Οι σύγχρονες στρατηγικές στην ανακάλυψη νέων βιοδραστικών ενώσεων στοχεύουν, κατά κύριο λόγο, σε καλά χαρακτηρισμένους μοριακούς στόχους με σκοπό την επαγωγή ή την αναστολή συγκεκριμένων βιολογικών δράσεων και τον περιορισμό ανεπιθύμητων παρενεργειών. Έναν ανάλογο μοριακό στόχο αποτελεί η διαλυτή γουανυλική κυκλάση (sGC), η οποία βρίσκεται στο επίκεντρο του ερευνητικού ενδιαφέροντος την τελευταία δεκαετία. Παρόλο που ανακαλύφθηκε περίπου πριν από τέσσερις δεκαετίες ως μέλος της οικογένειας των κυκλασών, η έρευνα που ακολούθησε την ανακάλυψή της δεν χαρακτηρίστηκε από την ίδια πρόοδο που χαρακτήρισε έναν άλλο εκπρόσωπο της ίδιας οικογένειας, την αδενυλική κυκλάση. Μερικοί από τους λόγους της περιορισμένης μελέτης της sGC συνοψίζονται στην χαμηλή ενδοκυτταρική της συγκέντρωση, που συνεπάγεται δυσκολίες στην απομόνωση, στον καθαρισμό και το χειρισμό της, και στην έλλειψη ενός αποτελεσματικού συστήματος έκφρασής της. Επιπρόσθετα, μόνο μετά την ανακάλυψη του μονοξειδίου του αζώτου (ΝΟ), την αναγνώρισή του ως σηματοδοτικό μόριο καθώς και την ταυτοποίησή του ως τον EDRF στα τέλη της δεκαετίας του ’80, πραγματοποιήθηκε ουσιαστική πρόοδος στον τομέα των βιολογικών δράσεων της sGC. Ο καθαρισμός του ετεροδιμερούς ενζύμου και η ανακάλυψη ενός μορίου αίμης ανά διμερές έθεσε τη βάση για την αποσαφήνιση του μηχανισμού ενεργοποίησης της sGC από το ΝΟ και την ακόλουθη κατάλυση της μετατροπής του GTP σε κυκλικό GMP, αν και ο ακριβής μηχανισμός παραμένει μέχρι σήμερα άγνωστος. Η ταυτοποίηση, επομένως, του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού NO/sGC/cGMP αποτέλεσε τη βάση για την ανακάλυψη ότι φάρμακα όπως τα οργανικά νιτρώδη, που χρησιμοποιούνται στη θεραπεία της στηθάγχης για περισσότερο από έναν αιώνα, δρουν στην ουσία ως δότες μονοξειδίου του αζώτου μέσω βιομετατροπής τους και ασκούν τη δράση τους μέσω ενεργοποίησης της sGC και παραγωγής, ακολούθως, του δεύτερου αγγελιοφόρου cGMP. Tα παραπάνω δεδομένα οδήγησαν στον προσδιορισμό του ΝΟ ως σημαντικού σηματοδοτικού μορίου στη φυσιολογία καταρχήν του καρδιαγγειακού συστήματος. Η πρόοδος που ακολούθησε τη μελέτη του sGC-cGMP μονοπατιού αποκάλυψε την ευρεία παρουσία του ενζύμου σχεδόν σε όλα τα κύτταρα των θηλαστικών και την εμπλοκή του σε ουσιαστικές φυσιολογικές λειτουργίες, όπως την καρδιακή ομοιόσταση, τη χάλαση αγγειακών και μη λείων μυικών ινών, την αναστολή της συσσώρευσης/συγκόλλησης αιμοπεταλίων, την περιφερειακή και κεντρική νευροδιαβίβαση, την ανοσολογική απόκριση, τη μεταγωγή του οπτικού ερεθίσματος, ενώ παρουσιάζει και ρυθμιστική δράση στο γαστρεντερικό και ουρογεννητικό σύστημα. Ταυτόχρονα, απορρύθμιση του σηματοδοτικού μονοπατιού έχει διαπιστωθεί να εμπλέκεται στην φυσιολογία και την εξέλιξη συγκεκριμένων παθολογικών καταστάσεων όπως αρτηριακή και πνευμονική υπέρταση, καρδιακή ανεπάρκεια, αρτηριοσκλήρυνση και θρόμβωση, διαβήτης, νεφρική ίνωση και ανεπάρκεια, φλεγμονώδεις και νευροεκφυλιστικές παθήσεις, γαστρεντερικές διαταραχές, σήψη και καρκίνος, όπου εντοπίζεται είτε να υπερλειτουργεί είτε να υπολειτουργεί. Εξαιτίας της σπουδαιότητας και της σοβαρότητας των καρδιαγγειακών παθήσεων, όπου το σηματοδοτικό μονοπάτι υπολειτουργεί, το μεγαλύτερο κομμάτι της έρευνας που ακολούθησε σχετικά με την ανακάλυψη νέων βιοδραστικών ενώσεων εστίασε κυρίως στην ανάπτυξη αγωνιστών της sGC, παρέχοντας όχι μόνο ΝΟ-δότες με βελτιωμένες ιδιότητες αλλά, επιπρόσθετα, δύο νέες κατηγορίες ΝΟ-ανεξάρτητων ενεργοποιητών που περιλαμβάνουν διακριτές δομικά ενώσεις. Η πρόοδος, ωστόσο, στην αναστολή του ενζύμου κρίνεται εμφανώς υποδεέστερη, παρόλη την προφανή σπουδαιότητα ανάλογων ενώσεων στη διερεύνηση των cGMP-εξαρτώμενων βιολογικών δράσεων. Μεταξύ διάφορων ενώσεων, όπως οργανικών φωσφορικών ενώσεων, νουκλεοτιδικών αναλόγων, πορφυρινικών παραγώγων και άλλων, ο περισσότερο ισχυρός και εκλεκτικός αναστολέας που έχει