Banca: José Luiz Moraes Vasconcelos / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Reinaldo Cooke / Resumo: O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar se injeção de rbST (Lactotropin 500mg, Elanco Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP) interfere nas concentrações séricas de glicose, insulina, AGNE, IGF-1 e progesterona (P4) em vacas secas e ovariectomizadas e com dispositivo intravaginal de progesterona (CIDR® 1,9 g de P4, Pfizer Saúde Animal). Foram utilizadas dez vacas mestiças Holandês/Zebu ovariectomizadas e secas distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos no d0 do experimento, BEP + salina (n = 5) e BEP + rbST (n=5). Os animais foram suplementados individualmente às 06h00 e às 18h00, com adaptação do d-14 ao d-3 com 2 kg de concentrado por dia, e após este período foram fornecidos 4 kg de concentrado do d-2 ao d27. O rbST foi aplicado nos d0, d9, d18 do experimento. Cada vaca recebeu um CIDR de terceiro uso para a fase de adaptação (d-14 ao d-2), e após a fase de adaptação (d-2) cada vaca recebeu um CIDR de primeiro uso que permaneceu até o final do período experimental (d-2 ao d27). As colheitas de sangue para dosagem de glicose, insulina, AGNE, IGF-1 e P4 foram realizadas do d0 ao d27 às 0h (antes da suplementação matinal), 1h e 2h após a suplementação. Dados foram analisados como medidas repetidas com o procedimento MIXED do SAS usando vaca como unidade experimental. Como esperado, vacas rbST tiveram maiores ( 0.01) concentrações de IGF-1 comparadas a vacas SAL, iniciando no d2 do período experimental (tratamento x interação dia; P < 0.01) e concentração média de IGF-1 maior (P < 0.01) para vacas rbST comparadas a vacas SAL (351 vs. 109 ng/mL; SEM = 26). Concentração média de glicose foi maior (P < 0.01) para vacas rbST comparadas a vacas SAL (69.4 vs. 65.1 mg/dL; SEM = 0.8), no entanto, vacas rbST tiveram maiores (P < 0.05) concentrações de insulina comparadas a vacas SAL nos dias... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract : The objective of this experiment was to assess whether injection of rbST (Lactotropin 500mg, Elanco Animal Health, São Paulo, SP) interferes in serum glucose, insulin, NEFA, IGF-1 and progesterone (P4) in ovariectomized and dry cows and device intravaginal progesterone (CIDR ® 1.9 g of P4, Pfizer Animal Health). Were used 10 crossbred Holstein / Zebu ovariectomized droughts and randomly assigned to two groups in d0 of the experiment, BEP + saline (n = 5) and BEP + rbST (n = 5). The animals were fed individually to 6:00 a.m. and 18:00, with adaptation of d-14 to d-3 with 2 kg concentrate per day, and after this period was 4 kg of concentrate supplied at d27. The rbST was applied in d0, d9, d18 of the experiment. Each cow received a CIDR for third use for the adaptation phase (d-14 to d-2), and after the adaptation phase (d-2) each cow received a CIDR of first use which remained until the end of the experimental period (d-2 through D27). Blood samples for measurement of glucose, insulin, NEFA, IGF-1 and P4 were made to the D0 to D27 0h (before supplementation morning), 1h and 2h after supplementation. Data were analyzed as repeated measures with the MIXED procedure of SAS using cow as the experimental unit. As expected, rbST cows had higher ( 0.01) concentrations of IGF-1 compared to cows SAL, starting on d2 of the experimental period (treatment x day interaction, P <0.01) and mean concentration of IGF-1 increased (P <0.01) for rbST cows compared to cows SAL (351 vs. 109 ng / mL; SEM = 26). Mean glucose was higher (P <0.01) compared to cow rbST cows SAL (69.4 vs. 65.1 mg / dL SEM = 0.8), however, rbST cows had higher (P <0.05) insulin concentrations compared to cows SAL on days 8, 9, 10, 11, 16, 17, 19, 20, and 21 (treatment x day interaction, P <0.01). RbST cows had higher mean concentration... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Orientador: Camila Renata Corrêa / Coorientador: Regiane Maio / Banca: Luciene de Souza Venâncio Lotufo Brant / Banca: Ana Lúcia Anjos Ferreira / Banca: Viviane TannuriF. Lima Falcão / Banca: Izabel Barros de Arruda / Resumo: Objetivo: Avaliar o estresse oxidativo, o estado nutricional e vitaminas lipossolúveis em crianças acompanhadas em puericultura. