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In the first experiment, 132 Jersey calves were assigned to one of three diets on three farms. Diet 20/20, 28/25, and 28/20 were milk replacers (MR) consisting of 20%, 28%, and 28% CP, and 20%, 25%, and 20% fat, respectively. Diet 20/20 was reconstituted at 10% DM solids, whereas diets 28/25 and 28/20 were reconstituted at 12.5% DM solids. Body weight, body length, hip height, wither height, heart girth, and hip width were measured weekly. An initial plasma sample was analyzed for IgG concentration to test for passive immunity. Calves remained on study for 8 wk. Body weight gain, ADG, total weight gain, and stature measurements were greatest for calves fed 28/25 and lowest for calves fed diet 20/20, whereas calves fed 28/20 were intermediate. In the second experiment, 70 calves were assigned to one of two treatments. Calves included purebred Holsteins, Jerseys, and crossbred reciprocals. Calves were assigned to diet 20/20, which was reconstituted to 10% DM solids or diet 28/20, which was reconstituted to 13% DM solids. Body weight, body length, hip and wither heights, heart girth, and hip width were measured weekly. Plasma samples were collected weekly for analysis of PUN, glucose, and total proteins. Body weight gain, ADG, and total weight gain were greatest for calves fed 28/20 and least for calves fed diet 20/20. Therefore, feeding calves a 20/20 MR at 10-15% of their BW results in lower BW gain, ADG, total weight gain, and stature measurements. / Master of Science

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The impact of switching from a conventional to a precision feeding system on pig performance, nutrient balance and feed costs in growing-finishing pigs was evaluated over 84 days in two studies. In the first trial, 60 pigs (41.2 ± 3.9 kg) were used to compare a commercial three-phase feeding program; a control three-phase feeding program, in which pigs were fed within each phase with a constant blend of feeds containing high or low nutrient density; and two multi-phases feeding programs, in which the same feeds were blended daily to meet the nutritional requirements either of the group or of each pig individually. In the second trial, 70 pigs (30.4 ± 2.2 kg) were fed according to five feeding programs: a three-phase control program equivalent to the one used in trial 1 and four multi-phase feeding programs, in which pigs were fed daily with a blend meeting 110%, 100%, 90% or 80% of the estimated individual nutritional requirements. Feed intake was recorded automatically in the feeders and pigs were weighted weekly during the trials. Nitrogen and phosphorus excretions were calculated as the ratio between retention (estimated through densitometer scanning each 28 days) and intake. Feeding pigs with diets tailored daily to individual lysine requirements allowed obtaining similar (P > 0.05) feed intake and weight gain results in comparison with the control treatment in both trials. However, precision feeding reduced (P < 0.05) the digestible lysine intake by 27% and 26%, the estimated nitrogen excretion by 22% and 30%, and feeding costs by 8% and 10% in the first and second studies, respectively, in comparison with the control three-phase treatment. Precision feeding is an effective approach to reduce nutrient excretion and feed costs without interfering on pig performance. / O impacto da adoção de um sistema de alimentação de precisão sobre o desempenho, o balanço de nutrientes e os custos de alimentação de suínos em crescimento-terminação foi avaliado em dois estudos com 84 dias cada. No primeiro experimento, 60 suínos (41,2 ± 3,9 kg) foram utilizados para comparar um programa de alimentação comercial com três fases; um programa de alimentação controle também com três fases, no qual os suínos foram alimentados em cada período com combinações constantes de pré-misturas com alta ou baixa densidade de nutrientes; e dois programas de alimentação multi-fase, nos quais as mesmas pré-misturas foram combinadas diariamente para atender às exigências nutricionais do grupo ou de cada suíno individualmente. No segundo experimento, 70 suínos (30,4 ± 2,2 kg) foram distribuídos em cinco programas alimentares: um tratamento controle com três fases semelhante ao utilizado no primeiro estudo e quatro programas multi-fase individuais nos quais as pré-misturas foram combinadas diariamente para atender 110%, 100%, 90% ou 80% das exigências nutricionais estimadas para cada animal. O consumo de ração foi registrado automaticamente nos comedouros e os suínos foram pesados semanalmente durante os experimentos. As excreções de nutrientes foram calculadas pela diferença entre a retenção (estimada através de digitalização com aparelho de densitometria a cada 28 dias) e a ingestão. Alimentar os suínos com dietas ajustadas diariamente para a exigência de lisina de cada animal não alterou (P > 0,05) o consumo de ração e o ganho de peso em comparação com o tratamento controle. No entanto, a alimentação de precisão reduziu (P < 0,05) o consumo de lisina digestível em 27% e 26%, a excreção estimada de nitrogênio em 22% e 30%, e os custos de alimentação em 8 % e 10% no primeiro e no segundo estudo, respectivamente, em comparação ao tratamento controle com três fases. O sistema de alimentação de precisão é uma ferramenta eficaz para reduzir a excreção de nutrientes e os custos de alimentação dos animais, sem interferir no desempenho dos suínos.