Halogenation of poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) (IIR) increases its reactivity towards sulphur and other nucleophiles. Currently brominated (BIIR) and chlorinated (CIIR) derivatives are commercially available; however, an iodinated derivative has been briefly investigated. The effects of leaving group ability and microstructure on the reactivity of halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) were studied to put iodobutyl rubber reactivity into context and to compare existing commercial products to their isomeric derivatives. Polymers containing halomethyl (r-CIIR, r-BIIR, r-IIIR) isomers of butyl rubber were prepared from as-received BIIR to compare the effect of leaving group on thermal stability and reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution. The polymer containing (E,Z)-endo-iodomethyl isomers (r-IIIR) readily underwent nucleophilic substitution at low temperatures; however, it was sensitive towards dehydrohalogenation at temperatures above 65⁰C. At temperatures between 100⁰C and 135⁰C, the bromomethyl derivative (r-BIIR) demonstrated the best balance between reactivity toward nucleophilic substitution and dehydrohalogenation. Exceptional thermal stability at temperatures up to 190⁰C was displayed by the chloromethyl derivative (r-CIIR); however, it was unreactive at low temperatures towards certain nucleophiles. This lack of reactivity shown by r-CIIR was not consistent with all nucleophiles, as reaction dynamics with TBAAc display its variable reactivity towards nucleophilic substitution with results parallel to those of r-BIIR. Exo-methylene allylic halides (Exo-Br, Exo-Cl) and (E,Z)-endo-halomethyl (r-BIIR, r-CIIR) isomers were vulcanized with sulphur to determine the effect of microstructure on reactivity. Results showed a clear effect of microstructure on the ability to cure with sulphur. While the Exo-Cl isomer has no ability to cure, when rearranged to its (E,Z)-endo-chloromethyl isomer curing occurs readily. Both the Exo-Cl and (E,Z)-endo-bromomethyl isomers readily vulcanize in the presence of sulphur, however Exo-Br cures to a greater extent. / Thesis (Master, Chemical Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2011-09-30 12:55:25.665

Efetuaram-se as reações de nucleófilos de oxigênio (MeONa, EtONa, PhONa e t-BuOK) com o aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno, com o objetivo de se obterem os correspondentes adutos poli-substituídos. Nas reações com MeONa e EtONa foram empregadas tanto quantidades estequiométricas como excesso destes alcóxidos. Nestes últimos casos, foram obtidos dois produtos. Um destes, quando se empregou MeONa, apresentou a mesma estrutura que o aduto cis,endo-2,5-dicloro- 3,6-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno. O outro produto (B), isolado na forma de óleo, apresentou dados de RMN e de composição que indicaram tratar-se do aduto trans-2,5-dicloro-3,6-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno ou trans-2,6- dicloro-3,5-dimetóxi-p-benzoquinona-ciclopentadieno, com os grupos OMe e Cl em posições endo e exo, respectivamente. Experiências conduzidas com EtONa levaram a produtos semelhantes. As tentativas de substituir o átomo de cloro ligado ao sistema enodiônico de B foram bem sucedidas quando se empregaram PhSNa ou MeSNa, mas falharam quando se usou o PhSO2Na. Estes produtos de substituição, B-SPh e B-SMe, foram isolados como sólidos amorfos, o que não permitiu que tivessem as suas estruturas determinadas por difração de raios-X. Outros experimentos com o aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno envolveram o uso de PhONa, PhSO2Na e dimetilamina como nucleófilos. Enquanto no caso de PhONa e dimetilamina obtiveram-se os adutos mono-substituídos correspondentes, no caso de PhSO2Na, em metanol, obteve-se a substituição dos dois átomos de cloro do aduto de Diels-Alder cloranil-ciclopentadieno pelos grupos OMe e PhSO2. / The reactions between the chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct and alkoxides (MeONa, EtONa, PhONa e t-BuOK) were carried out aiming the synthesis of the corresponding poly-substituted adducts. In the case of reactions with MeONa and EtONa, equimolar and excess of such nucleophiles were employed. When MeONa was in excess, two products were obtained. One of them was proved to be the cis,endo-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene adduct. The other product (B), isolated as an oil, exhibited elemental composition and NMR data that indicate its structural identity with the trans-2,5-dichloro-3,6-dimethoxy-p-benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene or the trans-2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxy-p- benzoquinone-cyclopentadiene adduct, lying the OMe and Cl groups in an endo and exo positions, respectively. The experiments conducted with EtONa lead to the similar products. Aiming the substitution of the chlorine atom that remains attached to the enedionic system of B, this latter compound was successfully reacted with PhSNa and MeSNa, but was unable to react with PhSO2Na.. The corresponding B-SPh and and B-SMe derivatives were isolated as amorphous solids thus precluding their use for their structural determination by X-ray crystallography. Other reactions with chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct included the use of PhONa, PhSO2Na and dimethylamine as nucleophiles. In the case of PhONa and However, the reaction of chloranil-cyclopentadiene Diels-Alder adduct and PhSO2Na, in methanol, lead to the substitution of both enodionic chlorine atoms by the OMe and PhSO2 groups.