αναφερθεί μέχρι σήμερα είναι το ODQ, το οποίο θεωρείται ότι δρα μέσω οξείδωσης του σιδήρου της αίμης με αποτέλεσμα την απώλεια της ικανότητας ενεργοποίησης του ενζύμου από το ΝΟ. Το μειονέκτημα του ODQ, ωστόσο, να δρα in vivo και σε άλλες αιμοπρωτεΐνες περιορίζει την εφαρμογή του και καθιστά επιτακτική την ανάγκη ανακάλυψης νέων εκλεκτικών αναστολέων. Σε αυτά τα πλαίσια, στόχο της παρούσας μελέτης αποτελεί ο σχεδιασμός, η σύνθεση και η βιολογική αποτίμηση νέων πιθανών αναστολέων της sGC. Με βάση τη χημική δομή του ODQ, ως την ένωση-οδηγό, σχεδιάστηκαν νέα τρικυκλικά ανάλογα του βασικού σκελετού του ινδολίου και του διϋδροϊνδολίου. Η επιλογή του ινδολικού δακτυλίου έναντι του κινοξαλινικού σκελετού του ODQ πραγματοποιήθηκε με στόχο να διερευνηθεί κατά πόσο ο νέος σκελετός θα έχει επίδραση στη διατήρηση ή/και την ενίσχυση της ανασταλτικής δράσης έναντι της sGC. Επιπρόσθετα, η επιλογή του διϋδροϊνδολικού σκελετού αποσκοπούσε στη διερεύνηση της επίδρασης που μπορεί να έχουν μη επίπεδες ενώσεις έναντι του επίπεδου ODQ. Ταυτόχρονα, σχεδιάστηκε μία σειρά ετεροκυκλικών δακτυλίων προσδεδεμένων στους βασικούς σκελετούς, διαφορετικών από το δακτύλιο οξαδιαζολόνης του ODQ, ώστε να εξετασθούν πιθανές διαφορές της τελικής δράσης σε συνάρτηση με δομικές διαφορές των τρίτων δακτυλίων. Ακολούθως, πραγματοποιήθηκε διερεύνηση της συνθετικής μεθοδολογίας για την παραλαβή τόσο των τελικών προϊόντων όσο και σημαντικών ενδιάμεσων ενώσεων ως συνθετικών ενδιαμέσων για τη μελλοντική σύνθεση τροποποιημένων παραγώγων. Η σύνθεση των τελικών διϋδροϊνδολικών αναλόγων πραγματοποιήθηκε με κυκλοποίηση μέσω επίδρασης υδροξυλαμίνης ή διάφορων υδραζινών σε α-υδροξυμεθυλεν-κετο- ενδιάμεσα παράγωγα, τα οποία παραλήφθηκαν από τα αντίστοιχα 4-κετο-τετραϋδροϊνδολικά παράγωγα με την επίδραση μυρμηκικού αιθυλεστέρα. Τα αντίστοιχα ινδολικά τρικυκλικά προϊόντα συντέθηκαν από τα διϋδροϊνδολικά υπό συνθήκες αφυδρογόνωσης με επίδραση DDQ. Εξαιτίας των πειραματικών συνθηκών που εφαρμόζονται για την παραλαβή των συνθετικών ενδιαμέσων, κρίθηκε απαραίτητη για την εξέλιξη του συνθετικού σχήματος η προστασία, προηγουμένως, του πυρρολικού αζώτου με την κατάλληλη ομάδα. Με στόχο τη διερεύνηση της επίδρασης που μπορεί να έχει στην τελική βιολογική δράση η παρουσία ελεύθερου –ΝΗ στον πυρρολικό δακτύλιο, κρίθηκε σκόπιμη η αποπροστασία των τελικών προϊόντων. Παρόλο που εξετάσθηκε ποικιλία προστατευτικών ομάδων και συνθηκών αποπροστασίας, τα διϋδροϊνδολικά τρικυκλικά προϊόντα αποδείχτηκαν ασταθή. Κατέστη εφικτό να απομακρυνθεί μόνο μία προστατευτική ομάδα, η SEM ομάδα, και μόνο από τα πλήρως αρωματοποιημένα ινδολικά προϊόντα, τα οποία απδείχτηκαν σταθερότερα. Σύμφωνα με την παραπάνω μεθοδολογία συντέθηκαν 24 τελικά προϊόντα, από τα οποία 14 είναι διϋδροϊνδολικά παράγωγα και 10 ινδολικά, ενώ από τα τελευταία τα τρία φέρουν ελεύθερο πυρρολικό –ΝΗ. Εκτός από τα τελικά προϊόντα κατέστη εφικτό να συντεθούν και σημαντικά συνθετικά ενδιάμεσα. Τα α-μεθοξυ και α-αιθοξυκαρβονυλο- 4- ή 7-οξοτετραϋδροϊνδολικά παράγωγα παραλήφθηκαν με εφαρμογή διαφορετικής πειραματικής μεθοδολογίας και συντέθηκαν, επιπρόσθετα, τα α-υδροξυμεθυλεν-4-οξο-τετραϋδροϊνδολικά παράγωγα. Τα προαναφερθέντα συνθετικά ενδιάμεσα δύνανται να οδηγήσουν σύμφωνα με διαφορετικά συνθετικά σχήματα σε νέα τρικυκλικά ανάλογα. Επιπλέον, διερευνήθηκαν οι πειραματικές συνθήκες κάθε σταδίου της μεθοδολογίας με σκοπό τη βελτιστοποίηση των τελικών αποδόσεων. Μερικά από τα τελικά τρικυκλικά ανάλογα, τα οποία δεν έφεραν υποκατάσταση στις θέσεις 2- και 3- του πυρρολικού δακτυλίου, προωθήθηκαν σε in vitro βιολογικές μελέτες. Εξετάστηκαν, καταρχήν, όσον αφορά την ικανότητά τους να αναστέλουν την επαγόμενη από νιτροπρωσσικό νάτριο δραστηριότητα της sGC σε δύο διαφορετικές συγκεντρώσεις, 1 μΜ και 100 μΜ. Όλες οι υπό μελέτη ενώσεις αποδείχτηκαν αναστολείς του ενζύμου και