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:53:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 690773 bytes, checksum: 4977701d4023ab65be2ad2e4817ea612 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The African violet (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl) is a very appreciated ornamental species. Nevertheless, because fertilization and nutrition of that species are based only on the experience of producers and fertilizer manufacturers, treatment indications are controversial, and N-P-K chemical formulations for other cultures are prescribed. It also happens that no information can be found about micronutrient fertilization. Currently, though, the manufacturer B&G Flores is launching, still in its experimental phase, a formulation specific for those plants. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop a mineral macro- and micronutrient formulation which fits the nutritional demands of African violet, for which an experiment was conducted for dry matter production, demonstrating contents of both macro- and micro nutrients, in three varieties of African violet (Blue Az; Pink Rs, and Red Vr), with two fertilizations along the experiment period (eight different harvesting times, allowing for a three-week interval each). This way, a factor was found of 3x2x8, resulting in 48 treatments. Both fertilizations consisted of: ¼ of the recommended dose by application of fertilizer B&G Violet [0.75 g/L and 100 mL/EU (Experimental Unity), a total of 62.5 mg/dm3/application] and the manufacturer s prescribed fertilizing dose per application (3 g/L and 100 mL/EU, resulting in 250 mg/dm3/application). The Experimental Unity (EU) consisted of three pots, each holding one plant. Treatments were organized in random blocks, with four replications, applied every 10 and 11 days, while every 21 days the EU s under treatment were collected. At the purchase of seedlings, a first harvest was performed, corresponding to time 0d. Both fertilizing and irrigation were applied onto the plastic collector plates which remained under the EU s. At harvesting, the plants were withdrawn from the pots, washed and divided by vegetal organs (root, meristematic region, leaf and flower). The collected vegetal organs were dried in forced air circulation oven at 70oC up to constant weight for dry matter achievement, followed by milling, and further nitric-perchloric digestion aiming at the macro- and micronutrient determination. Contents of P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu and Mo were assessed by means of optical emission spectrometry in inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES), and N content was determined by means of Kjeldahl method. Rising from nutrient content (TNu), and from each vegetal organ production of dry matter (CNu= TNuxMSo) as well as from their addition, the total content of plant nutrient (CNuTotal=CNu Raiz + CNu Meristem + CNu Leaf + CNu Inflorescence). Dry matter production regressions were adjusted as well as the nutrient contents according to time, so as to determine both proportion and demand of nutrients during the African violet growth period. On performing the division of nutritional demand (Dnu= nutritional demand generated by the regression adjusted models) by the nutrient recovery rate by plant (RRNu = DNu / QNu; QNu = amount of nutrient added via fertilization plus substrate nutritional supply), the plant nutrient demand (RNu = DNu / RRNu) was found. For contents, contrasts were performed among the varieties of plant: Az x Rs + Vr and Rs vs Vr. Within each variety, the following contrast was performed: dose 62.5 vs 250 mg/dm3/application of B&G Violeta fertilizer. By means of those contrasts, it was found that Rs produced more dry matter per plant than Vr, while Az produced less dry matter per plant than Rs and Vr. That scenery was repeated for N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mo and Fe contents. The 62.5 mg/dm3/application dose resulted in higher dry matter content per plant than the 250mg/dm3/application dose in Az and Rs (also true for the Vr variety, but not significantly), making it evident that a lower dose was adequate on providing for plant growth, while the 250 mg/dm3/application dose was excessive. Taking into account only the demand curves of the Pink variety, at the 