New Zealand forests have been reduced and degraded by gross removal, logging, and the effects of mammals introduced by Polynesian and European settlers. These changes increase the value of the remaining forests, so information on the effects of these disturbances will be useful to inform the management of forest protection. Integrated measurements of C and N cycling within forests can be obtained using foliar stable isotope ratios, which may detect differences between forests resulting from natural or anthropogenic disturbances. This thesis characterises the stable isotopic composition distribution and likely drivers of isotopic variation of vegetation in several central South Island forests, and provides a baseline for future ecological New Zealand studies of present and pre-human vegetation. The largest detected stable isotope variation in modern leaf material was that of δ15N values between the eastern and western podocarp-broadleaf forests. This variation was probably controlled by the lower soil N availability associated with the high rainfall of western forests causing low δ15N values (-8.5 ± 3.5 ‰) relative to an eastern forest (+1.6 ± 1.3 ‰) and global temperate forests (average -2.8 ± 2.0 ‰ (Martinelli et al. 1999)). The significant but slightly higher mean δ15N (0.6 ‰) of a historically selectively logged forest (Saltwater Forest) in comparison to the mean in an unlogged forest (Okarito Forest), on the West Coast, could be attributed to either alteration to N cycling from logging, site differences in topography, or local soil N differences between the forests. Although δ13C showed no significant geographical variation, the well-described ‘canopy effect’ was observed in all modern forests, manifested as a positive covariation between δ13C and vegetation height. Similarly, large taxon-specific differences were observed between δ15N and δ13C values in both modern and fossil leaves. Well-preserved fossil leaves, from sediments c. 4500 years B.P in Pyramid Valley, North Canterbury, had higher δ13C (4.2 ‰) and δ15N (2.5 ‰) values than modern vegetation from Riccarton Bush, Christchurch. The difference between ecosystems spanning several millennia probably reflects ecosystem-scale changes in C and N cycling within New Zealand forests following human arrival, particularly from the degradation caused by invasive animals.

[Truncated abstract] Weeds which invade native communities can have major impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem processes. However, these impacts are rarely quantified, and the mechanisms behind these impacts are rarely investigated. Asparagus asparagoides (L.) Druce (Asparagaceae; common name: bridal creeper), a plant native to southern Africa, is a significant environmental weed in southern Australia. Bridal creeper can invade both disturbed and undisturbed native ecosystems and then dominate native communities. As is the case for many environmental weeds, there has been little work conducted on the impacts of this plant. This lack of knowledge has hampered restoration efforts of invaded areas because very little is known about the potential for invaded communities to recover prior to undertaking weed management. There is a need to improve our understanding of how to manage ecosystem recovery during and after weed control. This can be achieved by (i) determining the impacts caused by the weed; (ii) assessing the condition of invaded communities; and (iii) predicting the impacts that weed management itself will have on the native communities. These three prerequisites to environmental weed control have been determined across sites invaded by bridal creeper in southern Australia. The impacts of this invasive geophyte have been determined through multi-site comparisons, weed removal experiments and controlled glasshouse and laboratory experiments. ... Without additional restoration, we will see those species that readily germinate and those that respond positively to increased soil fertility, replacing bridal creeper after control. This will be dominated by other weeds as the invaded sites have large exotic seed banks that will readily germinate. The tuberous mats of older bridal creeper plants will also leave a legacy as they will remain many years after control and still impact on vegetation, even if control has killed the plant. These impacts will be highest at sites where bridal creeper has dominated over the longer term. Environmental weeds, such as bridal creeper, that are capable of altering ecosystem functions can lead to substantial declines in biodiversity. Therefore, it was fortunate that bridal creeper became a target for biocontrol in Australia even though the impacts of the weed were not quantified when this decision was made. There are areas in southern Australia that are still free of bridal creeper or have sparse populations, and it is highly likely that this biological control programme has lead to the protection of these areas. This protection would not have been possible if other control measures were chosen over biological control, given that biocontrol agents can self-disperse and are able to give continuous control. This means that biological control of weeds in conservation areas can be very effective and is the only economically viable option for the control of widespread environmental weeds such as bridal creeper.

