Cálculos dos espectros (E,J ) e das propriedades eletromagnéticas (U,Q,BE2,BM1) são realizados para isótopos ímpares do Ni, e isótopos ímpares com N=82, empregando o modelo de camadas (MC), a aproximação BCS usual (uma e três quasipartículas), BCS com blocking (BBCS) e BCS projetada (PBCS). São examinadas, em detalhe, a importância das correlações de cinco quasipartículas e das correções introduzidas em BCS. Os graus de liberdade coletivos do caroço são introduzidos através do acoplamento quasipartículas cluster vibrador (ACQPV), de modo que nosso formalismo possibilita tanto a inclusão de blocking como a projeção em número de partículas no cluster de uma e três quasipartículas. São realizados cálculos comparativos entre a versão com blocking (BQPCV) e com projeção (PQPCV) para os espectros e as propriedades eletromagnéticas de isótopos ímpares do Zn. A versão projetada é aplicada a isótopos do Césio, na descrição dos estados 5/2+ gerados pelo acoplamento anômalo. / We calculate nuclear spectra (E,J ) and electromagnetic properties (U,,BE2,BM1) for odd Ni isotopes and N=82 odd nuclei, using the shell model (MC), the usual BCS approximation (one and three quasiparticles ), blocking (BBCS) and projected (PBCS) BCS. The effects of five quasiparticles correlations and BCS corrections are carefully investigated. We introduce the core collective degrees of freedom by the quasiparticle- cluster- vibration coupling (ACQPV) , in such a way that our treatment makes possible to introduce both blocking and particle- number- projection in one and three quasiparticle cluster. Blocking (BQPCV) and projected (PQPCV) versions are compared for spectra and electromagnetic properties of odd Zn isotopes . Projected version is applied to Cs isotopes, in order to describe the 5/2+ states generated by anomalous coupling.

Most descriptions of the rise of the Canadian welfare state emphasize that traditional social welfare institutions were always inadequate and it took the Depression to demonstrate the need for better, more comprehensive arrangements. Beyond the enlightening influence of the Depression, the rise of current welfare state institutions is attributed to the efforts and influences of politicians, unions, social reformers, and intellectuals. This myth about the rise of the welfare state has been so widely accepted that there has been little effort expended in examining pre-welfare state social insurance arrangements. The findings of this case study of the Independent Order of Oddfellows of British Columbia (IOOFBC) sickness insurance indicate that before 1930 there was an extensive formalized system of social insurance. The study also reveals that rather than having demonstrated the inadequacies of the traditional welfare mechanisms, the severe economic conditions of the Depression devastated the existing social insurance arrangements which created the impetus for the rise of the welfare state. Up until 1930, membership in a fraternal organization, like the Independent Order of Oddfellows (IOOF), was one of the most important sources of sickness/health insurance and life insurance throughout the world. Fraternal insurers were able to provide insurance at a lower cost than commercial insurers through their non-profit motive and their use of screening and peer monitoring practices to alleviate problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. Until 1930, 13% of the population in British Columbia had sickness/health insurance coverage through fraternal membership. Critics of fraternal insurance argued that while fraternal insurers may have had low costs, they led a financially precarious existence due to their hazardous pricing practices. An analysis of IOOFBC lodges for the period 1891 to 1950 reveals that this is not a good explanation of the decline of fraternal insurance. Even with the most hazardous of pricing practices, IOOFBC lodges had almost no probability of being bankrupted by high claims. Early in lodge operations, surplus revenues were invested in assets, like the lodge hall, which generated revenues that subsidized lodge operations and benefit payments. Given that fraternal insurers were viable, why was fraternal membership not an important source of insurance coverage after the Depression? An analysis of the memberships of four IOOFBC lodges over the period 1891 to 1980 reveals that the devastation of fraternal memberships in the Depression promoted the growth of alternative (commercial and government) insurance arrangements. In the 1930s, more workers than ever before were without sickness insurance coverage. As the probability of suspension for non-payment of dues tripled, workers would have had little expectation of remaining in a fraternal membership long enough to collect sick benefits that were primarily needed after age 45. Through and after the Depression, IOOFBC lodges abandoned their insurance functions. Lodge memberships had "aged" so much between 1930 and 1945 that the increased lodge benefit liabilities made reforming the IOOFBC's beneficial systems impractical. If changes were not made to the IOOFBC subordinate lodges' dues and benefits, lodges would have had to potentially draw on their assets to meet their inflated obligations. The solution adopted was to abandon sick benefits altogether as members who had always been opposed to the insurance. / Arts, Faculty of / Vancouver School of Economics / Graduate

