DOMP com parâmetros globais de potencial óptico, mantendo tratamento consistente com outras análises de ICN na região. O ajuste das previsões teóricas às distribuições angulares experimentais, através da minimização do Chi2 pelo método iterativo de Gauss-Marquardt, possibilitou a extração simultânea do comprimento de deformação de massa ( POT.N) e da razão entre os comprimentos de deformação de carga ( POT.C) e de massa (C= POT.C/ POT.N). Simulações de Monte Carlo com 5000 novos conjuntos de dados, gerados por sorteio gaussiano, mostraram a adequação estatística do método. Os valores experimentais de C se posicionaram ao redor de 1,25 para o ANTPOT.99 Ru 1,40 para o ANTPOT.101 Ru, com incertezas em torno de 5%, indicando maior contribuição de prótons do que de nêutrons na excitação, na comparação com s razões N/Z. As medidas de POT.N, com incertezas menores que 5%, revelaram valores inferiores aos relatados para os núcleos pares vizinhos. Os valores de C e POT.N extraídos permitiram o cálculo das razões B(E2)/B(IS2) para os estados analisados. / Coulomb-Nuclear Interference measurements not previously reported in the 99,10 Ru odd nuclei complement the investigation of the collectivity of the first quadrupolar excitation in even Ru isotopes around A-I00, with projectiles that interact isoscarlarly with the nucleus. The Inelastic scattering angular distributions with 13 MeV incident deuterons on odd Ru stable nuclei were obtained in the facility Pelletron Accelerator - Enge Magnetic Spectrograph, using nuclear emulsion plates in the focal plane. Spectra associated with fourteen and sixteen scattering angles in 99Ru and 101Ru, respectively, were measured achieving an excellent characterization of the interference minimum of the core first quadrupolar excitation. The DWBADOMP description of the CNI with global optical model parameters employed allows the consistent analysis of the data in comparison with other analysis of the region. The simultaneous extraction of g N, mass deformation length and of C = C/N, ratio of charge (C ) and mass (N ) deformation lengths, was obtained in the fit of the theoretical predictions to the experimental angular distributions through the X2 minimization using the iterative Gauss-Marquardt method. Monte Carlo simulations of 5000 new sets of data, gaussian randomly generated, show the statistical adequacy of the method. The experimental values of C obtained distributed around 1.25 for 99Ru and 1.40 for lOlRu, with uncertainties of approximately 5%, indicating higher contribution of protons than neutrons in the excitations, in comparison with the N/Z ratios. The N measurements, with uncertainties less than 5%, point to lower values than published for even neighbor isotopes. The values of N and C extracted allow for the calculation of B(IS2), isoscalar reduced transition probability, and B(E2)/B(IS2), the ratio between electric (B(E2)) and isoscalar reduced transition probabilities.
136

Sistema para medida de estados isoméricos / Isomeric State Measurement System

Dennis Lozano Toufen 17 November 2008 (has links)
Com o objetivo de permitir a detecção e a medida de estados isoméricos com meias vidas na faixa de 10 ns a 10 s sem a utilização de feixe pulsado, desenvolveu-se um sistema, batizado de SISMEI (SIStema de Medida de Estados Isoméricos). Este sistema utiliza principalmente a técnica de coincidência atrasada entre partículas carregadas e raios . No SISMEI há uma separação espacial entre a região do alvo, onde as partículas carregadas são emitidas, e a região do stopper, onde os raios atrasados são emitidos, permitindo assim uma diminuição do fundo estatístico. Para o teste do SISMEI foram realizadas duas experiências com a reação de fusão evaporação 46Ti(11B,1p2n)54Fe, Efeixe=30MeV e Efeixe=33MeV. Nestas experiências o estado isomérico conhecido 10+ do 54Fe (T1/2=364(7) ns) foi medido, sendo o resultado encontrado (T1/2 = 375(16) ns) compatível com o conhecido. Utilizando o espectro de tempo do estado isomérico 10+ do 54Fe como calibração, mediu-se a meia vida do estado isomérico 5/2+ do 19F (T1/2=89,3(10) ns) e a meia vida encontrada (T1/2=100(36) ns) é compatível com o valor conhecido. O sistema também foi capaz de identificar transições que populam o estado isomérico 10+ através da técnica de coincidência - atrasada. O Modelo de Camadas de Larga Escala foi utilizado para interpretar o estado isomérico 10+ do 54Fe. Este modelo foi capaz de reproduzir bem os valores experimentais de energia do nível e da probabilidade de transição reduzida B(E2), desde que seja utilizado um número suficiente de partículas livres na camada pf. / A system, called SISMEI (Isomeric State Measurement System), was developed for the detection and measurement of isomeric states with half-lives in the range of 10 ns to 10 s without the use of a pulsed beam. This system mainly uses the technique of charged particles and -ray delayed coincidences. In SISMEI, the statistical background is reduced by the separation between the target region, where charged particles are evaporated, and the \"stopper\" region, where the delayed -rays are emitted. SISMEI was tested in two experiments with the reaction 46Ti (11B, 1p2n) 54Fe, Ebeam = 30 MeV and Ebeam = 33 MeV. In these experiments, the experimental lifetime of the 54Fe nucleus 10+ isomeric state was T1/2 = 375 (16) ns, which is consistent with the known experimental value (T1/2 = 364(7) ns). Using the 54Fe 10+ isomeric state time spectrum as calibration, the half life of the 19F 5/2+ state was measured. The experimental lifetime (T1/2 = 100 (36) s) is consistent with the known value (T1/2 = 89.3 (10) ns). The results also indicate that the system is capable of identifying the transitions to the isomeric state through the delayed - coincidence method. The 54Fe nucleus 10+ isomeric state was calculated in the framework of the Large Scale Shell Model. The energy and B (E2) experimental values were very well reproduced for a sufficient number of free particles in the full pf shell.
137

