Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2007. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Orientador: Ronaldo Aloise Pilli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T06:40:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GodoyJunior_LuizAntonioFonsecade_M.pdf: 2690329 bytes, checksum: e0dd006f51f8ae2ed9fc689def1c7773 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: A dissertação foi dividida em duas partes, a primeira trata da síntese de produtos naturais isolados de esponjas marinhas e a segunda parte trata de reações de adição de nucleófilos à íons oxônios cíclicos na ausência de solvente. A 5-monobromocavernicolina, isolada pela primeira vez em 1984 da esponja marinha Aplysina cavernicola por Pietra e colaboradores, foi recentemente isolada por Berlinck e colaboradores a partir da esponja Aplysina fulva, este foi o primeiro composto em forma quase racêmica (6% ee) isolado de um organismo marinho. O composto 3-bromoverongiaquinol também foi isolado a partir da esponja marinha Aplysina cavernicola, estudos biológicos mostraram que ambos os compostos apresentam atividade bactericida. Na síntese da 5-monobromocavernicolina realizou-se a reação de adição do tipo 1,2 do enolato de lítio de BSA à 1,4-benzoquinona obtendo-se o produto em 56%. Em seguida, realizou-se uma reação de bromoção na presença de bromo molecular, a purificação desta reação em coluna cromatográfica de sílica gel promoveu a eliminação de HBr fornecendo assim o produto 3-bromoverongiaquinol em 50% de rendimento global a partir da 1,4-benzoquinona, rendimento superior aos já relatados na literatura (2,5 e 6,3%). O bruto da reação de bromoção foi ciclizado em meio básico resultando na 5-monobromocavernicolina. Anéis tetraidropirânicos e tetraidrofurânicos com substituintes na posição 2 do anel estão presentes em muitos produtos naturais biologicamente ativos. Realizou-se as reações de adição de nucleófilos de carbono à íons oxônios cíclicos na presença de 20 mol% de tricloreto de índio em sistemas sem solvente, o que é ambientalmente favorável. Observou-se que quanto maior o valor de p a do nucleófilo melhores são os rendimentos e mais rápidas são as reações / Abstract: This dissertation is divided in two parts. The first part presents the synthesis of natural products isolated from marine sponges. The second part presents investigations on the addition of carbon nucleophiles to cyclic N-acyliminium and oxonium ions under solvent-free conditions. The natural product 5-monobromocavernicolin was isolated for the first time from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernicola by Pietra and collaborators in 1984. The same compound was recently isolated by Berlinck and collaborators from the sponge Aplysina fulva. 5-monobromocavernicolin was the first compound isolated from a marine organism in a quasi-racemic form (6% ee). The compound 3-bromoverongiaquinol was also isolated from the marine sponge Aplysina cavernícola and biological studies showed that both compounds presents bactericidal activity. In the present investigation, the synthesis of 5-monobromocavernicolin was carried out by 1 ,2 addition of the BSA lithium enolate to 1,4-benzoquinone, to give the product in 56% yield. A bromation reaction was carried out with bromine and the purification of the corresponding product by silica gel column chromatography promoted elimination of HBr, provinding 3-bromoverongiaquinol in 50% of global yield from 1,4-benzoquinone. It's worth to mention that this yield is superior compared to those already reported in the literature (2,5 e 6,3%). The crude product of the bromation reaction was then cyclized in alkaline medium resulting in the formation of 5-monobromocavernicolin. The second part of this dissertation describes the preparation of tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans with substituents adjacent to the ring oxygen atom. Related compounds are frequently found in several biologically active natural products. The addition reaction of carbon nucleophiles to oxonium ions were investigated in the presence of InCl3 (20 mol%) and under solvent free conditions, an environmentally friendly procedure. It was observed that nucleophiles with higher p a values promote faster addition reaction in higher yields / Mestrado / Quimica Organica / Mestre em Química

This thesis focuses on the development of methods for the activation of the hydroxyl group in non-derivatized alcohols in substitution reactions. The thesis is divided into two parts, describing three different catalytic systems. The first part of the thesis (Chapter 2) describes nucleophilic allylation of amines with allylic alcohols, using a palladium catalyst to generate unsymmetrical diallylated amines. The corresponding amines were further transformed by a one-pot ring-closing metathesis and aromatization reaction to afford β-substituted pyrroles with linear and branched alkyl, benzyl, and aryl groups in overall moderate to good yields. The second part (Chapters 3 and 4) describes the direct intramolecular stereospecific nucleophilic substitution of the hydroxyl group in enantioenriched alcohols by Lewis acid and Brønsted acid/base catalysis. In Chapter 3, the direct intramolecular substitution of non-derivatized alcohols has been developed using Fe(OTf)3 as catalyst. The hydroxyl groups of aryl, allyl, and alkyl alcohols were substituted by the attack of O- and N-centered nucleophiles, to provide five- and six-membered heterocycles in up to excellent yields with high enantiospecificities. Experimental studies showed that the reaction follows first-order dependence with respect to the catalyst, the internal nucleophile, and the internal electrophile of the substrate. Competition and catalyst-substrate interaction experiments demonstrated that this transformation proceeds via an SN2-type reaction pathway. In Chapter 4, a Brønsted acid/base catalyzed intramolecular substitution of non-derivatized alcohols was developed. The direct intramolecular and stereospecific substitution of different alcohols was successfully catalyzed by phosphinic acid (H3PO2). The hydroxyl groups of aryl, allyl, propargyl, and alkyl alcohols were substituted by O-, N-, and S-centered nucleophiles to generate five- and six-membered heterocycles in good to excellent yields with high enantiospecificities. Mechanistic studies (both experiments and density functional theory calculations) have been performed on the reaction forming five-membered heterocyclic compounds. Experimental studies showed that phosphinic acid does not promote SN1 reactivity. Rate-order determination indicated that the reaction follows first-order dependence with respect to the catalyst, the internal nucleophile, and the internal electrophile. DFT calculations corroborated with a reaction pathway in which the phosphinic acid has a dual activation mode and operates as a bifunctional Brønsted acid/Brønsted base to simultaneously activate both the nucleophile and nucleofuge, resulting in a unique bridging transition state in an SN2-type reaction mechanism. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

