Comme dans la plupart des pays européens, la population française est soumise au défi du vieillissement. Au I" janvier 2016, les personnes âgées de 60 ans ou plus représentaient 23 % de la population. Selon les projections les plus récentes, cette catégorie de personnes va continuer d'augmenter et représentera 30 % de la population à l'horizon 2060.Un grand nombre d'entre elles ne disposent pas des ressources nécessaires pour supporter le coût de l'hébergement collectif devenu souvent nécessaire, ce qui pose la question du financement de cet accueil.La présente étude propose de résoudre ce problème par l'analyse du réseau d'obligations construit autour de la personne âgée, à la fois débitrice du coût de l'hébergement collectif vis-à-vis de la structure d'accueil et créancière d'aliments vis-à-vis de la collectivité et de certains membres de sa famille. Le montant des créances alimentaires doit servir à couvrir le montant de la dette d'hébergement.Ce réseau d'obligations est mobilisé par les acteurs concernés pour obtenir l'extinction totale de la créance des établissements en respectant les recours et procédures prévus par le législateur ou par le juge. Néanmoins, ces techniques légalement encadrées ne permettent pas toujours d'atteindre l'objectif visé: les règles très strictes du régime de l'obligation alimentaire restreignent significativement les montants obtenus devant le juge aux affaires familiales.Sous l'impulsion des créanciers insatisfaits, la mobilisation du réseau d'obligations a donc dépassé le cadre organisé. De l'élaboration de barèmes de calcul jusqu'à la signature de contrats en passant par l'émission de titres exécutoires, la famille de la personnes âgée est sollicitée par des techniques diversifiées, plus ou moins légales, qui la privent de la protection du régime de l'obligation alimentaire mais qui permettent aux établissements créanciers d'augmenter leurs chances d'être payés intégralement. / As in most of the European countries, the French population is facing the challenge of ageing. On January I st, 2016,23 % of the population was aged 60 years or aider. According to the most recent projections, this category is going to increase and will represent 30 % in 2060. A large number of them do not have sufficient resources to pay the price of the collective accommodation they often need.The present study proposes to salve this problem by analysing the network of obligations built around the elderly persan. She is the debtor of the cost of the collective accommodation but she also is the maintenance creditor towards the society and towards certain members ofher family. The amount of the maintenance claims has to caver the amount of the debt of accommodation. The concerned actors mobilise this network of obligations to obtain the extinction of the claim of establishments by respecting the legal remedies and proceedings planned by the legislator or by the judge. Nevertheless, these techniques legally organised do not always reach their goal : the legal regime of the maintenance obligation restrict significantly the amounts obtained in front of the family court.For this reason, the dissatisfied creditors decided to mobilise the network ofobligations in other ways. From the elaboration of calculation scales to the signature of contracts, including the issuance of enforceable titles, the family of the elderly is requested by diversified, more or less legal techniques, which deprive them of the protection of the regime of the maintenance obligation but which allow establishments creditors to increase their chances to be entirely paid.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地球環境学) / 甲第21937号 / 地環博第183号 / 新制||地環||36(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院地球環境学舎地球環境学専攻 / (主査)教授 宇佐美 誠, 教授 佐野 亘, 准教授 森 晶寿 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Global Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

1 Pacta Sunt Servanda in Recent Civil Law Abstract The thesis deals with the brocard of pacta sunt servanda and its application in the current Czech civil law. After a brief explanation of the historical circumstances and a concise description of the historical development of private law in Czechia, the first chapter outlines the establishment and the practical confirmation of the pacta sunt servanda principle in the judicial rulings of the Czech Constitutional Court after year 1990. The second chapter analyzes the natural law doctrines that have informed the authors of the Civil Code in drafting the law, including the principle of pacta sunt servanda. The third chapter of the thesis reviews the practical expression of the principle that agreements must be kept, and promises are binding in the applicable provisions of the Civil Code. The freedom of contract is one of the essential tenets of the private law, which gives parties freedom to decide whether to enter into a contract, with whom and the freedom to decide (acting in mutual respect of the equal autonomy of the persons involved) about the contents of the contract. But the freedom is also accompanied by responsibility. One of the possible consequences of the pacta sunt servanda principle is a party's duty to negotiate with care and not to lead a...

Magister Legum - LLM / In South Africa, notwithstanding 25 years into democracy, the constitutional commitment to socio-economic transformation of post-apartheid South Africa remains unfulfilled and unrealized by the vast majority of its people. The quality of education and access to adequate sanitation in South Africa are issues not exempt from the injustices of apartheid and its consequences of entrenched inequalities and differentiated access to socio-economic rights and privileges. Rural schools or townships have been characterized by unreliable access to water and unsafe pit latrines, or children practising open defecation. And tragically, there have been a series of loss of life due to children drowning in open pit toilets on school property.

