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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
51

Adesão ao tratamento de saúde pelo paciente hipertenso no Brasil: um estudo transversal sobre seus fatores associados / Adherence to regimen in hypertensive patients in Brazil: a cross-sectional study of associated factors.

Serpa, Camila Munafó 06 September 2016 (has links)
A hipertensão (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública global que afeta, em média, um quarto da população mundial, desencadeando elevados gastos de saúde e um número elevado de mortes, anualmente. A falta de adesão ao tratamento para a HAS é a principal responsável pelo aumento da morbimortalidade, das internações hospitalares, dos gastos em saúde e pior qualidade de vida entre os pacientes. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores clínicos, demográficos e socioeconômicos associados ao grau de adesão de adultos e idosos hipertensos, ao tratamento para HAS no Brasil, descrevendo seu grau de adesão. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo analítico de corte transversal, utilizando dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada pelo IBGE em 2013, envolvendo 7203 pacientes hipertensos, adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos, que buscou analisar os fatores associados ao grau de adesão ao tratamento para hipertensão, por meio de regressão beta com função de ligação logit. A análise das variáveis estatisticamente significativas, deu-se por meio da razão de chances e probabilidade de associação com o grau de adesão. Resultados: O grau de adesão médio da amostra estudada foi de 69,48%. Os fatores encontrados associados ao grau de adesão foram: a presença de outras doenças além da hipertensão, o grau de depressão, a avaliação do estado de saúde, a região do país, o gênero, a idade, a etnia, viver ou não com companheiro e a escolaridade, sendo que, ser do gênero feminino foi o fator que mais favoreceu a adesão e possuir um grau de depressão severo, o que menor favoreceu à adesão. Conclusão: Tanto fatores clínicos, socioeconômicos, quanto demográficos foram significativamente associados ao grau de adesão ao tratamento da HAS. Sugere-se que estudos relacionados à melhora da adesão em relação a cada um dos fatores analisados sejam realizados, de forma a amenizar os efeitos deletérios ou potencializar seus efeitos benéficos, principalmente quanto a indivíduos do gênero masculino, que apresentam maior tendência de não adesão aos tratamentos de saúde de forma geral. / Hypertension is a global public health problem that affects on average one quarter of the world population, triggering high health spending and a high number of deaths annually. The lack of adherence to treatment for hypertension is mainly responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality, hospital admissions, spending on health and lower quality of life among patients. Objective: To analyze the clinical, demographic and economic partner associated with the degree of adherence of adults and elderly hypertensive patients, treatment for hypertension in Brazil, describing their degree of adherence. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the National Health Survey (PNS) held by IBGE in 2013, involving 7203 hypertensive patients, adults and seniors of both genders, who sought to relate the factors associated with the degree of adherence to treatment for hypertension, through beta regression with logit link function. The analysis of statistically significant variables, occurred through the odds ratio and likelihood of association with the degree of compliance. Results: The mean adherence degree of the sample was 69.48%. The factors found associated with the adherence degree were: the presence of other diseases besides high blood pressure, the degree of depression, assessment of health status, region of the country, gender, age, ethnicity, living or not living with a partner and education, and that being female is the main factor that favors adhesion and have a degree of severe depression, which favors smaller accession. Conclusion: Both clinical, economics, and demographics were significantly associated with the degree of adherence to treatment of hypertension. It is suggested that studies related to the improvement of adherence for each of the analyzed factors are carried out in order to mitigate the deleterious effects or enhance their beneficial effects, especially as for male individuals, who are more likely not to adhere to health treatments in general.
52

Nutrição da gestante portadora de anemia falciforme, complicações maternas e resultados perinatais / Nutrition of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, maternal complications and perinatal outcomes