The survey of the diversity of coprophagous beetles (Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, and Hydrophilidae families) and their soil activity took place at two sites in a cattle pasture in southern Bohemia (site A: 49°29'31.720"N, 14°23'44.310"E; site B: 49°29'23.257"N, 14°23'35.964"E; 575 m a. s. l.). Baited pitfall traps with fresh cow dung (1.5 l per trap) were used to capture the beetles. During the survey of the diversity of coprophagous beetle community, a total of 29 species of beetles numbering 1,189 specimens were captured from May to September 2013. Of these, the most numerous were the beetles of the genus Aphodius, who made up 79 % of the total number of captured specimens. In terms of biomass, Geotrupes spiniger (Marsham, 1802) was significant, in that it made up 24 % of the total biomass of all of the captured beetles. This species contributes most to the decomposition of dung in the pasture. The family with the least number of specimens was Hydrophilidae. Beetles from this family made up 19 % of total number. Measurement of soil activity took place repeatedly over the course of 3 weeks, always after one-week measurement of diversity. The most numerous species (A. fimetarius, A. rufus and A. fossor) showed a linear dependence of the abundances in soil-activity traps on the abundances in diversity traps from the precedent capture period. A. sticticus was one of the most numerous species during surveys of diversity (10 %). This species, belonging to the dwellers group, was not recorded in soil-activity traps, however. Large tunnellers were represented mainly by G. spiniger in traps, for which the linear dependence was not possible to confirm.

Les systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux (SASP) d’Afrique de l’Ouest sont des agro-écosystèmes limités en biomasses et en nutriments. Le recyclage des nutriments et les transferts de fertilité sont traditionnellement rythmés par la mobilité des troupeaux de ruminants conduits en extensif. Les agro-éleveurs pratiquent le parcage nocturne de leurs troupeaux pour concentrer la matière organique, dans les champs à proximité des habitations afin de sécuriser une production vivrière suffisante à leurs besoins. Dans un contexte de croissance démographique et de réduction des parcours naturels au profit des zones cultivées, le système d’élevage « traditionnel », basé sur une forte mobilité intra-terroir villageois, est remis en cause. Les stratégies adoptées par les agro-éleveurs sont, soit (i) l’éloignement des troupeaux du terroir villageois pendant des périodes plus ou moins longues par des pratiques de transhumance saisonnière vers des régions moins peuplées et disposant de davantage de ressources fourragères ; soit (ii) plus récemment, des pratiques d’intensification avec des animaux gardés à l’étable au sein du terroir villageois et nourris avec des aliments concentrés, achetés sur le marché local. Ces changements de systèmes d’élevage ont possiblement des conséquences importantes sur les flux de biomasses et les cycles des nutriments au niveau du ménage et du territoire. Il convenait de les évaluer en termes d’impacts sur le fonctionnement et la durabilité des SASP. A cet effet, le modèle multi-agents TERROIR a été développé et implémenté sur la plateforme de modélisation GAMA. Il simule l’effet de changements dans l’organisation du paysage et des systèmes d’élevage sur les flux de biomasse et d’azote aux différents niveaux d’organisation du territoire : la parcelle, le troupeau, le ménage et le terroir villageois. Le modèle simule les échanges de biomasses entre une centaine de ménages comportant des stratégies et des pratiques différentes. Cela inclut les transferts spatiaux de biomasses orchestrés par plusieurs centaines de troupeaux se déplaçant de façon indépendante sur un millier de parcelles. Le modèle synthétise ces flux par un ensemble d’indicateurs issus de deux méthodes d’analyse (« Ecological Network Analysis » et « System Gate Balance ») pour décrire la structure, le fonctionnement et la durabilité de l’agroécosystème, en termes de productivité, d’efficience, d’autonomie, de recyclage, de transferts spatiaux et de bilan de nutriments. Le modèle a été conçu et paramétré à partir des données disponibles sur les agroécosystèmes de savane en Afrique de l’Ouest et il a été évalué à partir des données observées dans deux terroirs villageois du bassin Arachidier au Sénégal où les pratiques des agro-éleveurs sont particulièrement contrastées.Le modèle TERROIR a été utilisé pour explorer les impacts des dynamiques territoriales observées sur la période 1920-2015 dans le bassin Arachidier au Sénégal, une zone agricole à transition agraire rapide et avancée. Les résultats soulignent une réorganisation du cycle de l’azote et une tendance générale à l’intensification des flux et à l’augmentation de la dépendance des agroécosystèmes vis-à-vis de sources extérieures de nutriments. Cependant, le recyclage et les transferts spatiaux de nutriments internes aux agrosystèmes restent à des niveaux élevés. L’intégration sol-plantes-animaux-hommes et l’hétérogénéité spatiale de la répartition des ressources fertilisantes apparaissent comme deux propriétés persistantes des agro-écosystèmes étudiés. Consolider cette intégration et cette organisation spatiale seraient ainsi un gage pour la durabilité des futurs systèmes agricoles qui émergeront dans un contexte de poursuite de la forte croissance démographique et de changement climatique. / Agro-sylvo-pastoral systems (systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux - SASP) of West Africa are agroecosystems limited in biomass and nutrients. Nutrient recycling and fertility transfer are traditionally driven by the mobility of ruminant herds led in extensive practices. Agro-pastoralists practice night corralling of their herds to concentrate the organic matter in the fields near the houses, in order to secure a sufficient food production for their