The purpose of the thesis is to investigate what circumstances supports inherited responsibility to afford reparations. The general arguments for and against inherited obligations are presented and discussed. Hereafter, Denmark and Australia’s forced assimilation policies are examined in order to establish their responsibilities to correct the past injustice. The general arguments are applied when scrutinizing the cases. It is visible that it remains difficult to determine a nation’s responsibilities to correct past injustices, however, once considering the continuance of communities as well as inherited benefits and desert-claims, it seems justified that nations also inherit liabilities. The thesis is argumentative and normative in nature, entailing suggestions both for and against inherited responsibility. Once nations recognize that the purpose is to correct an injustice, and not take responsibility for its occurrence, it becomes clear that nations ought to accept inherited responsibility to afford reparations.

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como finalidad el evaluar la influencia de la cultura tributaria en la determinación de las obligaciones tributarias de los comerciantes del Nuevo RUS y el RER en el Mercado Cooperativa Santa Rosa en Chorrillos en el 2018. Actualmente, la Administración Tributaria entiende que la lucha contra la evasión tributaria es vital, y consideramos que la cultura tributaria es una variable esencial que permite a los contribuyentes ser conscientes de que las obligaciones tributarias son un deber sustantivo que todo ciudadano debe cumplir. Por lo tanto, se analizó la variable de cultura tributaria mediante la segmentación en tres dimensiones: complejidad de procesos tributarios, nivel de educación y bancarización, ya que consideramos que estas tres variables son parte de la cultura tributaria y contribuyen al conocimiento tributario del contribuyente y la forma de aplicación de procedimientos. Por lo tanto, para evaluar su influencia en la determinación de las obligaciones tributarias se tomó una muestra de 41 comerciantes del rubro de mercería, ya que este rubro tiene un mayor número de establecimientos de venta del mercado estudiado. El diseño de la investigación realizada es de enfoque cualitativo y cuantitativo y los resultados finales indican que existe influencia de la cultura tributaria en la determinación de obligaciones tributarias en los comerciantes del Mercado Cooperativa Santa Rosa en el 2018. En base a los resultados obtenidos se han propuesto algunas recomendaciones con el fin de contribuir a la mejora de la cultura tributaria en el contribuyente. / The purpose of this research work is to evaluate the influence of the tax culture in determining the tax obligations of the merchants of the Nuevo RUS and the RER in Mercado Cooperativa Santa Rosa from Chorrillos in 2018. Currently, the Tax Administration understands that the fight against tax evasion is vital, and we consider that tax culture is an essential variable that allows taxpayers to be aware that tax obligations are a substantive duty that every citizen must fulfill. Therefore, the variable of tax culture was analyzed by segmentation into three dimensions: complexity of tax processes, level of education and banking, since we consider that these three variables are part of the tax culture and contribute to the tax knowledge of the taxpayer and how to apply procedures. Therefore, to assess its influence on the determination of tax obligations, a sample was taken of 41 merchants from the haberdashery item, since this item has a greater number of sales establishments in the studied market. The design of the research carried out is a qualitative and quantitative approach and the results indicate that there is an influence of the tax culture in determining tax obligations in the merchants of Mercado Cooperativa Santa Rosa in 2018. Based on the results obtained, proposed some recommendations to contribute to the improvement of the tax culture in the taxpayer. / Tesis

Peut-on contraindre un État à sauver l'environnement? Si les récents jugements rendus en droit interne semblent vouloir répondre à cette question par l'affirmative, cela n'est pas évident en droit international. Érigée autour de ce plafond de verre hérité du traité de Westhphalie, la sphère juridique internationaliste se voit confrontée aux limites qu'elle s'est elle-même imposée : l'impossibilité de contraindre un État à agir contre sa volonté. Dans le but de brider les actions de ces entités supranationalement toutes puissantes dans leur propre domaine de compétence, maintes conventions environnementales ont été conclues. Au sein d'un processus de fabrication normatif contrôlé par le sujet et l'auteur de la disposition à venir, les organisations internationales se rendent compte de leur impuissance devant la difficulté de convenir d'une surveillance intrusive et de sanctions rigides, en somme d'un mécanisme de contrôle des obligations efficace. La surpuissance de l'État n'est pas pour autant synonyme d'invincibilité sur la scène internationale, en ce que divers moyens ne cessent d'apparaître dans l'optique de mener à une gouvernance environnementale mondiale désirée depuis des décennies. / Can we compel a State to save the environment? Whereas recents judgements made in domestic law seems to want to answer to this question in an affirmative way, it is not as clear in international law. Erected around the Westhpalian-inherited glass ceilling, the international legal sphere is confronted to limits that were self-imposed : the impossibilty to constrain a State to act against its will. In an attempt to restrain the acts of those supranational all-mighty entities in their competencies, many environnemental agreements were made. Inside a process of manufacturing new norms that is controled by the subject and the author of the future provision, the international organizations are aware of the fact that they are powerless. Especially regarding the difficulty to strike a intrusive surveillance or rigid sanctions, in sum anything that is included in an effective compliance mechanism. The State's supreme power is not tied with an invincibility on the international scene, as diverses means to lead to global environnemental governance are starting to emerge.