Paiva, Letícia Vieira de 16 March 2016 (has links)
O prognóstico da gestação é influenciado pelo estado nutricional materno. Sabe-se que, desde a infância, as pessoas portadoras da doença falciforme apresentam crescimento deficiente. Pouco se conhece sobre a evolução do estado nutricional materno na anemia falciforme. O objetivo foi analisar o estado nutricional de gestantes portadoras de anemia falciforme, avaliando o ganho de peso, o consumo dietético materno e os resultados adversos maternos e perinatais. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 26 gestantes portadoras de anemia falciforme SS e 23 SC, a partir do início do pré-natal especializado até o puerpério. Como grupo controle foram utilizadas 63 gestantes, sem comorbidades. O estado nutricional das gestantes foi avaliado de acordo com índice de massa corporal, pré-gestacional e ao final da gravidez, bem como analisado o ganho de peso materno. O consumo dietético foi analisado utilizando-se questionário de frequência alimentar, em cada trimestre, caracterizando-se o valor energético total e a ingestão de macronutrientes e micronutrientes. As complicações maternas e perinatais foram investigadas. O nível de significância foi 0,05 (alfa=5%). Resultados: O IMC pré-gestacional foi significativamente menor no grupo SS (mediana 20,3 kg/m2) quando comparado com os grupos SC (22,7 kg/m2, p < 0,05) e controle (23,2 kg/m2, p < 0,05). O baixo peso pré-gestacional (IMC < 18,5 kg/m2) foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo SS (15,4%) quando comparado aos grupos SC (4,4%) e controle (1,6%, p=0,009). Ao final da gestação, o grupo SS apresentou menor IMC (mediana 23,1 kg/m2) quando comparado com o grupo SC (26,1 kg/m2, p < 0,05) e controle (28,5 kg/m2, p < 0,05). O ganho ponderal na gestação foi menor no grupo SS (mediana 8,0 kg) quando comparado com o grupo SC (11,9 kg, p < 0,05) e Controle (13,7 kg, p < 0,05). Na análise do consumo dietético no 2º trimestre, constatou-se que os grupos SS e SC apresentaram menor consumo de proteínas (medianas, 73 g/d e 69 g/d) quando comparados aos controles (96 g/d, p < 0,05); e o consumo de cálcio foi menor no grupo SS comparado ao controle (mediana, 410 vs. 748 g/d, p<0,05). No 3º trimestre, houve menor consumo de proteínas pelo grupo SS quando comparado com os controles (mediana, 68 g/d vs. 93 g/d, p < 0,05); o consumo de vitamina A foi menor no grupo SS quando comparado aos controles (mediana, 447 vs. 940 mcg/d, p < 0,05); o consumo de vitamina E foi menor no grupo SS (mediana, 6 mg/d) quando comparado aos grupos SC (10 mg/d) e controle (7 mg/d, p < 0,05). As complicações maternas mais frequentes foram: crise álgica, 58% no grupo SS e 44% no SC (p=NS); infecção urinária, 31% no SS e 17% no SC (p=NS); e infecção pulmonar, 35% no SS e 9% no SC (p=NS). Houve diferença significativa no diagnóstico de sofrimento fetal: SS (36%), SC (14%) e controle (13%, p=0,032). Resultados perinatais adversos foram mais frequentes nos grupos SS e SC quando comparados aos controles. Conclusões: O estado nutricional das gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme SS caracterizou-se pela desnutrição materna, com baixo ganho ponderal na gestação. O consumo dietético de macronutrientes demonstrou ingestão inadequada de proteínas nos 2º e 3º trimestres. As complicações maternas e resultados perinatais adversos foram eventos frequentes nas gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme / The prognosis of pregnancy is influenced by the mother\'s nutritional status. It is known that, from childhood, people with sickle cell disease have deficient growth. Little is known about the evolution of maternal nutritional status in sickle cell anemia. The objective was to analyze the nutritional status of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, assessing their weight gain, maternal dietary intake, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: A total of 26 pregnant women with sickle cell anemia SS and 23 SC, from the start of pre-natal to the postpartum period. It was used as a control group 63 pregnant women without comorbidities. The nutritional status of pregnant women was evaluated according to body mass index, prepregnancy and late pregnancy and maternal weight gain. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in each quarter, characterizing the total energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake. Maternal and perinatal complications were investigated. The significance level was 0.05 (alpha=5%). Results: The pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly lower in the SS group (median 20.3 kg/m2) compared to the SC group (22.7 kg/m2, p < 0.05) and control (23.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The low pre-pregnancy weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was significantly more frequent in the SS group (15.4%) when compared with the SC group (4.4%) and control (1.6%, p=0.009). At the end of pregnancy, the SS group had lower BMI (median 23.1 kg/m2) compared to the SC group (26.1 kg/m2, p < 0.05) and control (28.5 kg/m2, p < 0.05). Weight gain during pregnancy was lower in the SS group (median 8.0 kg) compared with the SC group (11.9 kg, p < 0.05) and control (13.7 kg, p < 0.05). The dietary intake analysis in the 2nd quarter showed that the SS and SC groups have a lower protein intake (median, 73 g/d and 69 g/d) compared to controls (96 g/d, p < 0.05); and calcium intake is lower in the SS group compared with controls (median, 410 vs. 748 g/d, p < 0.05). In the 3rd quarter, the protein intake was lower in the SS group compared with controls (median, 68 g/d vs. 93 g/d, p < 0.05); the vitamin A intake was lower in the SS group compared to controls (median, 447 vs. 940 mcg/d, p<0.05); the consumption of vitamin E was lower in the SS group (median, 6 mg/d) groups when compared to SC (10 mg/d) and control (7 mg/d, p < 0.05). The most frequent maternal complications were: a pain crisis, 58% in the SS group and 44% in SC (p=NS); urinary tract infection in 31% of SS and 17% of SC (p=NS); and pulmonary infection, 35% in the SS and 9% in the SC group (p = NS). There were significant differences in the diagnosis of fetal distress: SS (36%), SC (14%) and control (13%, p=0.032). Adverse perinatal outcomes were more common in SS and SC groups when compared to controls. Conclusions: The nutritional status of pregnant women with sickle cell disease SS is characterized by maternal malnutrition with low weight gain during pregnancy. Dietary intake of macronutrients demonstrates inadequate protein intake in the second and third quarters. Maternal complications and adverse perinatal outcomes are frequent events in pregnant women with sickle cell disease
53