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 100 crianças saudáveis do CISAM/UPE entre 20 e 36 meses, por meio dos marcadores do estresse oxidativo, níveis séricos de nutrientes antioxidantes, aspectos sócio-demográficos, estado nutricional e clínico. Os resultados foram expressos por meio de percentuais e das medidas estatísticas. Este estudo foi aprovado no CEP- CISAM por meio da Plataforma Brasil, parecer 946.241. Resultados: A CAH esteve aumentada nas crianças com maior renda, IMC adequado, mais de 120 dias de aleitamento materno exclusivo e se correlacionou de forma inversa com o Peso e IMC. O MDA foi maior em crianças com menos de 24 meses. Um terço das crianças apresentou algum distúrbio nutricional segundo o IMC/I, houve baixa frequência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças e níveis séricos de beta-caroteno abaixo da normalidade. Foi verificada baixa adesão às consultas de puericultura em relação ao preconizado pelo Ministério da Saúde. Conclusão: O serviço de puericultura é importante, suas ações são necessárias e determinantes para que as crianças apresentem bom crescimento e desenvolvimento, evitem distúrbios nutricionais e um quadro de estresse oxidativo ao longo de sua vida / Abstract: Objective: To evaluate oxidative stress, nutritional status and fat soluble vitamins in children in a childcare. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 100 healthy children CISAM / UPE between 20 and 36 months, through the oxidative stress markers, serum levels of antioxidant nutrients, sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional and clinical status. The results are expressed by percentages and statistical measures. This study was approved by the CEPCISAM by Platform Brazil, opinion 946,241. Results: CAH was increased in children with higher income, adequate BMI, more than 120 days of exclusive breastfeeding and correlated inversely with the weight and BMI. The MDA was greater in children below 24 months. One third of the children had some nutritional disorder according to BMI / I, there was a low frequency of consumption of fruits and vegetables and serum beta-carotene below normal. It was found low compliance childcare queries in relation to the recommended by the Ministry of Health. Conclusion: the childcare service is important, their actions are necessary and crucial for the children to present proper growth and development, prevent nutritional disorders and stress framework oxidative throughout his life / Doutor

Orientador: Lígia Yukie Sassaki / Coorientador: Fernando Gomes Romeiro / Banca: Sérgio Alberto Rupp Paiva / Banca: Flávia Auler / Resumo: Introdução: As Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais (DII) são doenças de etiologia desconhecida e capazes de desenvolver uma reação inflamatória na mucosa digestiva de natureza imunológica. O estado nutricional está diretamente relacionado com a gravidade da doença e a piora do mesmo pode contribuir para o prognóstico negativo e a deterioração da competência imune. Este estudo pretende avaliar o estado nutricional e a composição corporal dos pacientes com DII acompanhados no Ambulatório de Doenças Inflamatórias Intestinais do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu e identificar os preditores nutricionais na evolução clínica dos pacientes com Doença de Crohn (DC) e Retocolite Ulcerativa (RCUI). Metodologia: Realizou-se um estudo transversal com avaliação clínica e nutricional de 141 pacientes ambulatoriais acompanhados na Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Critérios de inclusão: diagnóstico confirmado de DC ou RCUI; indivíduos adultos, com idade acima de dezoito anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram excluídos do estudo pacientes em uso de suplementação nutricional, gestantes e nutrizes e pacientes portadores de doenças crônicas. Para a classificação da atividade clínica da DC utilizou-se o Crohn's Disease Activity Índex (CDAI). Para a caracterização da extensão e forma evolutiva da DC utilizou-se a classificação de Montreal. A RCUI foi classificada de acordo com a extensão anatômica do processo inflamatório e para avaliação da atividade da doença foi utilizado o Escore de Mayo. Na avaliação nutricional as medidas antropométricas avaliadas foram Peso Atual, Estatura, Circunferência do Braço (CB), Prega Cutânea Tricipital (PCT) e Espessura do Músculo Adutor do Polegar (EMAP). Por essas medidas foram calculados o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), Circunferência Muscular do Braço (CMB) e Área Muscular do Braço Corrigida (AMBc). Através da bioimpedância elétrica ... / Abstract: Introduction: Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD) are diseases of unknown etiology and can develop an inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal mucosa of immune nature. Nutritional status is directly related to the severity of disease and its worsening may contribute to the negative prognosis and damage of the immune competence. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status and body composition of IBD patients accompanied at the outpatient clinic of Inflammatory Bowel Disease of Clinical Hospital of Botucatu Medical School and identify nutritional predictors of clinical outcome in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) and Colitis ulcerative (UC). Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted study with clinical and nutritional evaluation of 141 patients followed at the Botucatu Medical School. We included pacients with confirmed diagnosis of CD or UC; adults, over eighteenyears old and of both sexes. Exclusion criteria was patients using nutritional supplements, pregnancy and lactating women and patients with chronic diseases. For the classification of the clinical activity of DC used the Crohn's Disease Activity Index (CDAI). To characterize the extent and evolutionary way DC used the classification of Montreal. The UC was classified according to the anatomical extent of the inflammatory process and assessment of disease activity, the Mayo score was used. Nutritional assessment the anthropometric measurements used were current weight, height, arm circumference (AC), triceps skinfold (TSF) and the thickness of the thumb adductor muscle (APM). Body Mass Index (BMI), arm muscle circumference (MAC) and corrected arm muscle area (CAMA) were also calculated. By bioelectrical impedance was calculated the Phase Angle and obtained Lean Body Mass percentage and Fat Mass percentage. Laboratory tests analyzed were: hematocrit, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, C-reactive Protein and Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate. The descriptive ... / Mestre

Orientador: André Luis Balbi / Coorientador: / Banca: Jacqueline Teixeira Caramori / Banca: Marina Nogueira Berbel / Banca: Ginivaldo Victor Ribeiro do Nascimento / Banca: Rita Cristina Chaim / Resumo: A Lesão Renal Aguda (LRA) é caracterizada como uma síndrome clínica associada a deteriorização rápida da função renal, sendo considerada um fator de risco independente para mortalidade. A definição atual classifica a LRA de acordo com os estágios do AKIN, sendo 1 (equivalente ao risco), 2 (injúria) e 3 (falência). Na literatura são escassos os trabalhos que avaliaram as diferenças entre os pacientes desses estágios e aqueles existentes revelam alterações tanto nos parâmetros nutricionais quanto nas taxas de mortalidade, tornando importante a verificação dos fatores de risco em cada estágio da LRA. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram, a partir da primeira avaliação nutricional, identificar e comparar os fatores de risco nutricionais associados ao óbito em pacientes com LRA estratificados pelo AKIN. Tratou-se de estudo prospectivo tipo coorte realizado no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu - UNESP no período de 24 meses consecutivos. Logo após a primeira avaliação nefrológica, os pacientes foram classificados de acordo com os critérios do AKIN em 3 estágios e foi realizada uma avaliação nutricional composta por dados clínicos, antropométricos, ingestão alimentar, balanço nitrogenado, bioimpedância, Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG) e exames laboratoriais, tendo como desfecho o óbito. Foram avaliados 471 pacientes, com predomínio do sexo masculino e maiores de 60 anos, com mortalidade de 43,5%. Dos pacientes analisados, 12,9% apresentavam-se com LRA-AKIN 1, 39,9% com AKIN-2 e 47,2% com AKIN-3. Após a análise multivariada, as variáveis que estiveram relacionadas a maior mortalidade nos pacientes com AKIN-1 foram presença de sepse e de ASG classe C (desnutrição leve/moderada), com AKIN-2 idade maior que 60 anos, internação em UTI, presença de oligúria e menores valores de balanço nitrogenado e com AKIN-3 menor tempo de acompanhamento pelo nefrologista, idade maior que 60... / Abstract: The Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is characterized as rapid clinical deterioration associated with the syndrome of renal function, and is considered an independent risk factor for mortality. The current definition classifies the LRA according to the stages of AKIN, 1 (equivalent to risk), 2 (injury) and 3 (bankruptcy). In the literature there are few studies evaluating the differences between the patients of these stages and those existing reveal changes both in nutritional parameters as mortality rates, making it important to check the risk factors at each stage of the LRA. The objectives of this study were from the first nutritional assessment, identify and compare the nutritional risk factors associated with death in patients with AKI stratified by AKIN. It was prospective cohort performed at the Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Botucatu - UNESP within 24 consecutive months. Soon after the first evaluation nephrology, patients were classified according to the criteria of AKIN in 3 stages and was conducted a nutritional assessment made by clinical, anthropometric data, food intake, nitrogen balance, bioimpedance, Subjective Global Assessment (SGA) and