O pneu é o único vínculo entre o veículo e o solo, é ele que transmite toda a potência e carga, e garante a dirigibilidade e condução do automóvel. A estrutura resistente de um pneu é um dos pontos de maior importância para o rendimento, tipo de aplicação e segurança. E conhecê-la é condição primária para o projeto. Pneus convencionais, via de regra, apresentam uma estrutura par de lonas cruzadas (cross-ply), dispostas em ângulos opostos, menores que 90º. Este trabalho visa avaliar as influências de uma estrutura ímpar de lonas cruzadas, em pneus convencionais. Objetiva-se com isso uma redução na matéria prima e uma otimização no tempo de processo. As influências da estrutura ímpar foram verificadas através de uma análise de elementos finitos, examinando o andamento das tensões internas na carcaça do pneu e observando a geometria da região de contato pneu/solo. Verificou-se também a variação da uniformidade utilizando-se do ensaio SAE J332 em uma máquina Akron FD90. A utilização de uma estrutura ímpar, em pneus de lonas cruzadas, acarreta numa deformação na região de contato pneu/solo, devido ao desbalanceamento de tensões nos fios da carcaça, um aumento das componentes de ply-steer e uma variação de força lateral nas componentes dinâmicas avaliadas. A utilização de uma estrutura ímpar deve ser cuidadosamente selecionada dependendo da velocidade, severidade e condições de utilização. / The tire is the only bond between the vehicle and the ground, is it that transmits all the power and load, and guarantees the driven and conduction of the automobile. The resistant structure of a tire is one of the most important factors for the efficiency, type of application and security. Knowing these parameters is the primary condition to design a tire. Conventional tires, usually have a pair structure, made of crossed plies (cross-ply) in opposite angles lesser than 90º. The present work aim to evaluate the influence of an odd cross-ply structure, in conventional tires, looking forward to a material reduction and also an optimization on time process. The influence of an odd structure was evaluated through a finite element analysis, examining the cord stress at the tire carcass and the tire/ground contact region (foot-print). The variation of the uniformity was also verified through a SAE332 test did on Akron FD90 machine. It was observed that the use of an odd structure in cross-ply tires cause a tire/ground contact region deformation, because of the unbalance internal cord stress (at the carcass), and an increase of uniformities components (ply-steer and variation of lateral force). The use of an odd structure must be carefully selected, depending on the speed, severity and condition of use.

The aim of this master thesis is to verify possibility to use Poisson distribution for predicting soccer matches. At first for analysis is applied the original model from English statisticians Mark J. Dixon and Stuart G. Coles from 1997. Thereafter the model is extended in the thesis. All models are based on the maximum likelihood method. Chosen league for deducing conclusions is the first English league - Premier League. The matches are played in the period from season 2004/2005 to half of season 2015/2016. For identification of models performance are used the most market odds from American bookmaker Pinnacle. In the theoretical part are described models and statistical methods that are used in the practical part. In the practical part are realized calculations. Counted performance of models is based on profit from market odds. In the period ex-post are calculated optimum model parameters that are used in the ex-ante period, where is calculated performance of the model. The thesis answers question: Are these models gaining from public database effective in modern age?

This thesis deals with summarization, processing, transformation and interpretation of large amounts of betting odds data. The goal of this thesis is to find out whether it is possible to invest in sports betting odds market without any previous knowledge about sport, using only mathematical skills and business intelligence tools.

1 Abstract This diploma thesis subjects on rating scales that measure respondent's value of the agreement with given statement. Particularly it focuses on a number of scale points and usage of mid-point and option "Don't know". Due to the fact, there is not an optimal number of points that scale should contain the author focuses on comparing scales of different length. This work includes research that uses four types of the questionnaire to test differences between odd and even scales of different lengths. The thesis shows that share of extreme points is based on scale length. With the use of shorter scales, respondents are more likely to choose extreme points. Based on respondents' answers, the difficulty to choose from scale options is similar in both even and odd scales. Option "Don't know" was mostly chosen by indecisive and poorly-informed respondents when the even scale with above-mentioned option was used. In the case of using an odd scale, the mid-point was chosen also mainly by indecisive respondents, so odd scales should be combined with option "Don't know" for better detection of neutrality. Keywords Rating scale, attitude measurement, odd scale, even scale, mid-point, number of scale points, Web survey, online questionnaire