Le changement climatique devient de plus en plus grave, ce qui a déclenché un débat approfondi sur la manière d’y faire face. La réponse internationale est l’atténuation et l’adaptation. Cette thèse considère que l’adaptation est plus importante pour les Pertes et Dommages causés par le changement climatique. La première question abordée dans la présente thèse est de savoir quelle est la définition des Pertes et Dommages causés par le changement climatique. Une autre question principale est de savoir comment remplir l’obligation d’adaptation en réponse aux Pertes et Dommages. Pour l’obligation d’adaptation, la recherche vise à donner quelques suggestions: tirer pleinement parti des mesures du Mécanisme international de Varsovie; améliorer le mécanisme de mise en œuvre de l’Accord de Paris afin de garantir que les parties contractantes remplissent leurs obligations internationales. La thèse analyse également les contre-mesures de la Chine et suggère que la Chine devrait formuler des politiques appropriées de réduction des émissions et des politiques d’aide étrangère. La thèse analyse le « principe de responsabilité commune mais différenciée ». L’objectif est de discuter de la perspective du principe sur les obligations d’adaptation. Les pays adhèrent au principe et remplissent les obligations d’adaptation ou les obligations d’assistance pour les autres pays. / Climate change is becoming more and more serious, which has triggered extensive discussion on how to deal with it. The international response are mitigation and adaptation. This thesis considers that adaptation is more important for the Loss and Damage caused by climate change. The first question addressed in the present thesis is what the definition of Loss and Damage caused by climate change is. Another principal question is how to fulfill the adaptation obligation in response to the Loss and Damage. For the adaptation obligation, the research aims to give some suggestions: to make full use of the measures under the Warsaw International Mechanism; to improve the implementation mechanism of the Paris Agreement to ensure that the contracting parties fulfill their international obligations. The thesis also analyzes China’s countermeasures, and it suggests that China should formulate appropriate emission reduction policies and foreign aid policies. The thesis analyzes the “common but differentiated responsibility principle”. The purpose is to discuss the prospect of the principle on adaptation obligations. Countries adhere to the principle and fulfill the adaptation obligations or the assistance obligations for other countries.

Culture and politics are inseparable. How to realize the cultural factors of Chinese traditional politics and its influence and enlightenment on the contemporary era has been one of the most important issues with great concern of the academic community. Starting from Confucianism, this paper uses qualitative analysis and Marxist theory of cultural criticism to provide an in-depth interpretation of traditional Chinese politics. The main content of the paper is divided into three parts. The first part provides a systematic study of the background of the emergence of Confucian political philosophy in the pre-Qin period. Its main content covers the economic, political, and cultural aspects of the Warring States period. The second part analyzes the values of pre-Qin Confucian political philosophy. This part mainly deals with the theories of heavenly and human nature of three Confucian scholars, Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi. The third part interprets traditional Chinese politics in the context of Confucianism by focusing on the blood patriarchal culture, the social-based culture, the ethical culture, and the political culture of the sages, respectively. Through a summary of the characteristics and contradictions of traditional Chinese politics, an objective understanding of the emergence, development,...

The main aim of this thesis is to investigate the processes of the psychological contract during organisational socialisation. Research on psychological contract tends to focus more on the content and breach of the contract. Very little is known about the formative stages of the contract. Very little attention has also been given to investigating the psychological contract together with organisational socialisation. Linking the two research areas would further our understanding of both the dynamic nature of the psychological contract. This is achieved by investigating the temporal changes of the psychological contract of new employees, pre-entry up to six months post entry into employment. The research also investigates the psychological contract from the employer`s perspective. It utilises Weick`s (1995) sensemaking properties as a methodological framework to better understand these processes. Consistent with the research aim and objectives and social constructionism, a qualitative methodology was adopted. The research used in-depth semi structured interviews to collect data supplemented with sitting in during recruitment interviews in one of the organisations, and data were analysed using template analysis. Periodic interviews were carried out every four to six months post entry. The research consists of two organisations, where each provided two groups for analysis. The findings show that after entry into the organisation, the psychological contract changes in a variety of ways influenced by socialisation into the organisation. A model based on the findings is presented and discussed in the discussion chapter. The research also makes a contribution (methodology) by adopting the sensemaking framework.