examinations laboratory, with the outcome death. We evaluated 471 patients, predominantly male and older than 60 years, with mortality of 43.5%. Of the patients studied, 12.9% presented with a AKIN LRA-1, 39.9% with AKIN-2 and 47.2% with AKIN-3. After multivariate analysis, the variables that were related to higher mortality in patients with AKIN-1foram sepsis and SGA class C (mild malnutrition / moderate), with AKIN-2 older than 60 years, ICU stay, presence of oliguria and lower nitrogen balance values and AKIN-3 smaller follow-up by a nephrologist, age greater than 60 years, ICU stay, sepsis, fasting, lower levels of total cholesterol and increased edema value for Watson. In conclusion, from the initial nutritional assessment, it was possible to identify risk factors associated with ... / Doutor

Plasma total, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentrations increase immediately following birth. Interestingly, this increase is greater in breast-fed infants than in infants fed formula. The reason(s) why there are differences in plasma cholesterol concentrations between breast-fed and formula-fed infants is not known. However, this difference may be a consequence of the variations in lipid composition between milk and infant formula. Little is known regarding the specific effects of the lipid component(s) of infant diets on the expression of genes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism. The studies presented in this thesis determined whether the addition of cholesterol, arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] to formula, and the positional distribution of fatty acids in formula triglycerides increases plasma cholesterol in formula-fed piglets to levels observed in milk-fed piglets. In study #1, piglets were fed from birth to 18 days of age with either a conventional infant formula (conventional formula) or a formula with synthesized triglycerides (TG) (synthesized TG formula). The conventional infant formula had 70% of the total 16:0, representing 23% of total fatty acids, esterified at the sn-1 and 3 positions of the formula triglyceride. The synthesized TG formula contained a similar percentage of 16:0, representing 23% of total fatty acids, but had 47% of the total 16:0 esterified at the centre (sn-2) position of the formula triglyceride. Each of the conventional and synthesized TG formulae were provided either without (<0.10 mM) or with 0.65mM cholesterol added to formula, 0.52mmol/L as unesterified cholesterol and 0.13 mmol/L as cholesterol oleate. A reference group of piglets was also fed sow milk. In study #1, the levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase mRNA, 7-a-hydroxylase (C7H) mRNA, and acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) mRNA were higher in the formula-fed than milk-fed piglets, irrespective of the formula cholesterol content or the positional distribution of fatty acids in the formula triglyceride. This was accompanied by lower plasma total and HDL cholesterol concentrations, lower hepatic triglyceride concentrations and lower concentrations of bile acids, cholesterol and phospholipid in bile of the formula-fed than milk-fed piglets. Adding cholesterol to the formula increased hepatic cholesterol concentrations and decreased hepatic levels of fatty acid synthase (FAS) mRNA, but had no effect on the plasma cholesterol concentrations of the formula-fed piglets. Directing 16:0 to the sn-2 position of the formula triglyceride led to lower plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations, lower concentrations of bile acids in bile, lower hepatic levels of FAS mRNA and activity, and higher hepatic levels of ACC mRNA than in piglets fed the conventional formula. In study #2, piglets were fed the conventional formula either without or with egg phospholipid (9.5g/L) to provide 0.8% 20:4(n-6) and 0.3% 22:6(n-3) of total fatty acids, or sow milk from birth to 15 days of age. Supplementing the conventional formula with egg phospholipid resulted in higher levels of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3) in liver and bile phospholipid, higher plasma HDL concentrations, higher bile acid and phospholipid concentrations in bile and lower hepatic ACC mRNA levels in the formula-fed piglets. The levels of 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-4) in liver and bile phospholipid were also higher in the piglets fed the supplemented formula than in the piglets fed milk. A significant inverse relation was found between the levels of hepatic ACC mRNA and the percentage of 20:4(n-6) in liver triglyceride and the percentage of 22:6(n-3) in liver phospholipid. Egg phospholipid supplementation of formula had no effect on hepatic LDL receptor mRNA or hepatic FAS activity and mRNA in the formula-fed