παρουσίασαν ισχυρότερη δράση, με μία εξαίρεση, στην υψηλότερη συγκέντρωση. Οι ενώσεις 74 και 81 αποδείχτηκαν οι ισχυρότεροι αναστολείς με δοσοεξαρτώμενη δράση. Η ένωση 81 εξετάστηκε στη συνέχεια όσον αφορά στην εκλεκτικότητά της για την sGC σε μία μελέτη που περιελάμβανε επαγόμενη από τον ANF παραγωγή cGMP. Από την τελευταία μελέτη αποδείχτηκε ότι η παραπάνω ένωση δεν αναστέλει τις pGCs, υποδεικνύοντας ότι πιθανότατα η νέα σειρά ενώσεων δεν επιδρά στα άλλα μέλη της οικογένειας των κυκλασών, τις pGCs και τις ACs, και παρέχοντας μια ένδειξη για πιθανό μηχανισμό δράσης παρόμοιο με αυτό του ODQ. Η τελευταία υπόθεση ενισχύεται και από το γεγονός ότι οι υπό μελέτη ενώσεις δεν μεταβάλλουν τη βασική δραστηριότητα της sGC. Τα αποτελέσματα των πρωταρχικών βιολογικών μελετών επαληθεύουν τον κύριο στόχο της παρούσας μελέτης που ήταν η σύνθεση νέων αναστολέων της sGC. Η επιλογή του ινδολικού δακτυλίου, ως τον βασικό σκελετό των νέων ενώσεων, επιβεβαιώνει την υπόθεση του αρχικού σχεδιασμού, παρέχοντας αναστολείς με νέα δομικά χαρακτηριστικά. Πρώιμες μελέτες δομής-δράσης επισημαίνουν τη βελτιωμένη δράση που παρουσιάζουν τα επίπεδα ινδολικά προϊόντα έναντι των μη επίπεδων διϋδροϊνδολικών, αν και δεν είναι ακόμη δυνατό να εξαχθούν ασφαλή συμπεράσματα σχετικά με την επίδραση της δομής του τρίτου ετεροκυκλικού δακτυλίου. Περαιτέρω βιολογική αποτίμηση των υπόλοιπων προϊόντων της μελέτης καθώς και σύνθεση νέων τροποποιημένων αναλόγων θα εξυπηρετήσει την εξαγωγή λεπτομερέστερων συμπερασμάτων από μελέτες χημικής δομής-βιολογικής δραστικότητας και, πιθανότατα, την ανακάλυψη νέας ένωσης-οδηγού στο πεδίο της αναστολής της sGC. Τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από την παρούσα μελέτη όσον αφορά στη χημική σύνθεση ενδιαμέσων και τελικών προϊόντων αλλά και στη βιολογική αποτίμηση επιλεγμένων τελικών ενώσεων μπορούν να αποδειχτούν χρήσιμο εργαλείο για το μελλοντικό σχεδιασμό, εφαρμογή και σύνθεση νέων ενώσεων με τα απαραίτητα χαρακτηριστικά για αποτελεσματική αναστολή της sGC. Ανάλογες ενώσεις είναι δυνατό να αποδειχτούν όχι μόνο χρήσιμα πειραματικά εργαλεία αλλά και βιοδραστικά μόρια με πιθανή κλινική εφαρμογή σε συγκεκριμένες παθολογικές καταστάσεις, όπου η sGC υπερλειτουργεί, όπως στη σήψη. / Modern strategies in the field of drug discovery and development of new therapeutic agents are aiming mostly at well-characterized molecular targets in order to stimulate or inhibit specific biological actions without undesirable side-effects. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) is such a molecular target that has been, among others, intensively reviewed during the last decade. Although it has been discovered as a member of the cyclase family four decades ago, the research regarding the enzyme hasn’t followed the progress made with its sibling, the adenylate cyclase. Some of the reasons for this delayed progress are summarized in the difficulties concerning the isolation, purification and manipulation of the protein as a result of its low intracellular concentration and the lack of an efficient expression system. In addition, only after the discovery of nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule and its recognition as the endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) at the late ’80s, was any significant progress made in the field of sGC biological activities. The purification of the heterodimeric enzyme and the discovery of the presence of one molecule of heme per dimer shed light in the mechanism of activation of sGC by NO and the consequent catalysis of the conversion of GTP into cyclic GMP, although no exact mechanism has been proved until today. The identification of the NO/sGC/cGMP signaling pathway served the discovery that drugs such organic nitrates, which have been used for the treatment of angina pectoris for over a