needs. In a context of demographic growth and the reduction of natural rangelands in favor of cultivated areas, the "traditional" mobile livestock system, based on high mobility within the village is being called into question. The strategies adopted by the agro-pastoralists are: (i) keeping the herds away from the village for periods of varying lengths, by seasonal transhumance in less populated regions where forage resources are more important, or (ii) more recently, intensified practices with animals kept in the barn within the village and fed with concentrate feeds, bought on the local markets. These changes in livestock systems may have important consequences for biomass flows and nutrient cycling at the household and village landscape level. There was a need to assess their impact on the functioning and sustainability of SASP.To this end, the TERROIR multi-agent model has been developed and implemented on the GAMA modeling platform. It simulates the effect of changes in the organization of the landscape and livestock systems on biomass and nitrogen flows at different levels of organization in the village: plot, herd, household, village landscape. The model simulates the exchanges of biomasses between dozens of households with different strategies and practices. It includes the spatial transfers of biomasses between several hundred plots orchestrated by dozens of herds moving independently. The model synthesizes these flows with a set of indicators from two methods of analysis (Ecological Network Analysis and System Gate Balance) to describe the structure, functioning and sustainability of the agroecosystem, in terms of productivity, efficiency, autonomy, recycling, spatial transfers and nutrient balance. The model was designed and configured with available data on savannah agroecosystems in West Africa. It was evaluated from data observed in two villages of the Groundnut Basin in Senegal where the practices of agro-pastoralists are particularly contrasted. The TERROIR model was developed and implemented to explore the impacts of the village dynamics observed over the period 1920-2015 in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal, an agricultural zone in fast and advanced agrarian transition. The results highlight a reorganization of the nitrogen cycle and a general trend towards increased flows and increased dependence of agroecosystems on external sources of nutrients. However, the recycling and spatial transfers of nutrients internal to agroecosystems remain at high levels. The soil-plant-animal-human integration and the spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of fertilizing resources appear as two persistent properties of the studied agro-ecosystems. Consolidating this integration and spatial organization could guarantee for the sustainability of future farming systems that will emerge in a context of continued high-population growth and climate change.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:31:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3557.pdf: 232933 bytes, checksum: a68d0a3f658b893e298128c6729a9da2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-03 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Community functioning may be affected by functional diversity, since it measures the extent of complementarity in resource use. We tested whether there was a relationship between functional diversity of woody species and community functioning at fine-scale, using FD as a measure of functional diversity and litter decomposition rate as a surrogate for community functioning. We measured eight functional traits from a woodland cerrado community in southeastern Brazil. We tested the correlation between FD and decomposition rate, between decomposition rate and each trait separately, and between FD and decomposition rate taking into account differences in soil features. There was a non-significant relationship between FD and decomposition rate, even when we considered each trait separately. Decomposition rate was related to aluminium and phosphorus concentration in soil, but not to FD, pointing out that functional diversity was not a good predictor of community functioning. Most studies on the relationships between biodiversity and community functioning at fine scales were carried out by experimental manipulation of diversity and in temperate regions. We carried out this fine scale study as a mensurative experiment and in a tropical savanna. Our findings indicated that the relationship between biodiversity and community functioning is not so straightforward as usually assumed. / O funcionamento das comunidades deve ser afetado pela diversidade funcional, uma vez que mede a extensão da complementaridade no uso de recursos. Testamos se havia relação entre diversidade funcional das espécies arbóreas e o funcionamento da comunidade em escala fina, usando a FD como medida de diversidade funcional e a taxa de decomposição da serapilheira como indicadora do funcionamento. Medimos oito traços funcionais de plantas arbóreas em uma comunidade de cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Testamos a correlação entre a FD e as taxas de decomposição, entre as taxas de decomposição e cada traço separadamente e entre FD e as taxas de decomposição considerando diferenças nas variáveis edáficas. Não houve relação significativa entre FD e decomposição, mesmo quando consideramos cada traço separadamente. As taxas de decomposição se mostraram relacionadas com as concentrações de alumínio e fósforo e não com a FD. A diversidade funcional não foi uma boa previsora do funcionamento da comunidade. A maioria dos estudos sobre a relação entre diversidade e funcionamento em escalas finas foi desenvolvida por meio da manipulação experimental da diversidade e em regiões temperadas. Nossas descobertas indicaram que a relação entre biodiversidade e funcionamento das comunidades não é tão simples como se assume e contribuem para aprimorar a abordagem atual.