piglets. The piglets fed either the supplemented or the conventional formula had lower levels of plasma cholesterol and higher levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA and C7H mRNA than piglets fed milk. These studies show that early diet, that is, milk compared to formula feeding, results in lower levels of hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA and C7H mRNA accompanied by higher plasma cholesterol concentrations in piglets. Supplementing formula with cholesterol or the preferential esterification of 16:0 at the sn-2 position of the formula triglyceride did not raise plasma cholesterol concentrations and had no effect on hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity and mRNA or C7H mRNA in formula-fed piglets. Supplementing formula with egg phospholipid, increased bile and liver phospholipid 20:4(n-6) and 22:6(n-3), decreased the levels of hepatic ACC mRNA and increased the concentrations of bile acids and phospholipid in bile. These findings suggest that milk-fed piglets have lower rates of hepatic cholesterol synthesis, lower rates of conversion of cholesterol to bile acids and the lipid present in sow milk and formula may be metabolized differently. These findings are significant in that they raise the question as to whether or not this effect of early diet will continue through to adulthood and influence metabolic response to diet fat. / Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies / Graduate

Orientadores: Elisabete Salay, Marina Vieira da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T02:46:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fietz_VivianRahmeier_D.pdf: 1483478 bytes, checksum: 6117dd47e3549e782564839b2d6d5b57 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Os assentamentos rurais foram criados no Brasil visando à promoção de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento agrícola. No entanto, as condições de vida dos moradores dessa forma de organização social ainda são pouco estudadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar as condições socioeconômicas e demográficas, o estado nutricional e o consumo de alimentos de adultos e idosos, moradores em assentamento rural do Mato Grosso do Sul (MS). A pesquisa foi realizada no Assentamento Itamarati, localizado em Ponta Porã, MS. Participaram da amostra indivíduos com idade entre 20 e 69 anos, pertencentes a famílias dos quatro movimentos sociais que compõem o assentamento. O sorteio das unidades domiciliares foi realizado por amostragem aleatória estratificada simples, sendo os dados coletados por meio de entrevistas. Integraram a pesquisa 117 unidades domiciliares, envolvendo 217 pessoas (105 do gênero feminino e 112 do masculino). Os dados de consumo foram obtidos por meio do método Recordatório de 24 horas. Utilizou-se o software Nutwin para o cálculo do conteúdo de energia e nutrientes e os valores foram comparados com as DRI¿s ou RDA¿s vigentes para indivíduos adultos saudáveis, segundo estágio de vida e gênero. Para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), foram adotados os níveis críticos preconizados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Verificou-se que a maioria dos entrevistados era casada e apresentaram média de 43 anos de idade e 5,2 anos de estudos. Entre as assentadas observou-se a média de 2,7 filhos por mulher. O rendimento médio mensal das famílias alcançou R$ 354,70. A participação do autoconsumo no rendimento familiar totalizou uma média diária per capita de R$ 1,27 e os alimentos que participaram de forma mais expressiva foram: carnes (bovina, frango e suína), feijão, leite e derivados, mandioca e abóbora. As residências possuíam, em média, 4,2 cômodos e não dispunham de energia elétrica. A água de 95% dos domicílios provinha de poços ¿tipo caipira¿ e 68% da água para consumo humano não recebia nenhum tipo de tratamento. Os valores médios de IMC para as mulheres foram maiores que dos homens. A sobrepeso nas mulheres concentrou-se no estrato de idade acima de 30 anos e de obesidade acima de 40. No grupamento masculino, o sobrepeso e obesidade foram maiores nos estratos de idade de 40 a 49 anos. A proporção média de energia ingerida, proveniente de proteínas, carboidratos e lipídios foi, respectivamente, de 15,5, 54,4 e 30,1% para as mulheres e de 15,5, 54,9 e 29,6% para os homens. Houve adequação de 78,8% das dietas. Observou-se consumo reduzido de vitaminas, principalmente, da A, E, C e folato. O consumo de cálcio para ambos os gêneros, e de ferro para as mulheres em idade fértil, mostraram-se inferiores aos preconizados. A ingestão média de sódio ultrapassou em torno de quatro vezes o valor preconizado. Para os demais minerais também se verificou inadequação, porém em proporções menores. As médias do