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京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22269号 / 理博第4583号 / 新制||理||1658(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 大須賀 篤弘, 教授 時任 宣博, 教授 依光 英樹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

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The pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) group displays remarkable and unique properties, including large dipole moment, high electronegativity, high thermal and chemical stability, as well as high lipophilicity. However, only a few synthetic methods for the preparation of aromatic pentafluorosulfanyl building blocks have been developed to date. This work aims at improving availability and accessibility of aryl sulfurpentafluoride building blocks. In the first part of the work, the synthesis of aryl sulfurpentafluorides by the direct fluorination of diaryl disulfides with elemental fluorine is described. Nowadays, this synthetic strategy is used by industry on a multi-kilogram scale. However, the scope of the reaction is only limited to 3- and 4- nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes. In this work, the synthesis of various para-, meta- and ortho-substituted-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzenes following the same approach was carried out. In the second part, the derivatization of aryl sulfurpentafluoride building blocks was investigated. Direct fluorination of 3-nitro-1-(pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene afforded 3-fluoro-5-nitro-1- (pentafluorosulfanyl)benzene. The titled compound was derivatized by two different processes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) of fluorine and vicarious nucleophilic substitution of...

This dissertation describes the density functional theory (DFT) computational modelling of reactions between organolithium nucleophiles and various substituted quinoxalines. These reactions result in the functionalisation of the C (sp2)–H bond, thus substituting the sigma-hydrogen. The reactions are known as nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (SNH) and are used by experimental chemists to form new C–C bonds. The SNH reactions are very important in various industries, e.g. in designing and manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Quinoxaline is widely used in medicinal chemistry due to its various biological activities; these reactions play a crucial role in the synthesis of new classes of compounds. The reactions of 2-phenyl- (A), 2-butyl- (B), and 6-nitro-2-phenyl- (C) quinoxaline with lithiofuran (a) and lithiothiophene (b) involves a direct (1) nucleophilic attack on an activated electron-deficient system, leading to the intermediate sigma^H-complex. This is followed by hydrolysis (2), where an sp2-type nitrogen is changed to an sp3 while forming Li---OH as a by-product. The presence of Li---OH then allows the departure of an sigma-proton via oxidation reaction, concomitantly forming H2O2 as the second by-product. All approaches to functionalise the C(sp2)–H bond involve elimination of a proton, and an oxidant is needed for the departure of the sigma-hydrogen. Although the sequence of steps and mechanisms of these C–H transformations are the same, various factors have shown to affect the reactions differently. The theoretical study of this catalytic-free transformation, shows that the formation of sigma^H-adducts is not easily reversible, and that their formation is spontaneous. The reaction does not just require an oxidant to eliminate the sigma-hydrogen with the pair of electrons, but rather requires the presence of water for hydrolysis prior to oxidation. We must stress the crucial role of the oxidant since the key problem of the SNH reactions is associated with the elimination of sigma-hydrogen. However, the main objective of this study is to present a correct and complete mechanistic picture of oxidative nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (ONSH). Previous reports indicated that the presence of an electron donating/withdrawing group on the quinoxaline ring had a significant influence on the yield and selectivity. This is between reactions A+a, A+b, and B+a. These experimental observations correlated well with the modelling results when the potential energy surfaces (PES) of the reactions were compared. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / National Research Foundation (NRF) / Chemistry / MSc / Unrestricted

Most nuclease enzymes can hydrolyze phosphoester bonds (in DNA and RNA) by using metal ions cofactors that coordinate and activate water molecules in the enzymes' active sites. However, there are some hydrolase enzymes (including nucleases) that can function without the aid of metal ions. 2,6-Di(1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenol, a model compound for hydrolase enzyme, was synthesized by the reaction between ethylenediamine and dimethyl-3-carboxysalicylate, initially resulting in the formation of diimidazoline. The diimidazoline was subsequently aromatized to the diimidazole by dehydrogenation over palladium. The overall reaction yield was low; therefore, other dehydrogenation transformation reactions were tried but all failed to improve the yield. Converting this diimidazolphenol into diimidazolphenyl monophoshpate derivative was attempted but failed to give desired products. Synthesis of 2,2'-anthracene-1,8-diylbis-1H-imidazole, another model compound for hydrolase enzymes, was attempted using dimethyl-1,8-anthracenedicarboxylate, but synthesis was unsuccessful due to solubility problem.

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