Estudo da estrutura nuclear do sup(21)Ne por meio da captura de neutrons termicos em neonio natural

STOPA, C.R.S. 09 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:50:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 00355.pdf: 1233745 bytes, checksum: ae2065c56709a9ef831bb0d9e8561b49 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IEA/D / Instituto de Fisica, Universidade de Sao Paulo - IF/USP
138

Étude de la structure de noyaux de mendélévium / Study of the structure of mendelevium nuclei

Briselet, Raphaël 04 October 2016 (has links)
Le sujet de cette thèse concerne la région des transfermiums. Il s'agit des noyaux de numéro atomique supérieur à 100 qui sont intéressants pour de nombreuses raisons. Tout d'abord, cette région est encore peu connue. En effet, les noyaux deviennent de plus en plus difficiles à produire lorsque qu'ils deviennent riches en nucléons. A fur et à mesure que l’étude progresse vers les noyaux les plus lourds, il devient difficile de les produire à plus de quelques unités, voire simplement de trouver des réactions permettant de les synthétiser. C'est pourquoi ces noyaux sont, aujourd'hui, cantonnés à des recherches très minutieuses. En outre, les modèles nucléaires prédisent l’existence d’un îlot de stabilité, encore inaccessible expérimentalement, pour les noyaux super-lourds vers Z~114–126, N~184. A contrario, les études dans la région des transfermiums nous apportent des informations sur cet îlot de stabilité. Cette thèse traite principalement de la structure nucléaire de deux isotopes impairs en proton de mendélévium (Z=101) : le ²⁴⁹Md et le ²⁵¹Md. Ces deux isotopes sont déformés, ce qui nous permet d’avoir accès à des états quantiques communs avec des noyaux sphériques beaucoup plus lourds pouvant appartenir à l’îlot de stabilité. Les noyaux ont été créés à l'université de Jyväskylä en Finlande par réaction de fusion-évaporation à l'aide d'un faisceau de ⁴⁸Ca et de cibles de ²⁰³⁻²⁰⁵Tl. Les noyaux sont extraits de l’important bruit de fond des réactions parasites à l'aide du séparateur à gaz RITU grâce à la technique de corrélations génétiques. Afin d'extraire la structure nucléaire de ces noyaux, les expériences exploitent les techniques de spectroscopie gamma et électron : détecteurs Jurogam II et SAGE. Grâce à ces instruments, une partie de la structure des noyaux peut être connue. Nous nous focalisons sur des structures collectives comme les bandes rotationnelles, mais aussi d'états métastables (les isomères), ou encore les transitions à une particule. Ce travail a permis d’extraire deux bandes rotationnelles du ²⁵¹Md. Nous avons pu pour la première fois réaliser la spectroscopie électron de ce noyau ce qui nous a permis de contraindre l’assignement des orbitales nucléaires : il s’agit des têtes de bande 1/2⁻ et 7/2⁻. Nous avons également découvert un isomère du ²⁵¹Md et pu observer des transitions l’alimentant et le désexcitant. Ce travail a également permis d’ébaucher une structure collective de ²⁴⁹Md ainsi que de mesurer des propriétés de l’état fondamental. Finalement une estimation de la section efficace de production de ²⁴³Es (⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁹⁷Au) a aussi été faite afin d’évaluer la possibilité d'une future expérience. L’ensemble des données spectroscopiques est confronté à de nouveaux calculs de champs moyen de type Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov utilisant les forces de Skyrme et Gogny. Cette thèse prolonge les recherches sur la région des noyaux lourds et vient compléter les données spectroscopiques de cette région encore largement inconnue. / The subject of this thesis is the study of the transfermium nuclei region. These are nuclei having an atomic number larger than 100, which are interesting for several reasons. First of all, this region is still poorly known. Indeed, nuclei are more and more difficult to produce as soon as the number of nucleons they are made of increases. When studies move towards the heaviest elements, it becomes difficult to produce more than a few atoms, the reactions production sometimes being simply impossible. That is why these nuclei as still restricted to very thorough studies. Furthermore, nuclear models predict an island of stability for super-heavy elements with Z~114–126, N~184, which are however experimentally still out of reach. Conversely, studies in the transfermium region can provide information of this island of stability. The thesis is mainly related to the nuclear structure of two proton-odd mendelevium (Z=101) isotopes: ²⁴⁹Md and ²⁵¹Md. These isotopes are deformed, which provides access to quantum states also involved in heaviest spherical nuclei from the predicted island of stability. Nuclei were produced at the University of Jyväskylä with fusion-evaporation reactions using a ⁴⁸Ca beam on ²⁰³⁻²⁰⁵Tl targets. Mendelevium nuclei were selected from the large background of parasitic reactions using the RITU gas-filled separator and the genetic correlations technique. The nuclear structure is deduced from the gamma and electron spectroscopy. The SAGE and Jurogam II arrays have been used. These devices provide new insight into nuclei structure: we focussed on the collective structure revealed through rotational bands, on metastable states (isomers) or on single-particle transitions. In this work, two ²⁵¹Md rotational band could be highlighted. We have been able to perform for the first time the electron spectroscopy of this nucleus, which provides a constrain for the nuclear orbitals assignment. The 1/2⁻ and 7/2⁻ band-heads were assigned. We furthermore observed for the first time a ²⁵¹Md isomer with several feeding and de-exciting transitions. In this work, we could also sketch the collective structure of ²⁴⁹Md and measure some of its ground-state properties. Finally, the cross section for the ²⁴³Es production (⁴⁸Ca + ¹⁹⁷Au) was measured in order to estimate the feasibility of a future spectroscopy. Spectroscopic data are compared to new mean-field calculations. Hartee-Fock Bogoliubov calculations using the Skyrme and Gogny forces were made. This thesis is part of the ongoing research program on heavy nuclei; it provides new spectroscopic data in a region where much remains to be discovered.
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Le noyau-bulle de 34Si : Un outil expérimental pour étudier l’interaction spin-orbite ? / The 34Si bubble nucleus : An experimental tool to study the spin-orbit interaction ?