consumo de colesterol foram muito acima das recomendações e o de fibras ficou abaixo do preconizado, para ambos gêneros. Os cereais forneceram a maior contribuição de energia e também de carboidratos. As carnes e os embutidos foram identificados como as principais fontes de proteína e lipídios. A participação da banha de porco e do toucinho na dieta dos assentados foi superior às médias nacionais. A contribuição das frutas e verduras no consumo alimentar, foi pouco expressiva, sendo as raízes e tubérculos identificados como principais fontes de vitamina C. O grupo do leite e derivados representou a principal fonte de cálcio dos assentados. Cerca de 50% do ferro consumido, por ambos os gêneros, foi proveniente dos cereais. Devido à dieta e estilo de vida adotados, infere-se que os indivíduos da amostra podem estar sujeitos a carências nutricionais e ao desenvolvimento de osteoporose, hipertensão arterial e demais doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Portanto, ressalta-se a importância de estimular os assentados a diminuir o consumo de alimentos de origem animal e incrementar a produção e ingestão de frutas, leguminosas, cereais e hortaliças. Estes resultados apontam a necessidade de implementação, entre outras estratégias, de um programa de educação nutricional no Assentamento Itamarati. Além disso, considerando que a curto prazo, provavelmente, haverá aumento expressivo da população do Assentamento, chama-se a atenção sobre a importância de se rever as intervenções sanitárias, ambientais, entre outras, e de incrementar a produção para autoconsumo visando, prioritariamente, uma dieta mais variada e a segurança alimentar e nutricional das famílias / Abstract: Rural settlements were established in Brazil in order to promote a new model of agricultural development. The life condition of residents of that social organization form is still little known. The objective of this work was to evaluate the social-economic and demographic conditions, nutritional state and the food consumption of adults and older people that live in rural settlement of South Mato Grosso (MS). This research was carried out at the Itamarati Settlement, which is located in Ponta Porã, MS. Individuals that participated of the sample were between 20 and 69 years old, belonging to families of four social movements that compound the settlement. Draft of home unit was done by simple randomized stratified sampling, which data were collected by interviews. A sample was 117 home units form the research which involved 217 persons (105 of feminine gender and 112 of masculine). Consumption data were obtained by the 24-hour Dietary Recall method. The Nutwin software was used to calculate energy, nutrients and the values were compared with DRIs or RDAs established for healthy adults, according life stage and gender. For calculating Body Mass Index (BMI), critical levels established by World Health Organization were adopted. It was verified that the most interviewed people were married with a mean age of 43 years and had 5.2 years of schooling. Among settled women, the average number of children per woman was 2.7. Average monthly income of families reached R$ 354.70. Participation of auto-consumption in the family income resulted in a per capita daily average of R$ 1.27 and foods that are present in an expressive way were: meat (beef, chicken and pork), beans, milk and their products, manioc and squash. Residences had, on the average, 4.2 rooms lacking electricity. Water in 95% of the residences was of the ¿caipira¿ type wells and 68% of water for human consumption did not receive any treatment. Average values of BMI for women were higher than for men. Pre-obesity in women concentrated in age stratum above 30 years old and obesity above 40 years. In the male group, pre-obesity and obesity were higher in age stratum from 40 to 49 of age. Average proportions of ingested energy from proteins, carbohydrates and lipids were, respectively, 15.5, 54.4 and 30.1% for women and 15.5, 54.9 and 29.6% for men. There was adequacy in 78.8% of the diets. Reduced consumption of vitamins, mainly A, E and C and folate, was observed. Calcium consumption for both genders and of iron for women in fertile age, were inferior to established requirements. Average sodium ingestion was around four times higher than are the recommended amounts. For other minerals, it was verified to be a low intake, but in a smaller proportion. Average cholesterol consumption was very higher than the recommendation, whereas that fiber was smaller than recommended for both genders. Cereals were the principal sources of both energy and carbohydrates. Meats and sausages were identified as the main sources of protein and lipids. The participation of pork fat and bacon fat in the diet of