Atualmente observa-se a necessidade de projetos direcionados à interação solo-planta em ecossistemas naturais, envolvendo a recuperação de áreas degradadas. Vários estudos têm demonstrado que a ciclagem de nutrientes, principalmente em solos de baixa fertilidade, é a responsável pela manutenção das florestas. Em especial, a ciclagem do fósforo requer maiores atenções pelo fato da baixa disponibilidade e da elevada capacidade de adsorção desse elemento em solos tropicais. Dessa forma, o fósforo orgânico assume considerável importância por reduzir os efeitos de adsorção, permanecendo na forma de compostos orgânicos no solo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ciclagem do fósforo ao longo da topossequência na Floresta Ombrófila Densa, na Restinga e na pastagem dos Núcleos de Picinguaba (Ubatuba-SP) e Santa Virgínia (São Luis do Paraitinga-SP), determinando quantitativamente os compartimentos inorgânicos e orgânicos nos quais o fósforo está retido. Na Floresta Ombrófila Densa foram avaliadas as áreas de Mata de Restinga (5 a 20m de altitude), de Floresta Ombrófila Densa de Terras Baixas (50 a 100m), de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana (300 a 600m de altitude), de Floresta Ombrófila Densa Montana (ao redor de 1000m de altitude) e também uma área de pastagem (810m). Foram coletadas amostras de serapilheira de acordo com a variação sazonal (estações seca e úmida). Os estudos da fertilidade do solo foram realizados até 0,4m de profundidade (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm no perfil do solo), para cada um das áreas estudadas. O fracionamento sequencial e estoques de fósforo foram realizados para cada camada. No solo e na serapilheira foram quantificados os teores e estoques de N e C para correlacioná-los com o P. As maiores produções de serapilheira foram verificadas nas fitofisionomias de menores altitudes. Quanto aos teores e estoques de C, N e P na serapilheira apenas os teores de N diferiram entre as áreas. Com relação às áreas estudadas, a Restinga apresentou maior eficiência na ciclagem de P, como também tendência a uma menor resiliência em relação às demais fitofisionomias. As áreas avaliadas apresentaram a mesma capacidade de fornecimento do compartimento de Po moderadamente lábil (Po NaOH), independente da altitude, da presença dos agentes fixadores e da idade geológica do solo. Através do fracionamento sequencial do P, verificou-se que a contribuição dos fósforos orgânicos (Po NaHCO3 e Po NaOH) presentes no solo, em função dos compartimentos lábeis e moderadamente lábeis disponíveis à planta a curto e médio prazo, em geral, atingiu 50% para as camadas superficiais do solo. / Currently projects regarding soil-plant interaction in natural ecosystems that involve recovery of degraded areas are in high demand. Studies have shown that nutrient cycling, especially in low fertility soil, is responsible for forest maintenance. Phosphorus cycling demands higher attention because of its low availability and high adsorption capacity in tropical soil. Therefore, organic phosphorus is important for reducing the effect of such processes, maintaining itself in the form of organic compounds in soil. The aim of this study was to evaluate phosphorus cycling throughout altitudinal gradient of Rain Forest in the Picinguaba (Ubatuba-SP) and Santa Virginia (São Luis do Paraitinga) Study Centers, quantitatively determining organic and inorganic compartments in which phosphorus is retained. In the Rain Forest, areas of Restinga Forest (altitude of 5 to 20m), Lowland Forest (50 to 100m), Submontane Forest (300 to 600m), Montane Forest (aroud 1000m altitude) and also pasture areas (810m) were evaluated. Litterfall samples were collected according to seasonal variation (dry and wet seasons). Soil fertility studies were carried out up to 0.4m of depth, in layers of 0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, a total of five layers of soil for each ecosystem studied. For each layer, sequential fractionation of phosphorus was carried out. In soil and litterfall, chemical analysis of N and C contents to evaluate the relation of such compounds with P were also carried out. The highest productions of litterfall were found in lower altitude phytophisionomies. As for levels and storage of C, N and P of litterfall, only the levels of N differed among the areas. Related with the studied areas, Restinga presented higher efficiency in P cycling, as well as lower resilience regarding other phytophisionomies. The evaluated areas presented the same supplying capacity as the moderate labile Po compartment (Po NaOH), independent of altitude, fixating agents and of geological age of soil. Because of sequential fractionation of phosphorus, the contribution of organic phosphorous (Po NaHCO3 and Po NaOH), present in the soil, achieved in general 50% of topsoil layers, because of labile and moderate labile compartments available to plants in a short and medium term.