Mutschler, Aurélie 08 September 2015 (has links)
L’interaction spin-orbite a permis de reproduire dans les modèles nucléaires théoriques, les nombres magiques N=28 et 50 observés dans les noyaux atomiques. Ces dernières décennies, l’étude expérimentale de noyaux exotiques a mis en évidence une évolution des nombres magiques loin de la vallée de stabilité. On peut alors se poser la question de l’évolution des potentiels d’interaction eux-mêmes, et en particulier de l’interaction spin-orbite. Si cette interaction a été historiquement incluse « à la main » dans les modèles de champ moyen « classiques », elle émerge cependant naturellement dans les modèles relativistes. La description de l’interaction spin-orbite est très similaire dans ces deux types de modèles, mais il subsiste a priori un désaccord du point de vue de sa dépendance en isospin : les modèles non-relativistes de type Hartree-Fock présentent en effet un potentiel spin-orbite dépendant fortement de l’isospin, contrairement aux modèles de type Relativistic Mean Field.En 2009, des calculs mettant en œuvre différents modèles théoriques ont prédit l’existence d’une « bulle », caractérisée par une déplétion en densité protonique centrale, dans le ³⁴Si. Ce dernier aurait une densité protonique très exotique, et bien différente de sa densité neutronique. Le ³⁴Si constituerait alors une sonde idéale de l’évolution du potentiel spin-orbite dans les systèmes présentant une forte asymétrie protons-neutrons. L’émergence d’un tel effet trouverait son origine dans la déplétion de l’orbitale protonique2s½, les orbitales s étant les seules à contribuer à la densité nucléaire centrale.Une expérience réalisée en Septembre 2012 à NSCL (MSU, Etats-Unis), a permis de mettre en évidence pour la première fois un effet de bulle nucléaire dans le ³⁴Si. L’étude des facteurs spectroscopiques des états peuplés lors des réactions d’arrachage de proton ou de neutron ³⁴Si(-1p) ³³Al et ³⁴Si(-1n) ³³Si indique que sa structure neutronique est très proche d’un système sans corrélations au-delà du champ moyen, tandis que son orbitale protonique est très faiblement occupée : n(2s½) = 0,16(4).Les réactions ³⁶S(-1p) ³⁵P et ³⁶S(-1n) ³⁵S ont été étudiées dans les mêmes conditions expérimentales. L’évolution de l’occupation n(2s½) mesurée entre le ³⁶S et le ³⁴Si, ainsi que la variation de l’écart en énergie des partenaires spin-orbite neutroniques 2p½-2p^3/2, mesurée entre ces deux noyaux dans une expérience antérieure, sont en faveur des modèles de champ moyen non-relativistes. La partie théorique de cette thèse a cependant montré que la différence de comportement de l’interaction spin-orbite entre modèles relativistes et non-relativistes est en fait un artefact causé par l’omission du terme d’échange dans les calculs de type Relativistic Mean Field. En effet, l’inclusion du terme de Fock dans les modèles relativistes permet de rétablir la dépendance en isospin du potentiel spin-orbite observée dans le cas non-relativiste. / The spin-orbit interaction is essential for the reproduction of magic numbers N=28 and 50 in theoretical nuclear models. Over the past few decades, the experimental study of exotic nuclei has highlighted an evolution of magic numbers far from stability. One can then wonder about the evolution of nuclear potentials themselves, and in particular the one of spin-orbit interaction. Historically, this interaction was included « by hand » in mean field models, whereas it naturally arises in relativistic mean field models. The