Scores nutritionnels : méthodes, aspects socio-économiques et association avec l’état nutritionnel et la morbidité dans la cohorte SU.VI.MAX / Nutritional scores : methods, socioeconomic aspects and association with nutritional status and risk of major chronic diseases in the SU.VI.MAX study

Estaquio, Carla 14 December 2011 (has links)
Les actions mises en œuvre dans le cadre du Programme National Nutrition Santé (PNNS) suscitent des attentes et des interrogations en termes d’efficacité. Il est donc utile d’apporter des informations concernant l’adhésion de la population aux recommandations et sur l’effet possible de cette adhésion sur l’état de santé. L’adhésion a été mesurée grâce à la construction de deux scores construits a priori sur la base des objectifs de santé publique (FSIPO) ou repères du PNNS (PNNS-GS). Globalement, une meilleure adéquation aux 9 recommandations ou objectifs de santé publique était associée à un statut nutritionnel favorable. Les sujets présentant un score élevé (PNNS-GS ou FSIPO) déclaraient également des habitudes de vie plus saines (tabac, alcool, activité physique) que ceux ayant des scores bas. Une réduction de 36% du risque de maladies chroniques (décès, cancers et maladies cardiovasculaires) a été observée, après huit ans de suivi, chez les hommes ayant un FSIPO élevé. Malgré certaines limites, la validation de scores nutritionnels a priori s’avère indispensable pour convaincre tant les autorités de santé publique que les professionnels de santé et le grand public que tendre vers les recommandations peut être bénéfique tant au niveau individuel que collectif. / The actions implemented in the French National Program on Nutrition and Health (PNNS) raise expectations and questions in terms of efficiency. It is therefore useful to provide information about the general public adherence and demonstrate the potential for improving the health status of the population when PNNS nutritional guidelines are followed. Adherence was measured through the construction of two a priori nutritional scores based on the public health goals (FSIPO) or PNNS recommendations (PNNS-GS). A better compliance with recommendations or public health goals was associated with better nutritional status. Subjects with a high score (PNNS-GS or FSIPO) reported healthier lifestyle (tobacco, alcohol, physical activity) than those with lower scores. A 36% reduction in the risk of chronic disease (death, cancer and cardiovascular disease) was observed after eight years of follow up, among men with high FSIPO. Despite some limitations, validation of a priori nutritional scores is essential to convince both the public health authorities and the general public that the adherence to the PNNS is useful at an individual and collective level.
54

Suplementação nutricional em pacientes com doença do neurônio motor/esclerose lateral amiotrófica / Supplements in patients with motor neuron disease/amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Stanich, Patricia [UNIFESP] January 2003 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:02:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2003 / A Doenca do Neuronio Motor (DNM) e uma doenca degenerativa, progressiva, irreversivel e incuravel, com envolvimento primario do motoneuronio. Dentre as formas de manifestacao, predominam a Esclerose Lateral Amiotrofica (ELA) e a Paralisia Bulbar Progressiva (PBP). Na evolucao clinica, a disfagia apresenta-se como um dos comprometimentos principais, levando a diminuicao da massa corporea, desidratacao e desnutricao. Associado a diminuicao da inGestão alimentar, observa-se o aumento da taxa de metabolismo basal e das necessidades nutricionais, determinando assim perda de peso. O reconhecimento da deplecao nutricional e intervencao precoce podem ser um diferencial no tratamento. Nesse trabalho foram estudados 20 pacientes com Doenca do Neuronio Motor (DNM)/Esclerose Lateral Amiotrofica (ELA), provenientes do Setor de Investigacao de Doencas Neuromusculares da Disciplina de Neurologia Clinica da Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP-EPM). O objetivo desse estudo foi descrever o estado nutricional dos pacientes com Doenca do Neuronio Motor (DNM) /Esclerose Lateral Amiotrofica (ELA), submetidos a suplementacao nutricional. Os pacientes receberam suplementacao nutricional durante seis meses consecutivos. Eles foram submetidos a avaliacao nutricional bimestral, com medidas antropometricas - peso, estatura, circunferencia do braco e dobra cutanea do triceps - e analise da composicao corporal atraves da bioimpedancia eletrica. O diagnostico de ELA foi estabelecido de acordo com -os criterios propostos pelo El Escorial, modificado era 1998, atraves do quadro clinico e do auxilio de exames como eletroneuromiografia, ressonancia magnetica e tomografia computadorizada. As idade variou entre 36 e 70 anos, com media de 55,0, mediana de 59,5 e desvio padrao de 12,4 anos. O tempo referido de doenca pelo paciente variou de 8 a 218 meses, com media de 31,5 meses. Quinze pacientes (75 por cento) apresentavam ELA como forma de manifestacao, sendo onze (73,3 por cento) do sexo masculino e 4 (26,6 por cento) do sexo feminino...(au) / The Motor Neurone Disease (MND) is a degenerative disease with involvement of the motor neurone. It is a evolutionary, irreversible and incurable disease. Among the manifestation forms, prevail Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Progressive Bulbar Paralysis (PBP). In the clinical evolution, dysphagia stands out as one of the main compromisings, inducing decrease of body mass, dehydration and malnutrition. Associated to the decrease of the food ingestion, is observed increase of the rate of basal metabolism and nutritional needs, and these determine weight loss. The early recognition of the nutritional depletion and early intervention can be a differential one in the treatment. We presented 20 patient with Motor Neuron Disease / Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), coming from the Section of Neuromuscular Diseases Investigation of the Clinical Neurology Departament, Sao Paulo Federal University (UNIFESP). The objective of this study was to describe the nutritional condition of the patients with Motor Neurone Disease (MND)/ Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). The patients received nutritional supplements by six consecutive months. They were submitted to bimonthly nutritional evaluation, with anthropometric measurements - weight, stature, upper arm circumference and triceps skinfold - and bioelectrical impedance analysis to evaluate corporal composition. The diagnosis of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) was established in agreement with the criteria proposed by the El Escorial, in 1998, including clinical criteria and the aid of electromyographic studies, MR and CT scan. (au) / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações
55