century, practically act as NO-donors through bioconversion and exert their actions through activation of sGC and generation of the second messenger cGMP. The above results led to the establishment of NO as a significant signaling molecule in the physiology of cardiovascular system. The following progress concerning the study of the sGC-cGMP signaling cascade revealed a broad presence in almost all the mammalian cells and an implication in many substantial physiological processes, such as cardiac homeostasis, vascular and non-vascular smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of platelet accumulation and coagulation, peripheral and central neurotransmission, immune response, transduction of light signals and regulating function in the gastrointestinal and urogenital systems. Apart from the physiological function, the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway is implicated in the pathophysiology of certain conditions as well, such as arterial and pulmonary hypertension, heart failure, arteriosclerosis and thrombosis, diabetes, kidney fibrosis and failure, inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, gastrointestinal disorders, sepsis and cancer, where it could be down- or up-regulated. Due to the significance and the severity of cardiovascular disorders where the expression or the activity of the pathway substituents is downregulated, most of the following drug discovery research focused on developing new agents that activate sGC, affording not only improved NO-donors but, additionally, two new categories of NO-independent activators, involving structurally diverse compounds. Regarding the inhibition of the enzyme, progress could not be considered as high, in spite of the tremendous utility of inhibitors in elucidating the cGMP-dependent biological processes. Among other compounds such as methylene blue, LY83583, organic phosphates, nucleotide derivatives, porphyrin analogues, the most potent and selective sGC inhibitor is ODQ, which is suggested to act through oxidation of the heme iron and consequent abolishment of the enzyme NO-activation ability. ODQ’s selectivity disadvantage, though, to inhibit in vivo not only the soluble guanylate cyclase but other hemoproteins as well, results in an urgent need for new selective sGC-inhibitors. According to the above facts, the aim of the present study involves the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new possible sGC-inhibitors. Using the chemical structure of ODQ as a lead-compound, new tricyclic analogues were designed, bearing the basic indole or dihydroindole skeleton. The choice of the indole ring against the quinoxaline framework of ODQ aimed at the evaluation of how the new heterocyclic skeleton could contribute in the maintenance or the enhancement of the biological activity of the lead-compound. Moreover, the impact of non-flat molecules against ODQ was intended to be examined by the use of dihydroindole ring. Additionally, a series of different heterocyclic rings, diverse from the oxadiazolone ring of ODQ, fused to the basic skeletons were designated in order to study any possible influence based on the structure in inhibitory activity. Consequently, the synthetic methodologies for the synthesis of the final products were investigated, as well as the preparation of key molecules which could be used in the future as synthetic intermediates for the synthesis of additional modified derivatives. The synthesis of final dihydroindole tricyclic analogues was accomplished under cyclization conditions reacting hydroxylamine or various hydrazines with the α-hydroxymethylen-keto-intermediates, which were prepared from 4-keto-tetrahydroindole derivatives and ethyl formate. The corresponding indole final products were prepared from the dihydroindole ones