Let A be an m x n, (0, 1)-matrix. A submatrix of A is odd if the sum of its entries is an odd integer and even otherwise. The maximum number of 2 x 2 odd submatrices in a (0, 1)-matrix is related to the existence of Hadamard matrices and bounds on Turán numbers. Pinelis [On the minimal number of even submatrices of 0-1 matrices, Designs, Codes and Cryptography, 9:85-93, 1994] exhibits an asymptotic formula for the minimum possible number of p x q even submatrices of an m x n (0, 1)-matrix. Assuming the Hadamard conjecture, specific techniques are provided on how to assign the 0's and 1's, in order to yield the maximum number of 2 x 2 odd submatrices in an m x n (0, 1)-matrix. Moreover, formulas are determined that yield the exact maximum counts with one exception, in which case upper and lower bounds are given. These results extend and refine those of Pinelis.

The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-IV), specifically the disruptive behavior module for preschool-age children. The participants were 128 children (M = 4.43 years, SD = .54; Girls = 63) of African American (n = 37), European American (n = 41), Latino American (n = 38), and Mixed Ethnic (n = 12) background from Western Massachusetts. The overall internal consistency, concurrent validity, and predictive validity of the ADHD and ODD subsections were examined. Gender and ethnicity were examined as potential moderators of those as well. The DISC-IV and a behavior rating scale for teachers were administered at the beginning of the school year and the administration of the rating scale occurred again at end of the school year. The DISC-IV ADHD and ODD subsections exhibited acceptable overall internal consistency. The concurrent validity of the ADHD subsection was also found, but not for the ODD subsection. Most importantly, both DISC-IV subsections exhibited overall predictive validity, above initial teacher ratings. Partially supporting our hypotheses, ethnicity moderated the concurrent validity of the DISC-IV ADHD subsection, with DISC-IV scores of African American children having a stronger association with teachers’ ratings; boys also exhibited a stronger association than girls although not reaching significance. Also approaching significance, the DISC ADHD subsection appeared to predict year-end teacher ratings better for African American children than for European American and Latino American children. Overall, the DISC-IV was found to be a psychometrically reliable and valid diagnostic instrument for preschool-age children.

The present study examined the interactions between early child behavior, early parenting, and early family stress (parent psychopathology, socioeconomic status, and stressful life events) in predicting later Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) symptoms. Participants were 223 three-year-old children and their parents who participated in a four-year longitudinal study. It was predicted that there would be a stronger relationship between children’s early behavior characteristics and later ODD in the presence of less parental overreactivity/negative affect, more paternal warmth, and less family stress and a stronger relationship between early family stress and later ODD in the presence of less parental overreactivity/negative affect and more paternal warmth. Although early child behavior, early parenting, and early family stress were predictive of later ODD, they did not significantly interact in the predicted direction. In fact, contrary to prediction, only one interaction proved to be significant and it was in the unexpected direction: the relationship between early child behavior and later ODD was stronger among parents who displayed more warmth with their three-year-old children.

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An odd open dominating set of a graph is a subset of the graph’s vertices with the property that the open neighborhood of each vertex in the graph contains an odd number of vertices in the subset. An odd closed r-dominating set is a subset of the graph’s vertices with the property that the closed r-ball centered at each vertex in the graph contains an odd number of vertices in the subset. We first prove that the n-fold direct product of simple graphs has an odd open dominating set if and only if each factor has an odd open dominating set. Secondly, we prove that the n-fold strong product of simple graphs has an odd closed r-dominating set if and only if each factor has an odd closed r-dominating set.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21570号 / 理博第4477号 / 新制||理||1642(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 延與 佳子, 講師 村上 哲也, 教授 田中 貴浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Der Zusammenhang zwischen den Begriffen "Chance" (odd) und "Wahrscheinlichkeit" (probability) und die Anwendung des Chancenverhältnisses (odds ratio) im Bereich der Biometrie und bei der logistischen Regression werden erläutert. Es wird auf mögliche Fehlinterpretationen der Begriffe Chance und Chancenverhältnis hingewiesen.