nÃo hà / The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects in the Caatinga biome of the technique of thinning on the dynamics of herbaceous phytomass productivity; fine roots; the deposition, accumulation and rates of decomposition of litter; aggregate stability; respirometry of the soil; stocks of carbon and nitrogen; and characterisation of changes in the spectral behaviour of the canopy. The study was carried out in two stages: the first in watersheds in the town of Iguatu, in the south central region of the State of CearÃ, Brazil, and the second in the watershed of the Caxitorà River, in the northern region of the state. The Iguatu experimental area comprised two watersheds, one under thinning for 5 years (CR5) and the other preserved with natural vegetation for 35 years (CS35). The variables to be sampled were: productivity of herbaceous biomass; fine roots; gravimetric moisture; isotope δ13C (â); aggregate stability; deposition, accumulation and rates of decomposition of litter; and stocks of total organic carbon and total nitrogen in the 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers, from April 2013 to March 2014. The data were submitted to the analysis of means test and compared by t-test (p≤ 0.05). The increase in the intensity of herbaceous plants resulting from thinning contributed to an increase in stocks of total organic carbon (249% and 139% in the 20-40 cm and 40-60 cm layers respectively) and of total nitrogen (142% and 137% respectively), in relation to the area under preservation. The 0-10 cm layer of CR5 stored double the amount of fine roots found in CS35. In the topsoil (0-20 cm) of CR5, aggregates with a size 2.15 times greater than those found in CS35 were obtained. The greater conservation of litter on the soil of CR5 is associated with the greater input of lignified woody biomass from thinning, and consequently with the lower rates of decomposition and respirometry, which are evidenced by the low CO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Thinning in a Vertisol of the Caatinga biome has an influence on soil structure and on the stocks of carbon and nitrogen, making possible lower rates of CO2 emission and improving conditions for the infiltration of water. In the second phase of the experiment, SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data were used to evaluate the effect of the illumination geometry on the spectral characterisation of the canopy, as well as images from the OLI/Landsat 8 sensor, representative of the rainy and dry seasons of 2013. The images were converted into physical values (surface reflectance factors), the NDVI was calculated, and with the technique of principal component analysis images PC1 and PC2 were generated. Dispersion for the values of PC1 and PC2 from the different canopies was evaluated in a two-dimensional space. It was found that the reflectance intensity of the incident electromagnetic radiation in canopies of the caatinga biome is not only influenced by seasonality, but also by the illumination geometry arising from the topographical characteristics of the terrain. The effect of shading was predominant during the dry season, especially under low lighting conditions, irrespective of the structure of the plant cover. The NDVI proved to be unsuitable for detecting changes in the spectral behaviour of the Caatinga biome during the rainy season. / Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os efeitos da tÃcnica de raleamento do bioma caatinga sobre a dinÃmica da produtividade de fitomassa herbÃcea; raÃzes finas; deposiÃÃo, acumulaÃÃo e taxas de decomposiÃÃo da serapilheira; estabilidade de agregados; respirometria do solo; estoque de carbono, nitrogÃnio e caracterizaÃÃo das alteraÃÃes no comportamento espectral do dossel. O estudo foi conduzido em duas etapas: a primeira em microbacias hidrogrÃficas no municÃpio de Iguatu, regiÃo centro sul e a segunda na bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio CaxitorÃ, regiÃo norte, ambas no estado do CearÃ. A Ãrea experimental de Iguatu consistiu de duas microbacias adjacentes, sendo uma raleada por 5 anos (CR5) e a outra conservada com vegetaÃÃo natural hà 35 anos (CS35). As variÃveis amostradas foram: produtividade de fitomassa herbÃcea, raÃzes finas, umidade gravimÃtrica, isÃtopo δ13C (â), estabilidade de agregados, deposiÃÃo, acumulaÃÃo e taxas de decomposiÃÃo da serapilheira, estoque de carbono orgÃnico total e nitrogÃnio total nas camadas de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm entre abril/2013 e marÃo/2014. Os dados foram submetidos à anÃlise de teste de mÃdia e confrontados pelo Teste T (p≤0,05). O aumento da intensidade de plantas herbÃceas decorrente da tÃcnica de raleamento contribuiu para o acrÃscimo nos estoques de carbono orgÃnico total (249% e 139% nas camadas 20-40 cm e 40-60 cm, respectivamente) e do nitrogÃnio total (142% e 137%, respectivamente) em relaÃÃo à Ãrea conservada. A camada de 0-10 cm da parcela CR5 armazenou o dobro do quantitativo de raÃzes finas encontradas em relaÃÃo a CS35. Na camada superficial do solo (0-20 cm) da CR5 foram obtidos