Nutrição da gestante portadora de anemia falciforme, complicações maternas e resultados perinatais / Nutrition of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, maternal complications and perinatal outcomes

Letícia Vieira de Paiva 16 March 2016 (has links)
O prognóstico da gestação é influenciado pelo estado nutricional materno. Sabe-se que, desde a infância, as pessoas portadoras da doença falciforme apresentam crescimento deficiente. Pouco se conhece sobre a evolução do estado nutricional materno na anemia falciforme. O objetivo foi analisar o estado nutricional de gestantes portadoras de anemia falciforme, avaliando o ganho de peso, o consumo dietético materno e os resultados adversos maternos e perinatais. Métodos: Foram avaliadas 26 gestantes portadoras de anemia falciforme SS e 23 SC, a partir do início do pré-natal especializado até o puerpério. Como grupo controle foram utilizadas 63 gestantes, sem comorbidades. O estado nutricional das gestantes foi avaliado de acordo com índice de massa corporal, pré-gestacional e ao final da gravidez, bem como analisado o ganho de peso materno. O consumo dietético foi analisado utilizando-se questionário de frequência alimentar, em cada trimestre, caracterizando-se o valor energético total e a ingestão de macronutrientes e micronutrientes. As complicações maternas e perinatais foram investigadas. O nível de significância foi 0,05 (alfa=5%). Resultados: O IMC pré-gestacional foi significativamente menor no grupo SS (mediana 20,3 kg/m2) quando comparado com os grupos SC (22,7 kg/m2, p < 0,05) e controle (23,2 kg/m2, p < 0,05). O baixo peso pré-gestacional (IMC < 18,5 kg/m2) foi significativamente mais frequente no grupo SS (15,4%) quando comparado aos grupos SC (4,4%) e controle (1,6%, p=0,009). Ao final da gestação, o grupo SS apresentou menor IMC (mediana 23,1 kg/m2) quando comparado com o grupo SC (26,1 kg/m2, p < 0,05) e controle (28,5 kg/m2, p < 0,05). O ganho ponderal na gestação foi menor no grupo SS (mediana 8,0 kg) quando comparado com o grupo SC (11,9 kg, p < 0,05) e Controle (13,7 kg, p < 0,05). Na análise do consumo dietético no 2º trimestre, constatou-se que os grupos SS e SC apresentaram menor consumo de proteínas (medianas, 73 g/d e 69 g/d) quando comparados aos controles (96 g/d, p < 0,05); e o consumo de cálcio foi menor no grupo SS comparado ao controle (mediana, 410 vs. 748 g/d, p<0,05). No 3º trimestre, houve menor consumo de proteínas pelo grupo SS quando comparado com os controles (mediana, 68 g/d vs. 93 g/d, p < 0,05); o consumo de vitamina A foi menor no grupo SS quando comparado aos controles (mediana, 447 vs. 940 mcg/d, p < 0,05); o consumo de vitamina E foi menor no grupo SS (mediana, 6 mg/d) quando comparado aos grupos SC (10 mg/d) e controle (7 mg/d, p < 0,05). As complicações maternas mais frequentes foram: crise álgica, 58% no grupo SS e 44% no SC (p=NS); infecção urinária, 31% no SS e 17% no SC (p=NS); e infecção pulmonar, 35% no SS e 9% no SC (p=NS). Houve diferença significativa no diagnóstico de sofrimento fetal: SS (36%), SC (14%) e controle (13%, p=0,032). Resultados perinatais adversos foram mais frequentes nos grupos SS e SC quando comparados aos controles. Conclusões: O estado nutricional das gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme SS caracterizou-se pela desnutrição materna, com baixo ganho ponderal na gestação. O consumo dietético de macronutrientes demonstrou ingestão inadequada de proteínas nos 2º e 3º trimestres. As complicações maternas e resultados perinatais adversos foram eventos frequentes nas gestantes portadoras de doença falciforme / The prognosis of pregnancy is influenced by the mother\'s nutritional status. It is known that, from childhood, people with sickle cell disease have deficient growth. Little is known about the evolution of maternal nutritional status in sickle cell anemia. The objective was to analyze the nutritional status of pregnant women with sickle cell anemia, assessing their weight gain, maternal dietary intake, and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Methods: A total of 26 pregnant women with sickle cell anemia SS and 23 SC, from the start of pre-natal to the postpartum period. It was used as a control group 63 pregnant women without comorbidities. The nutritional status of pregnant women was evaluated according to body mass index, prepregnancy and late pregnancy and maternal weight gain. Dietary intake was assessed by food frequency questionnaire in each quarter, characterizing the total energy, macronutrients and micronutrients intake. Maternal and perinatal complications were investigated. The significance level was 0.05 (alpha=5%). Results: The pre-pregnancy BMI was significantly lower in the SS group (median 20.3 kg/m2) compared to the SC group (22.7 kg/m2, p < 0.05) and control (23.2 kg/m2, p < 0.05). The low pre-pregnancy weight (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2) was significantly more frequent in the SS group (15.4%) when compared with the SC group (4.4%) and control (1.6%, p=0.009). At the end of pregnancy, the SS group had lower BMI (median 23.1 kg/m2) compared to the SC group (26.1 kg/m2, p < 0.05) and control (28.5 kg/m2, p < 0.05). Weight gain during pregnancy was lower in the SS group (median 8.0 kg) compared with the SC group (11.9 kg, p < 0.05) and control (13.7 kg, p < 0.05). The dietary intake analysis in the 2nd quarter showed that the SS and SC groups have a lower protein intake (median, 73 g/d and 69 g/d) compared to controls (96 g/d, p < 0.05); and calcium intake is lower in the SS group compared with controls (median, 410 vs. 748 g/d, p < 0.05). In the 3rd quarter, the protein intake was lower in the SS group compared with controls (median, 68 g/d vs. 93 g/d, p < 0.05); the vitamin A intake was lower in the SS group compared to controls (median, 447 vs. 940 mcg/d, p<0.05); the consumption of vitamin E was lower in the SS group (median, 6 mg/d) groups when compared to SC (10 mg/d) and control (7 mg/d, p < 0.05). The most frequent maternal complications were: a pain crisis, 58% in the SS group and 44% in SC (p=NS); urinary tract infection in 31% of SS and 17% of SC (p=NS); and pulmonary infection, 35% in the SS and 9% in the SC group (p = NS). There were significant differences in the diagnosis of fetal distress: SS (36%), SC (14%) and control (13%, p=0.032). Adverse perinatal outcomes were more common in SS and SC groups when compared to controls. Conclusions: The nutritional status of pregnant women with sickle cell disease SS is characterized by maternal malnutrition with low weight gain during pregnancy. Dietary intake of macronutrients demonstrates inadequate protein intake in the second and third quarters. Maternal complications and adverse perinatal outcomes are frequent events in pregnant women with sickle cell disease
56