under dehydrogenation conditions using DDQ. Due to the synthetic conditions applied for the synthesis of the key intermediate compounds, the substitution of the pyrrole nitrogen atom with a proper protecting group was considered crucial for the progress of the synthetic plan. Aiming to study the impact of the unsubstituted indole ring on the biological activity, the cleavage of the protecting group from the final products was necessary. Although, a number of protecting groups and of cleavage conditions were examined, the dihydroindole tricyclic products proved unstable. We only attempted to cleave one protecting group, the SEM group, and only in fully aromatized products, which proved more stable. 24 final products were synthesized following the aforementioned procedures, fourteen dihydroindole derivatives, ten indole derivatives among of which three bear unsubstituted pyrrole nitrogen atom. Apart from the final products, some significant synthetic intermediates were managed to be prepared. The α-methoxy- or α-ethyoxycarbonyl- 4- or 7-oxo-tetrahydroindole derivatives were synthesized according to different experimental procedures, as well as the a-hydroxymethylen-4-oxo-tetrahydroindole derivatives. The above synthetic intermediates may lead following different synthetic pathways to new tricyclic indole final compounds. In addition, the experimental conditions in each single step of the synthetic plan were investigated and determined on the purpose of improved yields. Some of the final tricyclic analogues, bearing no substituent at positions 2- and 3- of the pyrrole ring, were initially tested in in vitro biological assays. Firstly, they were tested concerning their inhibitory ability against SNP-induced sGC-activity using two different concentrations (1 μΜ and 100 μΜ). All the tested compounds proved to be sGC-inhibitors, being more potent at the higher concentration, except of one compound. Derivatives 74 and 81 were the most potent inhibitors and their inhibitory activity was dose-responded. Product 81 was then examined regarding its selectivity towards sGC by an in vitro assay involving ANF-induced cGMP production. The last assay proved that the above compound does not inhibit pGCs, suggesting that possibly the new series of compounds does not have any impact on either pGC or AC, determining a possible ODQ mechanism of action. Another conclusion from the biological assays that reinforces the last hypothesis is that the new compounds do not inhibit the basal sGC activity. The preliminary results of the biological evaluation confirm the main purpose of the present study which is the synthesis of new sGC-inhibitors. The choice of the indole ring as the basic skeleton of the new compounds verifies the initial design suggesting inhibitors with new structural characteristics. Preliminary SAR studies highlight the improved potency of flat fully aromatized indole derivatives in comparison with the non-flat dihydroindole ones, while there could not yet be safe conclusions derived regarding the structure of the third heterocyclic ring. Further biological evaluation of the rest of the products as well as the synthesis of new additional modified compounds will serve more detailed structure-activity relationship studies and possibly the development of a new lead-compound in the field of sGC-inhibition. Conclusions related with the chemical synthesis of the intermediate and final products, as well as conclusions regarding the biological evaluation of selected tricyclic derivatives might be proved useful for the future design, application and synthesis of new molecules with all the appropriate structural characteristics for effective sGC-inhibition. Such compounds not only could be proved useful experimental tools but possible pharmacological modulators as well in certain conditions, like sepsis, where sGC is overexpressed.