agregados com tamanho de 2,15 vezes acima dos obtidos na CS35. A maior conservaÃÃo de serapilheira no solo da CR5 està associada aos maiores aportes de fitomassa lenhosa lignificada proveniente do raleamento, e consequentemente das menores taxas de decomposiÃÃo e respirometria, constatada pelas baixas emissÃes de CO2 à atmosfera. O raleamento em Vertissolo do bioma Caatinga exerce influÃncia na estruturaÃÃo do solo, no estoque de Carbono e NitrogÃnio, possibilitando as menores taxas de emissÃo de CO2 e melhorando as condiÃÃes para a infiltraÃÃo de Ãgua. Jà na segunda etapa do experimento, foram utilizados dados do SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) para avaliaÃÃo do efeito da geometria de iluminaÃÃo na caracterizaÃÃo espectral do dossel, alÃm de imagens do sensor OLI/LANDSAT 8 representativas da estaÃÃo chuvosa e seca de 2013. As imagens foram convertidas em valores fÃsicos (fatores de reflectÃncia de superfÃcie), calculado o Ãndice NDVI e, a partir da tÃcnica de componentes principais, geradas imagens PC1 e PC2. Foram avaliadas as dispersÃes dos valores de PC1 e PC2, em um espaÃo bidimensional, provenientes dos diferentes dossÃis. Os resultados indicaram que a intensidade de reflectÃncia da radiaÃÃo eletromagnÃtica incidente em dossÃis do bioma caatinga à influenciada tanto pela sazonalidade climÃtica quanto pela geometria de iluminaÃÃo decorrentes das caracterÃsticas topogrÃficas do relevo. O efeito sombreamento foi predominante durante o perÃodo seco, principalmente para condiÃÃo de pouca iluminaÃÃo independentemente da estrutura de cobertura vegetal. O NDVI nÃo se mostrou adequado para detectar alteraÃÃes no comportamento espectral do bioma caatinga durante a estaÃÃo chuvosa.

Submitted by Mario BC (mario@bc.ufrpe.br) on 2016-07-28T16:39:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Maria do Nascimento.pdf: 553060 bytes, checksum: af162526240a5bf78aa1ac5c4f3cbba7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-28T16:39:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandra Maria do Nascimento.pdf: 553060 bytes, checksum: af162526240a5bf78aa1ac5c4f3cbba7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-31 / The Atlantic rainforest is one of the richest biomasses of the planet in terms of biodiversity, but has been compromised by considerable anthropogenic action. The present study investigated a managed fragment of the Atlantic rainforest in the city of Goiana, PE, Brazil, on the Megaó farmland, with the aim of evaluating the distribution and exportation of mineral nutrients in Tapirira guianensis Aulb. (cupiúva), a perennial, pioneering halophyte species belonging to the family Anacardiaceae. Analysis of the mineral nutrients in the vegetal biomass and litter was carried out at the Mineral Nutrition of Plant Laboratory (Chemistry Department) and the Soil Chemistry Laboratory (Agronomy Department); soil analysis was carried out at the Soil Physics and Soil Fertility Laboratories (Agronomy Department) of the Rural Federal University of Pernambuco. Macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrient (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) determinations were performed on the leaves, branches, bark and trunk. Pre-dried samples were submitted to nitro-perchloric digestion, with the exception of N, for which sulfuric digestion was performed. Colorimetry was used for the analytic determination of P, whereas turbidimetry was used for S; K was assessed using the flame photometric technique, and the Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn contents were determined by the atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. N concentration was determined by the Kjeldahl method. Results were submitted to variance analysis and the averages were compared through the Tukey test at 5 % probability. The concentration of nutrients in the Tapirira guianensis Aulb. biomass obeyed the following order: leaves>bark>branches>trunk. The distribution of macronutrients in the leaves, bark and branch were distributed in N>Ca>Mg>K>S>P, and in the trunk in N>Ca>S>P>Mg>K. Micronutrients followed the distribution sequence for all arboreal components: Fe>Zn>Mn. The leaves presented a greater accumulation of nutrients, despite their biomass being smaller than the remaining components. Leaf maintenance is therefore important in the management area, thereby ensuring the cycling of nutrients through litter and the adequate maintenance of the management area. The total of exported nutrients was 71 % at the time of the cutting of the tree when the trunk, bark and branches are removed from the site, which could compromise the sustainability of the site. / A mata Atlântica é um dos biomas mais ricos em biodiversidade do planeta, diversidade esta que se encontra comprometida por causa da forte ação antrópica, que entre outros problemas, produz a degradação do solo. O presente trabalho teve como área de estudo um fragmento manejado de mata Atlântica no município de Goiana – PE, na fazenda Megaó. O objetivo foi avaliar a distribuição e exportação de nutrientes minerais em Tapirira guianensis