Adesão ao tratamento de saúde pelo paciente hipertenso no Brasil: um estudo transversal sobre seus fatores associados / Adherence to regimen in hypertensive patients in Brazil: a cross-sectional study of associated factors.

Camila Munafó Serpa 06 September 2016 (has links)
A hipertensão (HAS) é um problema de saúde pública global que afeta, em média, um quarto da população mundial, desencadeando elevados gastos de saúde e um número elevado de mortes, anualmente. A falta de adesão ao tratamento para a HAS é a principal responsável pelo aumento da morbimortalidade, das internações hospitalares, dos gastos em saúde e pior qualidade de vida entre os pacientes. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores clínicos, demográficos e socioeconômicos associados ao grau de adesão de adultos e idosos hipertensos, ao tratamento para HAS no Brasil, descrevendo seu grau de adesão. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo analítico de corte transversal, utilizando dados secundários da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) realizada pelo IBGE em 2013, envolvendo 7203 pacientes hipertensos, adultos e idosos de ambos os sexos, que buscou analisar os fatores associados ao grau de adesão ao tratamento para hipertensão, por meio de regressão beta com função de ligação logit. A análise das variáveis estatisticamente significativas, deu-se por meio da razão de chances e probabilidade de associação com o grau de adesão. Resultados: O grau de adesão médio da amostra estudada foi de 69,48%. Os fatores encontrados associados ao grau de adesão foram: a presença de outras doenças além da hipertensão, o grau de depressão, a avaliação do estado de saúde, a região do país, o gênero, a idade, a etnia, viver ou não com companheiro e a escolaridade, sendo que, ser do gênero feminino foi o fator que mais favoreceu a adesão e possuir um grau de depressão severo, o que menor favoreceu à adesão. Conclusão: Tanto fatores clínicos, socioeconômicos, quanto demográficos foram significativamente associados ao grau de adesão ao tratamento da HAS. Sugere-se que estudos relacionados à melhora da adesão em relação a cada um dos fatores analisados sejam realizados, de forma a amenizar os efeitos deletérios ou potencializar seus efeitos benéficos, principalmente quanto a indivíduos do gênero masculino, que apresentam maior tendência de não adesão aos tratamentos de saúde de forma geral. / Hypertension is a global public health problem that affects on average one quarter of the world population, triggering high health spending and a high number of deaths annually. The lack of adherence to treatment for hypertension is mainly responsible for the increased morbidity and mortality, hospital admissions, spending on health and lower quality of life among patients. Objective: To analyze the clinical, demographic and economic partner associated with the degree of adherence of adults and elderly hypertensive patients, treatment for hypertension in Brazil, describing their degree of adherence. Methodology: This is an analytical cross-sectional study, using secondary data from the National Health Survey (PNS) held by IBGE in 2013, involving 7203 hypertensive patients, adults and seniors of both genders, who sought to relate the factors associated with the degree of adherence to treatment for hypertension, through beta regression with logit link function. The analysis of statistically significant variables, occurred through the odds ratio and likelihood of association with the degree of compliance. Results: The mean adherence degree of the sample was 69.48%. The factors found associated with the adherence degree were: the presence of other diseases besides high blood pressure, the degree of depression, assessment of health status, region of the country, gender, age, ethnicity, living or not living with a partner and education, and that being female is the main factor that favors adhesion and have a degree of severe depression, which favors smaller accession. Conclusion: Both clinical, economics, and demographics were significantly associated with the degree of adherence to treatment of hypertension. It is suggested that studies related to the improvement of adherence for each of the analyzed factors are carried out in order to mitigate the deleterious effects or enhance their beneficial effects, especially as for male individuals, who are more likely not to adhere to health treatments in general.
57