description of the spin-orbit interaction happens to be very similar in those two kinds of models, but there remains a disagreement regarding its isospin dependance. Indeed, Hartree-Fock models exhibit a spin-orbit potential which strongly depends on isospin, contrary to relativistic mean field models.In 2009, a proton bubble was predicted in ³⁴Si by means of several different nuclear models. This effect consists in a central proton central density depletion. ³⁴Si would exhibit a quite exotic proton density, and very different from its neutron density. This nucleus would then constitute an ideal probe to test the behaviour of the spin-orbit potential in systems with strong proton-neutron asymmetry. The appearance of such an effect would originate from the depletion of proton 2s½ orbitals, as s orbitals are the only ones contributing to the central density.An experiment which was performed in September 2012 at NSCL (MSU, United States) highlighted for the first time a proton bubble in ³⁴Si. The spectroscopic strengths of states populated in the knockout reactions ³⁴Si(-1p)³³Al and ³⁴Si(-1n)³³Si reveal that the neutron structure of ³⁴Si is close to the one of a system without beyond-mean-field correlations, whereas its proton orbital is only weakly occupied : n(2s½) = 0,16(4).The reactions ³⁶S(-1p)³⁵P and ³⁶S(-1n)³⁵S were studied in similar experimental conditions. The change in occupancy n(2s½) measured between ³⁶S and ³⁴Si, as well as the variation in the neutron spin-orbit splitting 2p½-2p^3/2 measured in an earlier experiment, suggest that non-relativistic models exhibit the right isospin dependance. The theoretical part of this thesis showed however that the difference in behaviour of the spin-orbit interaction between relativistic and non-relativistic model is actually an artefact caused by the omission of the exchange term in relativistic mean field calculations. Indeed, including the Fock term in relativistic models enables to restore the isospin dependance observed in the non-relativistic case.
140

Alterations in Mitosis and Cell Cycle Progression Caused by a Mutant Lamin a Known to Accelerate Human Aging

Dechat, Thomas, Shimi, Takeshi, Adam, Stephen A., Rusinol, Antonio E., Andres, Douglas A., Spielmann, H. Peter, Sinensky, Michael S., Goldman, Robert D. 20 March 2007 (has links)
Mutations in the gene encoding nuclear lamin A (LA) cause the premature aging disease Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome. The most common of these mutations results in the expression of a mutant LA, with a 50-aa deletion within its C terminus. In this study, we demonstrate that this deletion leads to a stable farnesylation and carboxymethylation of the mutant LA (LAΔ50/progerin). These modifications cause an abnormal association of LAΔ507 progerin with membranes during mitosis, which delays the onset and progression of cytokinesis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the targeting of nuclear envelope/lamina components into daughter cell nuclei in early G 1 is impaired in cells expressing LAΔ50/ progerin. The mutant LA also appears to be responsible for defects in the retinoblastoma protein-mediated transition into S-phase, most likely by inhibiting the hyperphosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein by cyclin D1/cdk4. These results provide insights into the mechanisms responsible for premature aging and also shed light on the role of lamins in the normal process of human aging.

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