Aulb. (cupiúva), espécie perenifólia, pioneira, e heliófita, pertencente à família Anacardiaceae. As análises dos nutrientes minerais na biomassa vegetal e na serrapilheira foram realizadas no Laboratório de Nutrição Mineral de Plantas (Departamento de Química) e no Laboratório de Química do Solo (Departamento de Agronomia), e as análises do solo foram realizadas nos Laboratórios de Física do solo e Fertilidade do Solo (Departamento de Agronomia), da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. As determinações dos macronutrientes (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S) e micronutrientes (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn), foram realizadas nas folhas, galhos, casca e fuste. As amostras pré-secas foram submetidas à digestão nitroperclórica, com exceção do N, onde foi feita a digestão sulfúrica. A determinação analítica de P se deu por colorimetria e S por turbidimetria; K, foi avaliado através da técnica de fotometria de chama e os teores de Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn foram determinados pelo método de espectrofotometria de absorção atômica. Os teores de N foram determinados pelo método de Kjeldahl. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5 % de probabilidade. A concentração de nutrientes na biomassa da cupiúva obedeceu a seguinte ordem folhas>casca>galhos>fuste. A distribuição de macronutrientes nas folhas, casca e galho foi distribuídos em N>Ca>Mg>K>S>P e no fuste foi N>Ca>S>P>Mg>K. Os micronutrientes seguiram a seqüência de distribuição para todos os componentes arbóreos Fe>Zn>Mn. As folhas apresentaram maior concentração de nutrientes, apesar de sua biomassa ser menor que os outros componentes, sendo assim importante sua manutenção na área de manejo, garantindo a ciclagem de nutrientes via serrapilheira e a boa manutenção da área de manejo. O total de nutrientes exportados no momento do corte da árvore, em que são retirados o fuste, a casca e os galhos do sítio, é de 71 %, o que representa uma grande perda no total de nutrientes da área de manejo, e pode comprometer a sustentabilidade do sítio.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T13:37:13Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Warlles Domingos Xavier - 2015.pdf: 870670 bytes, checksum: 1c9b7966a4f558f2897dc031e039a979 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jaqueline Silva (jtas29@gmail.com) on 2016-12-16T16:58:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Warlles Domingos Xavier - 2015.pdf: 870670 bytes, checksum: 1c9b7966a4f558f2897dc031e039a979 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-16T16:58:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Warlles Domingos Xavier - 2015.pdf: 870670 bytes, checksum: 1c9b7966a4f558f2897dc031e039a979 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Soils with built-up fertility denote opportunities for a more rational use of fertilizers. The objective of this study is to evaluate the potassium fertilization management for soybean-maize rotation on soils with built-up fertility, under different doses and application times. The experiment was conducted in a 5x3 factorial scheme, arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted in the combination of K2O doses (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 kg ha-1) and application times, with 100% of the dose at pre-planting, 100% of the dose at top-dressing, and with 50% of the dose at pre-planting and 50% at top-dressing. The soybean is little response to potassium fertilization on soils with built-up fertility in the Cerrado biome. The parceled application of potassium promotes lower K2O accumulation rates in soybean grain. The maize at second crop responded positively to the potassium fertilization applied on the soybean, regardless of the application time. The absence of potassium fertilization for soybean-maize rotation on areas with built-up fertility contributes to reducing the potassium content in the soil, which remains below the critical level for both crops. / Solos de fertilidade construída indicam oportunidades para uso mais racional de fertilizantes. O objetivo desse estudo é avaliar o manejo da adubação potássica em solos de fertilidade construída, na sucessão soja-milho, sob doses e épocas de aplicação. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial 5x3, disposto em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram na combinação de doses (0; 40; 80; 120; 160 kg ha-1 de K2O) e épocas de aplicação com 100% da dose em pré-plantio, 100% da dose em cobertura e parcelada com 50% da dose em pré-plantio + 50% em cobertura. A soja é pouco responsiva a adubação potássica em solos de fertilidade construída no Cerrado. A aplicação parcelada de potássio promove menores taxas de acúmulo de K2O nos grãos da soja. O milho segunda safra respondeu positivamente a adubação potássica aplicada na soja, independentemente da época de aplicação. A ausência da adubação potássica em áreas de fertilidade construída na sucessão soja-milho contribui para redução dos teores de potássio no solo, ficando abaixo do nível crítico para ambas às culturas.