Diachronic effects of bio-cultural factors on stature and body proportions in British archaeological populations. The impact of living conditions, socio-economic, nutritional and health status on growth, development, maximum attained stature and physical shape in archaeological skeletal population samples.

Schweich, Marianne January 2005 (has links)
Humans, like all animal species, are subject to Bergmann's (1847) and Allen's (1877) environmental rules which summarize physical adaptations to the natural environment. However, humans are in addition cultural animals and other bio-cultural factors such as social, economic and political status, general health, and nutrition, have a noticeable influence on stature and body proportions. Importantly, socio-economic status has a powerful influence on stature, which has been used to elucidate status differences in past societies (Bogin and Loucky, 1997; Floud et al., 1990; Schutkowski, 2000a). Furthermore, bio-cultural factors influence all dimensions of the human body, including weight, relative limb length, and relative length of the different limb segments. Given minimal migration and shared natural environments, all populations in this study, coming as they do from the last 2000 years of English history, should demonstrate similar morphology (c. f Ruff, 1994) if climatic variables were the only influence on stature and body proportions. In order to assess such bio-cultural factors in individuals from archaeological populations, skeletal populations from sites such as known leprosaria and medieval hospitals, rural and urban parish cemeteries, victims from the battle of Towton in A. D. 1461, and individuals from monastic cemeteries were analysed. The osteometric data from these populations were assessedfo r within and between population variability and indicate effects of bio-cultural factors on attained body proportions and stature. The results indicate a strong relationship between bio-cultural factors and body proportions, body mass index, prevalence of pathologies, sexual dimorphism, secular trend, and general stature from Roman times to the post-medieval period. The usefulness of stature, weight, and physical indices as markers of the bio-cultural environment is demonstrated. The main findings include: a greater sensitivity to external stressors in the males rather than the females of the analysed populations, rendering male statures more susceptible to varying bio-cultural conditions; a potential for very tall stature has existed in the analysed populations but was only realised. in very high status individuals in medieval times, and from the beginning 20'h century with better socio-economic conditions for the population at large; a less stratified socio-political environment, as in the late Anglo-Saxon period resulted in taller average male statures that a more stratified one, such as the medieval Nation-States; and medieval monastic institutions could have high status, e.g., the Gilbertines, or lower status, such as the mendicant orders, while leprosaria had the lowest status of all. / Ministere de la Culture, de l'Enseignement Superieur et de la Recherche, Luxembourg; Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford; Andy Jagger Fund; Francis Raymond Hudson Memorial Fund
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Asociación entre la actividad física y frecuencia de consumo de comidas en la población peruana de 15 a 65 años: un análisis secundario del ELANS / Association between physical activity and meal frequency of Peruvian population ages 15-65: a secondary analysis of ELANS