Sepse induz exagerada produção de mediadores inflamatórios, como o óxido nítrico (NO), e causa alterações cardiovasculares, neuroendócrinas e de temperatura corporal (Tc). Na fase tardia da sepse existe liberação basal de vasopressina (AVP), apesar da hipotensão persistente. Uma hipótese para isso seria a inibição da síntese de AVP pelo aumento da produção de NO. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a possível participação do NO, produzido centralmente pelas isoformas de NO sintase (NOS), na expressão de AVP e ocitocina (OT), na resposta cardiovascular e de Tc durante sepse experimental. Ratos Wistar receberam injeção i.c.v. de L-NAME, inibidor não seletivo de NOS (250g/L), ou de aminoguanidina (AG,250g/L), inibidor seletivo da isoforma induzida (NOSi). Outro grupo recebeu inibidor da guanilato ciclase solúvel (ODQ,0,25g/L). Grupos controles receberam veículos (salina ou DMSO1%). Trinta minutos após as injeções, foi induzido sepse por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP) ou operação fictícia. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: 1) avaliação da sobrevida, 2) determinação da Tc, 3) aferição da pressão arterial (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC) e 4) avaliação de parâmetros hidroeletrolíticos e secreção de AVP e OT. A CLP promoveu alta mortalidade, aumentou NO progressivamente, diminuiu PAM e aumentou FC. A concentração plasmática de AVP (AVPp) aumentou na fase inicial da sepse e por seu efeito antipirético pode ter contribuído para a hipotermia observada. A razão de expressão para ambos os hormônios diminuiu nos núcleos supraóticos (SON) e paraventriculares (PVN). Na fase tardia AVPp estava basal e sua expressão nos SON e PVN mais diminuída do que na fase inicial. A expressão de OT diminuiu somente no SON. O pré-tratamento com L-NAME aumentou a sobrevida, reduziu a produção de NO até 20h, aumentou PAM e Tc, e manteve a FC semelhante ao grupo veículo. AVPp aumentou simultaneamente à diminuição da razão de expressão em ambos os núcleos. Na fase tardia, o grupo L-NAME apresentou NO aumentado e expressão de AVP diminuída, aparentemente contribuindo para AVPp basal e hipotensão. O L-NAME diminuiu a razão de expressão de OT na fase inicial, mas aumentou na fase tardia. A inibição de NOSi pela AG aumentou ainda mais a sobrevida e Tc. Apesar de não bloquear a produção de NO a AG aumentou a expressão de AVP e OT e manteve AVPp constante e acima da basal. Injeção i.c.v de AG aumentou PAM somente na fase inicial da sepse. O pré-tratamento com ODQ foi o mais eficiente em aumentar a sobrevida e Tc após CLP. Entretanto, não alterou o aumento progressivo de NO, e ainda diminuiu a expressão de AVP e OT. A AVPp basal após ODQ contribuiu para a hipotensão observada durante todo o período. Esses resultados mostram que aumento central de NO após CLP inibe a expressão de AVP e OT independente de GMPc no SON e parcialmente dependente no PVN. A inibição da expressão de AVP na fase tardia da sepse resulta em concentração basal do hormônio contribuindo para a hipotensão. Em nossos experimentos o controle da temperatura corporal teve maior contribuição no aumento da sobrevida durante sepse polimicrobiana do que a regulação neuroendócrina e/ou cardiovascular. / Sepsis induces massive production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), and causes cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and body temperature (Tb) alterations. In the late phase of sepsis there is a basal vasopressin (AVP) release despite the persisting hypotension. One reason could be the inhibition of AVP synthesis by the increase in NO production. Our aim was to investigate the possible involvement of NO, produced centrally