settlers was superior to the national averages. The contribution of fruits and vegetables to the food intake was little and roots and tubers were identified as main sources of vitamin C. Milk and its products showed to be the main source of calcium of the settlers. About 50% of the consumed iron, for both genders, was from cereals. Due to the adopted diet and it was concluded life style that sampled individuals were prone to nutritional imbalance and the developing osteoporosis, hypertension and all chronic non transmissible diseases. Therefore, on could distinguish the importance of stimulating settlers to decrease the consumption of foods of animal origin, salt and increasing the production and consumption of fruits, leguminous, cereals and vegetables. Those results showed the need of establishing, among other strategies, a program of nutritional education in Itamarati Settlement. Besides, considering that in a short period of time, probably, there will be an expressive increase in population at the settlement, attention is called to the importance of reevaluating sanitary, environmental, interventions and increase the production for self-consumption with the aim of, providing, a more varied diet capable of bringing food and nutritional security to these families / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Dietetics)--University of Pretoria, 1999. / Human Nutrition / unrestricted

Thesis (M. Tech. - Food Service Management, Dept. of Hospitality, Tourism and PR management)--Vaal University of Technology / Malnutrition amongst pre-school children age two-to-five-years is a growing world-wide concern. This is mainly due to poverty, diseases and inadequate dietary intake. Malnourished children are also a problem in South Africa. Pre-schools play an important role in the prevention of malnutrition because most young children consume about two thirds of their food and therefore their daily nutritional intake at the pre-schools. There are various factors that affect a child's nutrition in pre-schools, such as food choices, meal plans, the environment and the nutritional knowledge of the caregivers. Pre-schools can only fulfill this responsibility through the proper nutritional knowledge and training. The nutritional education and knowledge of food service assistants/caregivers are very important, because they compile the meal plans and menus for pre-schools. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a Nutrition Education Programme (NEP) to address the lack of nutritional knowledge of service assistants/caregivers who plan the menus in pre-schools in terms of existing menu content and food choices required for children between two to five years of age and by using the existing menus and food choices applied to make recommendations for nutritional skills training. Also in terms of basic nutrition, health and safety, to recommend more appropriate alternatives acceptable to children between two to five years of age. Lastly to integrate recommendations for nutritional skill training with regard to the alternative meal plan, eating habits and food choices for the menu through a NEP that would be implemented and evaluated. The study design was a combination of an exploratory and quantitative-descriptive research design in the form of a survey. A pilot study was used mainly to test the nutrition knowledge questionnaires for content validity. The study population of this research project was randomly selected pre-schools chosen from the Eatonside informal settlement. Procedures for data gathering and the different methods used for data analysis were divided into four phases. Descriptive statistics were used to determine the percentage of pre-schools who answered the questions correctly for selected nutrition knowledge, portion sizes questions and menu planning, as well as food safety and health. Paired t-tests were carried out to measure the statistically significant difference (pS0.05) before and after the implementation of the NEP. The results of the t-test indicate that only nine of the questions in the post-test questionnaire showed a confidence interval of the difference. There is statistical significance in these questions through either increase or decrease. It can be concluded that the Nutrition Education Programme (NEP) was successful, but that more training is needed due to the limitations experienced. The menu analysis tested the respondent's menus in terms of the average daily nutrient intake level given to the pre-school children. The data of the pre- and post-test menus were then compared to EAR in order to determine any change in the menus nutritional values after the NEP was completed. The results showed that there were differences in the post-test results that both decreased and increased.