Gonzales Leon, Jimena Lisseth, Samanez Pancorbo, Almendra Maria Delfina 22 March 2021 (has links)
Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre el nivel de actividad física (AF) y la frecuencia de consumo de comidas (FCC) en la población peruana de 15 a 65 años. Materiales y métodos: Análisis secundario del estudio transversal ELANS recolectó información de la población peruana residente de áreas urbanas. El nivel de AF se estimó a través del IPAQ y para la FCC, se usaron los datos obtenidos del recordatorio de 24 horas (dos días no consecutivos). Para evaluar la asociación entre el nivel de AF y la FCC se realizó una regresión Poisson ajustada por sexo, edad, estado civil, nivel socioeconómico, región, adecuación de kilocalorías, estado nutricional (IMC), reporte de consumo de energía plausible. Resultados: Se analizaron datos de 1092 personas. La mayor proporción de la muestra realizó AF ligera (56,2%) y sólo un 12,8% vigorosa. El modelo ajustado demostró que los que realizaban AF moderada y vigorosa tenían 19% y 54% mayor probabilidad de consumir 5 o más comidas al día, en comparación a los que realizaron AF ligera, y la realización de AF vigorosa aumentó la probabilidad en un 13% de consumir cena. Los que realizaron AF moderada y vigorosa tuvieron un consumo de entre comidas de 7% y 19% mayor a los individuos que realizaron AF ligera. Conclusión: La prevalencia de 5 a más comidas al día fue mayor en los que realizaron AF moderada y vigorosa en relación a los que realizaron AF ligera. / Objective: Evaluate the association between the level of physical activity (PA) and the frequency of consumption of meals (MF) in the Peruvian population aged 15 to 65 years. Materials and methods: Secondary analysis of the ELANS cross-sectional study collected information from the Peruvian population living in urban areas. The level of PA was estimated through the IPAQ and for the MF, the data obtained from the 24-hour recall (two non-consecutive days) were used. To evaluate the association between the level of PA and the MF, a Poisson regression adjusted for sex, age, marital status, socioeconomic level, region, kilocalorie adequacy, nutritional status (BMI), and plausible energy consumption report was performed. Results: Data from 1092 people were analyzed. The largest proportion of the sample performed light PA (56.2%) and only 12.8% vigorous. The adjusted model showed that those who performed moderate and vigorous PA were 19% and 54% more likely to consume 5 or more meals a day, compared to those who performed light PA, and performing vigorous PA increased the probability by 13 % of consuming dinner. Those who performed moderate and vigorous PA had a 7% and 19% higher consumption between meals than individuals who did light PA. Conclusion: The prevalence of 5 or more meals a day was higher in those who performed moderate and vigorous PA compared to those who performed light PA. / Tesis
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LA DIMENSIONE RELAZIONALE DEGLI ALIMENTI. INDICAZIONI NUTRIZIONALI E SULLA SALUTE IN UNA PROSPETTIVA COMPARATA / NUTRITION POLICY IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: ANALYSIS OF THE REGULATION ON NUTRITION AND HEALTH CLAIMS MADE ON FOODS IN AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE

TOGNI, ENRICO 28 May 2015 (has links)
L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di ricerca è quello di porre in luce la cosiddetta “dimensione relazionale” dell’informazione fornita ai consumatori di alimenti tramite l’etichettatura nutrizionale e salutistica, intesa quale strumento normativo per l’attuazione delle politiche nutrizionali perseguite dall'Unione Europea. Il presente scritto analizza come le funzioni dell’etichettatura alimentare siano mutate durante i decenni, a partire dalla fine degli anni settanta del secolo scorso, quando essa era sì concepita come strumento informativo, ma il cui scopo principale rimaneva tuttavia quello di appianare le varie difformità legislative o regolamentari esistenti tra i vari Stati Membri – potendo queste rappresentare un ostacolo alla creazione di un mercato comune – sino ai giorni nostri, che vedono l’etichetta come una protagonista attiva in seno ad un più ampio programma di politica nutrizionale; più precisamente, attraverso un’adeguata etichettatura alimentare, le istituzioni dell’Unione Europea ambiscono a plasmare le abitudini alimentari dei consumatori, indirizzandoli verso percorsi nutrizionali più salutari. In tale contesto, il Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute fornite sugli alimenti rappresenta un ambizioso e, al tempo stesso, controverso tassello del diritto alimentare europeo, le cui premesse ispiratrici erano indubbiamente lodevoli, ma che è stato vittima, successivamente, di un’attuazione che ha generato notevole scontento ed incertezza sia tra i consumatori che nell'industria, al punto tale che da più parti si nutrono dubbi in merito alla sua efficacia e validità. Il presente lavoro di ricerca ambisce quindi a fornire una profonda analisi del Regolamento sulle indicazioni nutrizionali e sulla salute, offrendo una panoramica di esso in chiave storica, sociale, ed economica, imprescindibile al fine di una corretta e completa comprensione delle scelte normative e delle loro implicazioni di mercato. In ossequio a tale intento, in ogni apertura di paragrafo è offerto un inquadramento di taglio storico-normativo, mentre, in conclusione, si tenta di fornire qualche spunto critico da cui potrebbe, o avrebbe potuto, derivare una migliore attuazione del Regolamento. Dopo una breve introduzione, la ricerca entra nel suo vivo attraverso l’analisi di ogni aspetto del Regolamento (CE) n. 1924/2006, soffermandosi, in particolar modo, su quello che è l’aspetto cruciale e problematico relativo alla sua attuazione: il ruolo della scienza e, più precisamente, la valutazione circa la fondatezza scientifica dei claims, procedimento che, in assenza di chiare definizioni normative ed operative, è di fatto rimesso alla discrezionalità interpretativa dell’EFSA, avallata (implicitamente o esplicitamente) dalla Commissione Europea e dalla Corte di Giustizia dell’Unione Europea, generando così reazioni critiche tra pratici ed accademici che accusano una illegittima applicazione del principio di precauzione in un ambito che gli è estraneo, vale a dire quello dell’informazione alimentare al consumatore finale. Il lavoro prosegue poi con una riflessione sull'esito finale di un siffatto adagiamento sul processo di validazione scientifica condotto dall’EFSA, che ha ridotto la più parte della conoscenza nutrizionale a poco più di 200 indicazioni sulla salute autorizzate, la cui formulazione letterale, tra l’altro, si dubita assai possa essere agevolmente compresa dal cosiddetto consumatore medio. Inoltre, il Regolamento lascia irrisolti e aperte molti dilemmi e questioni, che devono urgentemente trovare un positivo interessamento al fine di non vanificare gli apprezzabili sforzi di spinta alla ricerca innovativa e di garanzia di una leale ed effettiva concorrenza nell'industria alimentare; il riferimento corre, tra gli altri, ai cosiddetti “claims botanici” ed ai “probiotici”, in relazione ai quali è ad oggi impedito reclamizzare in etichetta un’indicazione salutistica, sull’assunto per cui non è ancora stato raggiunto un livello accettabile di consenso scientifico relativamente alla loro sicurezza d’uso ed efficacia. Di conseguenza, se lo stato dell’arte è connotato da un simile proibizionismo, gli operatori del settore alimentare si trovano nella situazione di dover ricorrere a diverse strategie commerciali, quali l’utilizzo di claims suggestivi che, proposti attraverso messaggi non testuali, come nel caso del food design, si rivelano cionondimeno in grado di veicolare un messaggio salutistico, senza però la soggezione allo stretto rigore scientifico richiesto dall’EFSA. Infine, il presente lavoro, seppur prevalentemente rivolto alla descrizione dello scenario regolativo europeo, non dimentica di fornire una utile prospettiva del tema anche in chiave comparata, spaziando dalle linee guida predisposte dal Codex Alimentarius agli accordi vigenti in ambito OMC applicabili all’etichettatura degli alimenti, alimentando, per l’appunto, perplessità circa la compatibilità del Regolamento (CE) n° 1924/2006 con le obbligazioni gravanti sull’Unione Europea imposte dalla sua appartenenza al WTO. / The topic of the present research is to highlight the relational dimension of the information provided to consumers via food labelling, intended as a legal tool for the implementation of the nutrition policy carried out by the EU institutions since the establishment of the European Economic Community. The present work analyses how the function of food labelling has changed during the decades, since the late Seventies of the past century, when it was merely conceived as a mean of information whose main purpose was the harmonisation of the different national legislations, which could constitute an unnecessary obstacle to the realization of the common internal market, to the most recent days, when food labelling is thought as a tool of active nutrition policy; more precisely, through an adequate labelling, the EU institutions try to shape consumers’ behaviours, driving them toward a healthier eating. In this regulatory scenario, the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims made on foods is an ambitious and controversial piece of European food law, whose premises were undoubtedly laudable, but which has been during the years (partially) implemented in a manner which has caused much more discontent and confusion among both consumers and manufacturers, so that nowadays many doubts are still arising for what concerns its efficacy and its validity. This research represents a deep analysis of the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims, also taken into consideration from the historical, sociological, and economic perspective, which must be necessarily intertwined for a complete and critical comprehension of the legal framework and its implications for the various stakeholders. For this reason, each paragraph begins with a sort of normative background, and concludes with a critical analysis of the existing situation, providing some hints for a better implementation of the NHCR. After a brief introduction, the core of the research is completely and deeply focused on each and every aspect of the Regulation, with a central part which takes into consideration the very crucial aspect of its partial and problematic ongoing implementation: the role of science and, more precisely, the requirement of the scientific substantiation of the claims, whose assessment is demanded to the EFSA that, in the absence of definitions and clear guidelines on how to conduct such an evaluation, has de facto given its personal interpretation of the normative provisions of the Regulation, on which also the Commission and the European Court of Justice (implicitly or explicitly) rely, causing discontent among operators and legal scholars who see this as an illegitimate application of the precautionary principle to the field of food information, and a possible departure from the traditional categories of the risk assessment, risk management, and legal interpretation. The analysis proceeds then by criticizing the results of the total reliance on the scientific evaluation carried out by the EFSA, which reduced most of the knowledge about nutrition science in few more than 200 approved health claims, whose wording is probably incomprehensible for the average consumer. Moreover, there are also many other open issues in the Regulation on Nutrition and Health Claims which need to be urgently addressed in order not to vanish the laudable purpose of stimulating innovation and competition in the food sector, namely the botanical claims and probiotics, which are now prevented from bearing health claims on the consideration that a complete scientific consensus about their safety and efficacy has not yet been reached. But if this is the largely prohibitive state of the art, manufacturers are of course encouraged to find different escape routes, one of which is recurring to implied health claims, adopted through non-textual messages, or, to rephrase, through a smart food design, which can convey the same representation of healthiness without being subject to the strict scientific boundaries standardised by the EFSA. In addition, and as a conclusion, the present work, although mainly focused on the European Union regulatory environment, tries to give a comparative view on what the international arena offers on the topic, from the Codex Alimentarius Commission to the various WTO Agreements pertaining to food labelling, instilling doubts about the NHCR compatibility with the obligations that the EU must fulfil in the international trade law relations.

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