62.5 mg/dm3/application dose, to estimate the proportions among the nutrients in the nutritional fertilizing supplement, a formula was estimated for balancing the nutritional fertilizer supply for African violet in the following proportions: 10% of N; 4.82% of P; 4.41% of S; 18.02% of K; 15.32% of Ca; 16.79% of Mg; 0.082% of B; 0.002% of Mo; 0.589% of Zn; 3.979% de Fe; 2.021% de Mn, e 0.047% de Cu. / A violeta africana (Saintpaulia ionantha Wendl) é uma espécie ornamental muito apreciada. No entanto, porque a adubação e a nutrição dessa espécie são baseadas apenas na experiência de produtores e dos fabricantes de fertilizantes, as indicações de adubação são controversas, e formulações químicas N-P-K de outras culturas são indicadas. Ocorre, ainda, que não há informações sobre adubação com micronutrientes. No momento, porém, a empresa B&G Flores está a lançar experimentalmente uma formulação específica para violetas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma formulação mineral de macro e micronutrientes que atenda à demanda nutricional da violeta africana. Para este estudo foi conduzido um experimento que consistiu na obtenção da produção de matéria seca, de teores e conteúdos de macro e micronutrientes, em plantas de três variedades de violetas (Azul Az, Rosa Rs e Vermelha Vr), com duas adubações e ao longo do tempo (oito épocas distintas de colheita com intervalo de três semanas). Dessa maneira houve um fatorial 3x2x8, obtendo-se 48 tratamentos. As duas adubações foram: 1/4 da dose recomendada por aplicação do fertilizante B&G Violeta [0,75 g/L e 100 mL/UE (Unidade Experimental), dando 62,5 mg/dm³/aplicação] e a dose recomendada por aplicação do fertilizante B&G Violetas (3 g/L e 100 mL/UE, dando 250 mg/dm³/aplicação). A Unidade Experimental (UE) foi formada por três vasos contendo uma planta por vaso. Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições. As adubações eram aplicadas a cada 10 e 11 d e a cada 21 d as UE do tratamento em questão eram colhidas. No momento da aquisição das mudas, realizou-se a primeira coleta, correspondente à época 0 d. Tanto a adubação como a irrigação eram aplicadas nos pratos plásticos que permaneceram sob as UE. Na coleta das UE, as plantas eram retiradas dos vasos, lavadas e divididas por órgão vegetal (raízes, região meristemática, folha e flor). Os órgãos vegetais coletados foram secos em estufa de circulação forçada de ar a 70ºC até peso constante para obtenção da matéria seca, moídos e submetidos à digestão nítrico-perclórica para a determinação de macro e micronutrientes. Os teores de P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Mn, B, Cu e Mo foram determinados por espectrometria de emissão ótica em plasma induzido (ICP-OES) e o teor de N foi determinado pelo método Kjeldahl. A partir do teor do nutriente (TNu) e da produção de matéria seca de cada órgão vegetal (MSO) da planta, foi obtido o conteúdo do nutriente por órgão vegetal (CNu= TNux MSO) e, com seu somatório, o conteúdo total do nutriente na planta (CNuTotal= CNu Raiz + CNu Meristema + CNu Folha + CNu Inflorescência). Ajustaram-se regressões de produção de matéria seca e dos conteúdos de nutrientes em função do tempo, para que fossem determinadas a proporção e a demanda dos nutrientes ao longo do crescimento das violetas. Por meio da divisão da demanda nutricional (Dnu= demanda nutricional gerada pelos modelos ajustados para as regressões) pela taxa de recuperação do nutriente pela planta (TRNu = DNu / QNu;QNu= Quantidade do nutriente adicionada via adubação mais o suprimento nutricional do substrato), chegou-se ao requerimento do nutriente pela planta (RNu = DNu / TRNu). Foram realizados, para os conteúdos, contrastes entre as variedades de violeta: AzvsRs + VreRsvsVr. Dentro de cada variedade foi realizado o seguinte contraste: dose 62,5vs250 mg/dm³/aplicação do fertilizante B&G Violeta. Por meio dos contrastes, verificou-se que Rs produziu mais matéria seca por planta que Vr e que Az produziu menos matéria seca por planta que Rs e Vr. Esse cenário repetiu-se para conteúdo de N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, B, Mo e Fe. A dose 62,5 mg/dm³/aplicação proporcionou maior produção de matéria seca por planta que a dose 250mg/dm³/aplicação em Az e Rs (e também na variedade Vr, porém não significativo), evidenciando que a dose menor foi adequada para proporcionar o crescimento das plantas e a dose 250 mg/dm³/aplicação foi excessiva. Consideraram-se apenas as curvas de demanda da variedade Rosa, na dose 62,5 mg/dm³/aplicação, para a estimativa das proporções entre os nutrientes do adubo suprimento nutricional. Foi estimada a formulação do adubo suprimento nutricional para violetas africanas na seguinte proporção: 10 % de N; 4,82 % de P; 4,41 % de S; 18,02 % de K; 15,32 % de Ca; 16,79 % de Mg; 0,082 % de B; 0,002 % de Mo; 0,589 % de Zn; 3,979 % de Fe; 2,021 % de Mn e 0,047 % de Cu.