M. Tech. (Hospitality and Tourism, Faculty of Human Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / The primary objective of this study was to formulate a multi-mix, which could supply at least one-third of the daily requirements of primary school children, aged six to 13 years. The secondary objective was to ensure the adherence to the criteria of multi-mix formulation, which included affordability, convenient, palatability, culturally acceptable and cost effective, whilst providing high nutritional value for the specified target group. The nutritional criteria included the Index Nutrient Quality (INQ) and Energy Density (ED) requirements, for a specific target group. This study was conducted in Eatonside, an informal settlement situated in Gauteng. A situational analysis previously conducted in Eatonside (Napier 2003) showed that the children between the ages of six and 13 years, were 17% underweight (weight-for-age -2SD from the reference NCHS median), 12,7% were wasted (BMI-for-age -2SD) and 18% stunted (height-for-age -2SD). With the nutritional requirements of children and the most consumed food list, the multi-mix formulation began. Foods from the Top 20 list (Napier 2003), were combined with the ingredients most common within the households, and vegetable gardens already established . Estimated nutritional values were calculated using the food composition tables of South Africa. The ingredients were prepared and chemically analysed to determine the experimental nutritional value and to assess if the nutritional objectives were being achieved. The multi-mix was then combined with other commonly consumed ingredients to form recipes and sensory evaluated by professionals and the primary school children to assess the acceptability of the multi-mix and recipes. The multi-mix and recipe products were then sent for shelf life testing to assess its storage time at room temperature. The results from the nutritional analyses showed nutrient values to be above 30 percent of the Estimated Average Requirements (EAR). The INQ of the targeted nutrients was above 1,0 and the ED at 3,7kcal/g, which was within the 3,6-4,5 kcal/g requirements. The sensory evaluation for the multi-mix recipes had proved favourable response to snack items with preference for sweet products. The final evaluation session resulted in scores of 83.9 percent preference to the biscuit with the sweet muffin scoring 94.5 percent liking, whilst the savoury muffin at 73.1 percent. The average scores for all three recipes were above 80 percent. The multi-mix had a shelf life of minimum one-month, the biscuit, seven days and muffins, only 24 hours, at room temperature. The objectives of cultural acceptability had been achieved through the positive response from the use of ingredients within the community. The multi-mix had been cost effective as the final cost of R1.55, was within the R2.90 spent per person per day, for all three meals (Oidewage-Theron eta/. 2005). Further studies need to be conducted in order to implement the multi-mix into an intervention within the community to assess the effect on nutritional status. This study, aimed to reduce the underlying cause of malnutrition, food insecurity, by improving the nutritional status of children aged six to 13 years with the strengthening of food intake, through the combination of various scant ingredients, a multi-mix, providing maximum nutritional value with small quantities. An advantage of the multi-mix is a lower cost when compared with tablet supplementation on the market and versatility in relation to various recipes. / Vaal University of Technology National Research Foundation

Please read the abstract in the 00front part of this document / Dissertation (MSc Agric (Production Physiology))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Animal and Wildlife Sciences / unrestricted