Physics in the year 2006 is tightly constrained by experiment, observation, and mathematical consistency. The Standard Model provides a remarkably precise de- scription of particle physics, and general relativity is quite successful in describing gravitational phenomena. At the same time, it is clear that a more fundamental theory is needed for several distinct reasons. Here we consider a new approach, which begins with the unusually ambitious point of view that a truly fundamental theory should aspire to explaining the origins of Lorentz invariance, gravity, gauge fields and their symmetry, supersymmetry, fermionic fields, bosonic fields, quantum mechanics and spacetime. The present dissertation is organized so that it starts with the most conventional ideas for extending the Standard Model and ends with a microscopic statistical picture, which is actually the logical starting point of the theory, but which is also the most remote excursion from conventional physics. One motivation for the present work is the fact that a Euclidean path integral in quantum physics is equivalent to a partition function in statistical physics. This suggests that the most fundamental description of nature may be statistical. This dissertation may be regarded as an attempt to see how far one can go with this premise in explaining the observed phenomena, starting with the simplest statistical picture imaginable. It may be that nature is richer than the model assumed here, but the present results are quite suggestive, because, with a set of assumptions that are not unreasonable, one recovers the phenomena listed above. At the end, the present theory leads back to conventional physics, except that Lorentz invariance and supersymmetry are violated at extremely high energy. To be more specific, one obtains local Lorentz invariance (at low energy compared to the Planck scale), an SO(N) unified gauge theory (with N = 10 as the simplest possibility), supersymmetry of Standard Model fermions and their sfermion partners, and other familiar features of standard physics. Like other attempts at superunification, the present theory involves higher dimensions and topological defects.

Abstract The studies of the deformed nucleus for the Pb isotopes in the A~190 re- gion has been carried out by using the P.S.M. The comparison between the theoretical calculation of the transition energy, kinetic moment of ine- rtia, dynamic moment of inertia, paring gap, rotational energy, quadrupole moment, and B(M1)/B(E2) and the experiment observations are presented. We found that the kinetic moment of inertia is increased as the spin incre- ase for the even-even nuclei. This rise has been interpreted as being due to the combined alignment of the quasiparticles in the high-N intruder or- bit. And the kinetic moment of inertia is constant function of spin in the odd-even nuclei. It is interpreted as been due to the Pauli blocking of odd -quasineutron in the high-N intruder orbit.

The main objective with this study was to investigate so called odd purposes acceptable when registrating property along with how social development affects these purposes, furthermore to investigate how the cadastral surveyors estimates a foreseeable time. Tradition and praxis is used for several obvious purposes such as housing, farming, forests, offices and industry. Praxis is yet to be defined regarding more unique purposes. There is no mention in the law about which purposes are found acceptable to assure the demands on suitability are met. Cadastral authorities are responsible for making sure the division into property units is uniform and rule of law-accordingly. This study illustrates the issue of how the cadastral operation applies the rules to support a uniform application of the rule. A legal method, a survey analysis, an interview analysis and a case study were methods used in the study to answer the purpose and research questions. The legal method was used to learn more about the legal position. The survey was performed in order to gather data and information about which purposes previously have been regarded as odd by the cadastral surveyors. To obtain an understanding about and background to the selected odd purposes, an interview study was conducted with the cadastral surveyors. The intent of the case study was to form a base and insight in how the odd purposes are valued. The result of the legal method showed proof of how to interpret the prerequisite in the law. The survey provided information about which odd purposes are used in dividing of property. The interview study was based on the results from the survey and the information gathered from it. Answers regarding the background to the cadastral procedures were given, as well as the concept purpose, its origin and the evaluation of the time concept foreseeable time. The case study provided a background to the decision making and history about the debate as well as how purpose has been a question when making assessments. The most important conclusion made was that the prerequisite, intended function, current circumstances and requirements determine an acceptable purpose. The same factors determine the assessment of foreseeable time and as a result the concept varies from case to case. Social development causes the conditions for dividing into property units to be interchangeable, as a result the possible purposes changes with them. A more uniform application of the rule, considering the prerequisites, intended function, current circumstances and requirements should so be applied. / Huvudsyftet med studien var att undersöka vilka ”udda” ändamål som kan godtas vid fastighetsbildning med delsyften om hur samhällsutvecklingen påverkar ändamålen och att undersöka hur förrättningslantmätarna bedömer ”överskådlig tid”. Tradition och praxis finns för ett flertal ändamål som kan anses vara självklara, till exempel bostad, jordbruk, skog, kontor och industri. För mer udda ändamål är praxis oklar. Lagen talar inte om vilka ändamål som kan anses vara godtagbara för att kraven om lämplighet ska anses uppfyllda. Lantmäterimyndigheterna har till uppgift att ansvara för en enhetlig och rättssäker fastighetsindelning. Studien belyser frågan om hur lantmäteriverksamheten tillämpar reglerna idag för att ge stöd åt en enhetlig rättstillämpning. Metoder som använts i studien för att besvara syfte och forskningsfrågor var en juridisk metod, en enkätstudie, en intervjustudie och en rättsfallsstudie. Den juridiska metoden användes för att få kunskap om rättsläget. Enkätstudien genomfördes för att samla data och information om ändamål som förrättningslantmätarna ansett vara ”udda”. För att få förståelse och en bakgrund till förrättningarna av de utvalda ”udda” ändamålen genomfördes en intervjustudie med förrättningslantmätarna. Rättsfallsstudien syftade till att få en grund och inblick i hur ”udda” ändamål bedömts. Resultatet av den juridiska metoden visade på hur rekvisiten i lagen ska tolkas. Enkätstudien gav information för vilka ”udda” ändamål det fastighetsbildats. Intervjustudien grundade sig på enkätstudiens resultat och den information som lämnats. Den gav svar på förrättningarnas bakgrund, begreppet ändamålet och dess tillkomst och bedömningen av tidsbegreppet ”överskådlig tid”. Rättsfallsstudien gav en bakgrund till besluten och om hur diskussionerna förts samt huruvida ändamålet varit föremål för bedömning. Den viktigaste slutsatsen var att det är rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven som avgör vilket ändamål som är godtagbart. Samma faktorer avgör bedömningen av överskådlig tid som i och med det varierar från fall till fall. Samhällsutvecklingen medför att förutsättningarna för fastighetsbildning är föränderliga och därmed förändras också möjliga ändamål. En enhetlig rättstillämpning bör därmed ske utifrån rekvisiten, den tilltänkta funktion, den rådande situation och behoven.