Master of Science / Department of Agronomy / Clenton E. Owensby / Currently there are no model inputs for eastern gamagrass [Tripsacum dactyloides (L.) L] for use in the National Research Council's (NRC) beef cattle model. This study was conducted to determine model inputs for two eastern gamagrass varieties for use with the forage database of the NRC model. Cattle producers in the Midwestern US will be able to evaluate eastern gamagrass in a forage system and estimate net energy for maintenance (NEm), metabolizable protein (MP), and degradable intake protein (DIP) balance for various production scenarios. Eastern gamagrass varieties 'Iuka' and 'Pete' were arranged in a split-plot randomized complete block experiment with four replications. Varieties were whole plots with harvest maturities as split plots. Plant tissue was harvested from both varieties at four maturities: vegetative/early elongation, anthesis, seed shattering and dormancy. Various compositional attributes were determined on forage samples to enable the determination of model inputs for predicting energy and protein balances. A slight difference between varieties was found for crude protein concentration (p<0.05). Differences (p<0.05) due to maturity were found for all analyses used in the model, corroborating the decline in nutritive value of eastern gamagrass with advancing maturity. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) ranged from 593 g kg-1 at the vegetative/early elongation stage of maturity to 731 g kg-1 at dormancy. Assumed animal and environmental inputs were used for beef cattle at two stages: nonlactating 160 d prepartum and 60 d peak lactation. Energy and protein balance were estimated using level I of the model. The vegetative/early elongation stage of development supplied the greatest amount of MP. Digestible intake protein declined as plant tissue matured. All but the vegetative/early elongation stage of maturity were limited in DIP for cows in both stages of production. Soybean meal was used as a protein supplement in amounts ranging from 0.8 kg to 1.4 kg to meet nutritional demands of cattle grazing eastern gamagrass at anthesis, seed shattering and dormancy. In the simulations conducted, eastern gamagrass would be an acceptable forage source for beef cattle provided that appropriate protein supplementation was given when the forage was at more advanced stages of maturity.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Two studies were realized with the objective (i) to describe and to establish the limitations of the empirical and factorial methods used to estimate nutritional requirements and (ii) develop a mathematic model able to estimate the daily nutrient requirements of individual pigs in real time. For this purpose, in the first study a systematic analysis was carried out on the lysine - net energy (Lys:NE) ratios estimated through the empirical and factorial methods with the help of the InraPorc® growth model. Based on analysis of data on 68 pigs, Lys:NE ratios were estimated for three feeding phases. In the empirical method, population response was determined on eleven different Lys:NE ratios. Response was evaluated with ADG and FCR being used as variables. In the factorial method, the Lys:NE ratio for each animal was estimated through model inversion. In the second study, it was developed a model which includes an empirical and mechanistic component. The empirical component estimates the daily feed intake (DFI) and BW based on individual pig information collected in real time. The mechanistic component estimates the optimal concentration of amino acid that must be offered to pigs to meet their requirements. In establishing limitations, it was observed that the factorial method, when applied to the mean animal, does not allow for estimation of the Lys:NE ratio to maximize response in a heterogeneous population which is to be fed over a long period of time. In the empirical method, while these aspects are considered, the estimated response is fixed and cannot be used for other intervals or populations. The empirical component results indicate that the DFI and BW trajectories of individual pigs fed ad libitum could be predicted 1 (DFI) or 7 days (BW) ahead with an mean absolute percentage error of 12 and 2 %, respectively. The mechanistic component estimates the optimal lysine to net energy ratio with reasonable between ‐ animal (average CV = 7 %) and over ‐ time variation (average CV = 14 %). Thus, the nutrient requirements estimated by the model are animal and time dependents and they follow in real ‐ time the individual DFI and BW growth patterns. The results from first study confirm that the two methods needs lead to different recommendations and have important limitations that should be considered when used to optimize the response of an individual or a population of pigs. The model developed is part of the development of precision