O manejo dos resíduos florestais (serapilheira e sobras da colheita) já foi amplamente discutido na década de 90, época em que técnicas de preparo de solo baseadas no cultivo mínimo foram adotadas na formação de povoamentos florestais no Brasil. Atualmente esse tema volta a ser discutido, isso porque pressões quanto à utilização dos resíduos florestais como fonte de energia tem surgido. Devido a esse fato, compreender os efeitos da remoção dos resíduos florestais e da fertilização em sucessivas rotações se torna necessário, isso para que manejos inadequados não comprometam a sustentabilidade da produção florestal. O objetivo geral com essa tese foi compreender os impactos da remoção dos resíduos florestais e da não fertilização, por sucessivas rotações, na qualidade do solo, crescimento, ciclagem de nutrientes e consequentemente na sustentabilidade da produção de florestas de eucalipto. Este estudo foi conduzido na Estação Experimental de Ciências Florestais de Itatinga - SP, ESALQ - USP. O experimento foi instalado em 2004, com diferentes intensidades de remoção dos resíduos florestais e omissão de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Na primeira rotação de cultivo, o experimento foi conduzido por oito anos. Em 2012, o experimento foi reinstalado, reaplicando todos os tratamentos. Os resultados foram divididos em cinco capítulos. Com o primeiro objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos tratamentos no crescimento e na relação entre resposta à fertilização e variáveis climáticas. Observou-se que a remoção dos resíduos florestais reduziu em 5% o volume final de madeira (8 anos de idade) da primeira rotação, entretanto essa diferença não foi significativa. Aos 4 anos da segunda rotação, a remoção dos resíduos florestais resultou em redução de 14 % no volume de madeira com casca (p=0,001). Esta redução no volume de madeira com a remoção dos resíduos por duas rotações consecutivas, mesmo com alto invertimento em fertilização, mostra que outros efeitos além da disponibilidade de nutrientes estão impactando a produtividade. Desta forma, procurou-se entender quais seriam esses efeitos. Observou-se (segundo capítulo) que a remoção dos resíduos florestais reduziu em 25 % o teor de C da camada superficial do solo, com isso, reduziu a atividade microbiológica e aumentou a disponibilidade de Al. Além disso, com a remoção dos resíduos florestais observou-se redução nos estoques de C, N, P e S do solo (terceiro capítulo). Com o fracionamento do P do solo (quarto capítulo), observou-se que a remoção dos resíduos florestais resultou na redução de 34 para 30 % a contribuição das frações lábeis e moderadamente lábeis no P total e redução de 40 % (p = 0,014) da fração lábil. No último capítulo avaliou-se o efeito da fertilização na produtividade primária líquida (PPL) e na ciclagem de nutrientes. A não fertilização com P reduziu em 10 % a PPL, entretanto não afetou sua partição. A não fertilização com K reduziu em 63% a PPL e reduziu a partição desta alocada no lenho. A não fertilização com K também aumentou a produção de serapilheira e reduziu a taxa de retranslocação de todos os demais nutrientes. A não fertilização com N e P aumentou a taxa de retranslocação desses nutrientes e reduziu a taxa de decomposição da serapilheira. Estes resultados indicam que a remoção total dos resíduos florestais e/ou a não fertilização comprometem a sustentabilidade da produção florestal, sendo este efeito observado na primeira, ou no máximo na segunda rotação. / The forest residue management was highly studied in 90\'s yeas, when the minimal tillage was consolidated as the main technique to forest plantation in Brazil. Currently this issue has been discussed again. This because pressure to use of these forest residues as energy source has emerged. Due this fact is necessary a better comprehension of the effect of the forest residue removal and fertilizer application on the wood production sustainability. The main goal with this thesis was to understand the impact of the forest residue removal and the absence of fertilizer application, over two crop rotation, on the soil quality, tree growth, nutrient cycling and consequently on the wood production sustainability. The study was carried out at the Itatinga Forest Science Experimental Station of the ESALQ-USP. The experimental site was settled in 2004, with different timber harvest residues intensity and absence of fertilizer application with N, P, K, Ca and Mg. This plantation was conducted over 8 years (R1), and then, in 2012, it was reestablished (R2), reapplying all the treatments on the same plots. The results of this experiment were splitted out in 5 chapters. With the first one, our goal was to assess the effect of the treatments on the tree growth and to understand the effect of weather condition on the treatment\'s response. The forest residual removal reduced in 5 % the wood volume at 8 years of the R1. At 4 years old of the R2, the forest residue removal decreased 14 % the wood volume (p=0,001). This reduction in the wood volume even with fertilizer application indicated that another effect beyond the nutrient availability can impact the wood productivity. This way these effects were studied and had been showed in the follow chapters. In the chapter 2 we found that the forest residue removal reduced 25 % the soil organic carbon (SOC) in the top layer, this way reducing the microbial activity and increasing the Al availability. Beyond that, the forest residue removal reduced the soil C, N, P and S stocks over 1 m deep (Chapter 3). With the P fractionation (Chapter 4) a reduction of 40% in the labile P fraction was discovered. In the last chapter we assessed the effect of the fertilizer application on the net primary production (NPP) and on the nutrient cycling. The absence of P fertilizer reduced in 10 % the NPP, however did not affect in this partition. The absence of K fertilizer reduced in 63 % the NPP and reduced the allocation in the wood. The absence of K fertilizer also improved the litterfall production and reduced the nutrient retranslocation rate. The absence of N and P fertilizer application improved the retranslocation rate of these nutrients and reduced the litter layer decomposition rate.