Growing concerns about interruption to oil supply and oil shortages have led to escalating global oil prices. In addition, increased public acceptance of the global warming problem has prompted car manufacturers to agree to carbon emission targets in many regions including most recently, the Californian standards. Other legislating bodies are sure to follow this lead with increasingly stringent targets. As a result of these issues, spark ignition engines in their current form will need significant improvements to meet future requirements. One technically feasible option is smaller capacity downsized engines with enhanced power that could be used in the near term to reduce both carbon emissions and fuel consumption in passenger vehicles.This research focuses on exploring the performance limits of a 0.43 liter spark ignited engine and defining its operating boundaries. Limiting factors such as combustion, gas exchange and component design are investigated to determine if they restrict small engine performance. The research gives direction to the development of smaller gasoline engines and establishes the extent to which they can contribute to future powertrain fuel consumption reduction whilst maintaining engine power at European intermediate class requirements.

Immer mehr Verlage etablieren glatte Preise bei ihren Erzeugnissen, um der Forderung des Buchhandels nach glatten Preisen zu entsprechen. Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht inwieweit diese Fragestellung aus preispsychologsicher Sicht für die Warengruppen Belletristik und Sachbuch berechtigt ist und welche Produkteigenschaften einen Einfluss auf die Zahlungsbereitschaft haben. Hierfür sind 14 branchenfremde Studien nach dem PICO(C)-Schema auf Adaptionspotenzial überprüft worden. Ergänzend sind aktuelle theoretische Forschungserkenntnisse nach WENGER dargestellt worden. Die aktuellen Preisstrategien für die Warengruppen Belletristik und Sachbuch in den Ausgabeformen: Hardcover, Taschenbuch, E-Book und Hörbuch, werden in einer IST-Analyse dargestellt. Da bis heute keine repräsentativen Daten bzgl. des Preisendung im Buchhandel vorliegen, wurde ein Datenerhebungskonzept erarbeitet. Zunächst wurde eine Choice-Based-Conjoint-Analyse mit einer Stichprobe von N=176 Teilnehmern durchgeführt. Ebenfalls wurde mit einer qualitativen Stichprobe von N=11 eine van-Westerndorp-Befragung durchgeführt. Zentrale Ergebnisse der Arbeit sind, dass überwiegend glatte Preise gegenüber gebrochenen präferiert werden. Die Aussage, dass es zentrale Preisschwellen für die genannten Warengruppen gibt, konnte in dieser Arbeit nicht bestätigt werden. Alle Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit sind stark von individuellen Produkteigenschaften abhängig. Für den Transfer in die Praxis wurden, neben der Definition eines SOLL-Zustands, für beide Warengruppen, Preissimulatoren programmiert. Auf dieser Basis kann künftig ein ganzheitliches Preismanagement in Verlagen und dem Buchhandel etabliert werden.:1. Einleitung und Problemstellung 1.1. Motivation 1.2. Ziele der Arbeit 1.3. Aufbau der Arbeit und Methodik 2. Stand der Forschung zu Preisendungen 2.1. Klassische und verhaltensorientierte Studien zu Preisendungen 2.2. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 3. Theoretischer Bezugsrahmen 3.1. Preis- und Konsumentenverhalten 3.2. Preiswürdigkeitsurteil 3.3. Phasen eines Kaufprozesses am Beispiel des SOR-Modells 3.4. Verhaltenspsychologische Theorien der Preisforschung 3.6. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 4. Analyse deutscher Buchmarkt 4.1. Abgrenzung und Darstellung Buchhandel und Buchmarkt 4.2. Preispolitik im deutschen Buchhandel 4.3. Vorstellung und Analyse ausgewählter Warengruppen im Buchhandel 4.4. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 5. Methodisches Vorgehen 5.1. Vorstellung Preisforschungsmethoden 5.2. Datenerhebungskonzept und Vorüberlegungen 5.3. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 6. Erstellung und Durchführung der Studien 6.1. Toolauswahl 6.2. Umfrageerstellung 6.3. Durchführung und Verteilung 6.4. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 7. Analyse und Auswertung der Ergebnisse 7.1. Demographische Daten und Rating-Teil 7.2. Auswertung CBC I 7.3. Auswertung CBC II 7.4. Auswertung van-Westerndorp PSM 7.5. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 8. Implikationen für die Preis- und Produktpolitik 8.1. Entscheidungsmatrix und Definition SOLL-Zustand 8.2. Zusammenfassung und Beurteilung 9. Fazit und Ausblick

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