feeding techniques allowing the right amount of feed with the right composition at the right time to be provided to each pig in the herd. / Dois estudos foram realizados com o objetivo de (i) descrever e estabelecer as limitações dos métodos empírico e fatorial utilizados para estimar as exigências e (ii) desenvolver um modelo matemático de estimação das exigências individuais e em tempo real para suínos. Para atender esses objetivos, no primeiro estudo uma análise sistemática foi realizada nas relações de lisina e energia líquida (Lis:EL) estimadas pelos métodos empírico e fatorial com o auxilio do modelo InraPorc®. Baseado na análise de dados de 68 suínos, as relações de Lis:EL foram estimadas para três fases alimentares. No método empírico, a resposta da população foi determinada através de onze diferentes relações de Lis:EL. A resposta da população foi avaliada através do ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. No método fatorial, a relação de Lis:EL para cada animal foi estimada através da inversão do modelo InraPorc. No segundo estudo, foi desenvolvido um modelo o qual é composto de um componente empírico e mecanicista. O componente empírico estima o consumo diário de alimento (CDA) e peso vivo (PV) baseado em informações individuais coletadas em tempo real. O componente mecanicista estima a concentração ideal em aminoácidos necessária para atender as exigências de cada indivíduo. Na avaliação dos métodos, foi observado que o método fatorial não permite estimar a relação de Lis:EL para maximizar a resposta de uma população heterogênea alimentada com uma única dieta durante um longo período. No método empírico, embora esses aspectos sejam considerados, a resposta estimada é fixa e não pode ser utilizada para outros intervalos ou populações. No modelo desenvolvido, os resultados do componente empírico demonstraram que a trajetória de CDA e o PV dos animais alimentados ad libitum podem ser estimadas com antecedência de 1 (CDA) ou 7 dias (PV) com erro absoluto médio de 12 e 2 %, respectivamente. O componente mecanicista estimou relações de Lis:EL as quais apresentaram uma razoável variabilidade entre animais (CV médio = 7 %) e no tempo (CV médio = 14 %). No modelo, as exigências nutricionais estimadas são, portanto, animal e tempo dependentes. Adicionalmente, o modelo segue em tempo real as trajetórias de CDA e PV dos animais. Os resultados do primeiro estudo confirmam que os dois métodos determinam diferentes recomendações e apresentam limitações que deveriam ser consideradas quando utilizados para otimizar respostas de populações ou indivíduos. O modelo desenvolvido é parte integrante de um sistema de alimentação de precisão que visa fornecer uma quantidade adequada de nutrientes para cada indivíduo em tempo real.

The subject of my thesis was an analysis that deals with the level of nutrition of holstein cattle, witch evaluates feeding, drinking, silage quality techniques and optimalization of the feed ration in 2017 and 2018. In 2017 the feed ration used for dairy cows contained more PDIE. In 2018 the feed ration contained lower amount of energy (6MJ NEL/ 1kg of dry matter) and NL (138,6 g NL/kg of dry matter). After comparing of these two diets for dairy cows with nutrient need, there was recommended an increase of dry matter content in feeding ration. In the milk productivity assessement, the fat and protein content, SC, total aerobic microbial count, was reviewed. The statistic shows the impact of the season of the year on the fat and protein content, SC, total aerobic microbial count in milk. From ecomomy point of view, costs per litre of selled milk was 7,69 Kč in 2017, which was lowered to 7,28 CZK per litre of selled milk. Both years was profitable, and in comparing the economy from 2017 with Czech republic average, tracked stable was more profitable 3 662 CZK per dairy cow.

The gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) require n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), for optimal growth and health. Due to the rapid growth of global aquaculture the quantity of marine oils used in aquafeeds has been limited, yet the overall quantity of oil in an aquafeed has increased by the addition of vegetable oil (VO) to supply dietary energy. For aquaculture to continue to grow more fish must be produced with less marine ingredients, yet EPA and DHA must be maintained at levels above fish requirements. This project set out to re-evaluate the requirement for EPA and DHA in gilthead seabream and European seabass. Two dose-response studies were designed and executed where juvenile seabream and seabass were fed one of six levels of EPA+DHA (0.2 – 3.2 % as fed). Biometric data were collected and analysed to determine new requirement estimates for EPA+DHA for fish of two weight ranges (24 – 80 g and 80 – 200 g). The effects of the dietary LC-PUFA gradient on lipid composition and metabolism were also considered.