N5-deoxyribosyl derivatives of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone formed by oxidative damage to the guanine bases in 2-deoxyguanosine and highly polymerized DNA readily undergo nucleophilic substitution at C5 in reaction with primary amines in neutral aqueous solutions at 37–70 °C, as it was found in a kinetic study using reverse-phase HPLC. The reaction of 2-amino-5-[(2′-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-4H-imidazol-4-one (dIz) with excess of ethanolamine, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (0.2–1 M) is a pseudo-first-order process that proceeds with 45–80 % yields depending on the nature of the amine, its concentration, and the reaction temperature. In the case of ethanolamine, the corresponding bimolecular rate constant has a pre-exponential factor and activation energy of 1.1 × 105 s−1 and 47 kJ mol−1, respectively. The reaction is highly competitive with the previously described hydrolysis of dIz into 2,2-diamino-4-[(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-5(2H)-oxazolone under biologically relevant conditions. A similar reaction with the same lesion in polymeric DNA results in the release of a low-molecular-weight analog of dIz, presumably producing an abasic site as the second reaction product. Kinetic characteristics of this process make it a potentially important source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA, formed through the reaction of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone lesions with naturally abundant DNA-affinic amines and proteins. The release of low-molecular-weight analogs of dIz can potentially be employed for quantification of imidazolone lesions in oxidized DNA. The half-life of imidazolone lesions in double-stranded DNA evaluated using this approach was found to be 154 min at 37 °C.

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Nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkylamines, cyclic alkylamines, and hydroxyalkylamines with 5-substituted-1,4-naphthoquinones have been studied. It has been found that the nature of the solvent employed in the reaction influences the position of mono-substitution at either the 2- or 3-position. Although both regioisomers were produced in all the reactions, protic polar solvents favoured the formation of the 3-regioisomer, whereas non-protic solvents favoured the formation of the 2-regioisomer. It has also been found that formation of 2,3-diaminoalkyl derivatives is normally unlikely. A series of hydroxyalkylamino-1,4-naphthoquinones were also synthesised. The collision-induced dissociation mass spectra of protonated hydroxyalkylamino-1,4- naphthoquinones showed fragmentation patterns which were dependent on the nature and length of the side chain and the presence and nature of the adjacent group on the 3-position on the 1,4-naphthoquinone ring. A total of 27 novel compounds were synthesised during the course of this research, the structures of which were confirmed via 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (ESI), IR spectroscopy and high resolution mass spectrometry (HRESIMS and HREIMS).

The focus of these studies has been toward the development of new synthetic methods and procedures for the synthesis of novel compounds with unique biological properties. This research has led to the development of two new synthetic strategies for the construction of two novel amphibian alkaloids. In addition, the efforts have led to the large-scale process for the preparation of a novel analgesic compound. The regioselective ring opening of lactones (δ-valerolactone and γ-butyrolactone) with aryllithium reagents is reported for the construction of a series of δ-hydroxyarylketones and γ-hydroxyarylketones. Both the R and S enantiomers of the amphibian alkaloid noranabasamine were prepared in >30% overall yield with 80% ee and 86% ee, respectively. An enantioselective iridium-catalyzed N-heterocyclization reaction with either (R)- or (S)-1-phenylethylamine and 1-(5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1, 5-pentanediol was employed to generate the 2-(pyridin-3-yl)-piperidine ring system in 69-72% yield. A cis-2, 5-disubstitued pyrrolidine building block derived from (-)-Cocaine•HCl was prepared. We utilized this compound as a chiral building block for the formal synthesis of (+)-gephyrotoxin. Using this pyrrolidine building block, Kishi's intermediate was obtained enantiospecifically in 15 steps and 9.4% overall yield. A large-scale process for the preparation of the analgesic compounds SCP-123 and its sodium salt, SCP-123ss•monohydrate has been developed. The process for the preparation of SCP-123 required three synthetic steps with no chromatography, while the process for the preparation of SCP-123ss required four synthetic steps and no chromatography. The overall yields for both SCP-123 and SCP-123ss were 47% and 46%, respectively, and both compounds were obtained in exceptionally high purity (>99%).

Neste trabalho foram estudadas reações de substituição nucleofílica alifática de seis substratos halogenados, na presença de sais quaternários de amônio quirais (catalisadores por transferência de fase), derivados de alcalóides naturais. O sistema usado durante os trabalhos foi o sólido-líquido, sendo utilizado o tolueno como solvente do substrato halogenado. Os eletrófilos escolhidos para este trabalho foram, em sua grande maioria, compostos halogenados na posição alfa à carbonila e o nucleófilo foi o fenilmercapteto de sódio. A estrutura do substratos, as condições de reação e o tipo de catalisador foram variados visando-se avaliar qual a melhor condição de interação entre o catalisador e o substrato, usando-se como parâmetro comparativo o excesso enantiomérico obtido em cada caso. Os substratos foram também colocados para reagir na ausência de catalisador (\"branco de reação\") para avaliar a possibilidade de haver reações não catalisadas competindo com a reação enantiosseletiva. Tais reações diminuiriam a enantiosseletividade do processo, o que tomou imprescindível determinar sua extensão. Métodos de análise do excesso enantiomérico dos produtos de reação obtidos, por CLAE utilizando fase estacionária quiral e/ou RMN de 1H na presença de reagentes de deslocamento quirais, foram desenvolvidos para cada caso. Os resultados experimentais permitiram propor e discutir um modelo de associação catalisador/tiolato/eletrófilo, baseado em interações do tipo π-π e ligação de hidrogênio. / The main focus of the present work was the investigation of some aliphatic nucleofilic substitution reactions of halogenated compounds in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalyst, in a solid-liquid two phase system, using toluene as solvent. Most electrophiles were carbonylic or carboxylic derivatives bearing a halogen atom in the a-position to the carbonyl group. As for the nucleophile, sodium thiophenolate was employed in all reactions. Factors such as molecular structure of the electrophile, reaction conditions and catalyst were varied in order to optimize product enantiomeric excesses, and to gain an insight into the mode of action of the chiral catalyst in the kinetic resolution. In all cases blank experiments in the absence of the catalyst were performed, considering the possibility of a competitive uncatalyzed reaction as being responsible for lower enantiomeric excesses. Methods for determining the enantiomeric excess, based on HPLC and/or 1H-NMR, were developed for each specific product. The mechanistic and geometrical factors responsible for the kinetic resolution are analyzed in each case. The structure of the catalyst/thiolate/electrofile is discussed in terms of hydrogen bonding and π-π interactions.

Ce mémoire est consacré à la réactivité rédox de la porphine de magnésium, à l’étude de son électropolymérisation et des matériaux résultants, à sa fonctionnalisation par des nucléophiles ainsi qu’à l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C sur une porphyrine modèle tri-méso-substituée.L’oxydation électrochimique de la porphine de magnésium au stade du radical cation, génère des oligomères en solution et des polymères à la surface de l’électrode dont la structure moléculaire dépend du potentiel imposé. La réactivité du radical cation a également été exploitée en additionnant un nucléophile (pyridine et triphénylphosphine) dans le milieu réactionnel en quantité suffisante, afin d’inhiber le processus d’oligomérisation/polymérisation et conduire exclusivement aux produits de mono-substitution. En dépit des deux types de positions libres sur l’anneau porphyrinique (positions méso et ?-pyrrolique), la réaction est idéalement régio-sélective sur la position méso.L’analyse d’un dérivé modèle, une porphyrine tri-substituée en position méso, ne possédant donc qu’un seul site méso réactif, a permis de simplifier l’étude mécanistique du couplage oxydant C-C puisque celui-ci ne peut conduire qu’à la formation du dimère simplement lié. Par ailleurs, ce dernier a été électrosynthétisé avec des rendements inégalés et compétitifs avec ceux de la voie chimique. Enfin, la substitution nucléophile anodique (phosphination, nitration et pyridination) en position méso a été élargie à des porphyrines tri-substituées de nickel, magnésium et zinc. Le complexe de magnésium nitré a été quantitativement converti en amine par hydrogénation électrocatalytique / This work deals with the redox reactivity of magnesium porphine, the study of its electropolymerization and resulting materials, of its functionalization by nucleophiles as well as the mechanistic investigation of the C-C oxidative coupling on a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin model.The electrochemical oxidation of magnesium porphine to its cation radical leads to oligomers in solution and polymers on the electrode, which molecular structure depends on the imposed potential. The reactivity of the cation radical has also been exploited by adding sufficient amount of nucleophiles (pyridine and triphenylphosphine) in the reactional in order to inhibit the oligomerization/polymerization process and to lead exclusively to the mono-substitution product. In spite of the two types of free positions on the porphyrin ring (meso and ? positions), the reaction is ideally regio-selective on the meso position. The analysis of a model derivative, a tris-meso-substituted porphyrin, thus having only one reactive site méso, rendered the mechanistic study of the C-C oxidative coupling easier since this one can only lead to the formation of the meso-meso dimer. In addition, the latter was electrosynthesized with high and competitive yields compared with those reported for the chemical way. Lastly, the anodic nucleophilic substitution (phosphination, nitration and pyridination) in meso position was extended to tris-meso-substituted porphyrins of nickel, magnesium and zinc. The nitro-porphyrin magnesium complex was converted quantitatively into amine by electrocatalytic hydrogenation