by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, on AVP and oxytocin (OT) expression, cardiovascular response and Tb during experimental sepsis. Male Wistar rats received an i.c.v. injection of the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (250g/L), or of aminoguanidine (AG,250g/L), a selective inhibitor of its inducible isoform (iNOS). Another group received soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ,0.25µg/L). Control groups received vehicles (saline or DMSO1%). Thirty minutes after the injections, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), or the rats were sham operated. The animals were divided into 4 groups for: 1) assessment of survival, 2) determination of Tb, 3) measurement of blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and 4) evaluation of hydroelectrolytic parameters and AVP and OT secretion. The CLP promoted high mortality and progressive increase in NO levels. It also decreased MAP and increased HR. The AVP plasma concentration (AVPp) increased in the early phase of sepsis and its antipyretic effect may have contributed to the observed hypothermia. The expression ratio of both hormones was reduced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. In the late phase, AVPp was basal and its expression decreased in both nuclei more than in the initial phase. The OT expression decreased only in the SON. L-NAME pretreatment increased the survival and reduced the NO production until 20h. MAP and Tb were increased, while HR remained similar to that observed in the vehicle control group. AVPp increased simultaneously to the decrease of its expression ratio in both nuclei. In the late phase, the L-NAME group showed NO levels increased and decreased AVP expression, apparently contributing to basal AVPp and hypotension. The L-NAME decreased OT expression ratio in the initial phase, but increased in the late phase. Inhibition of iNOS by AG further increased the survival and Tb. Even though AG did not block NO production, it increased AVP and OT expression and kept AVPp constant and above the baseline. AG pretreatment increased MAP only in the initial phase of sepsis. The ODQ pretreatment was more efficient to increase survival and Tb after CLP. However it neither altered the progressive NO increase nor the decrease in AVP and OT expression ratio. The basal AVPp after ODQ contributed to hypotension observed during the studied period. These results show that the increased central NO levels observed after CLP inhibit cGMP-independent hormone expression in the SON and partially dependent in the PVN. Inhibition of AVP expression, in the late phase of sepsis, results in basal concentrations of this hormone further contributing to hypotension. In our experiments the control of body temperature during polymicrobial sepsis had greater contribution in survival than the neuroendocrine and/or cardiovascular regulation.

Sepse induz exagerada produção de mediadores inflamatórios, como o óxido nítrico (NO), e causa alterações cardiovasculares, neuroendócrinas e de temperatura corporal (Tc). Na fase tardia da sepse existe liberação basal de vasopressina (AVP), apesar da hipotensão persistente. Uma hipótese para isso seria a inibição da síntese de AVP pelo aumento da produção de NO. Nosso objetivo foi investigar a possível participação do NO, produzido centralmente pelas isoformas de NO sintase (NOS), na expressão de AVP e ocitocina (OT), na resposta cardiovascular e de Tc durante sepse experimental. Ratos Wistar receberam injeção i.c.v. de L-NAME, inibidor não seletivo de NOS (250g/L), ou de aminoguanidina (AG,250g/L), inibidor seletivo da isoforma induzida (NOSi). Outro grupo recebeu inibidor da guanilato ciclase solúvel (ODQ,0,25g/L). Grupos controles receberam veículos (salina ou DMSO1%). Trinta minutos após as injeções, foi induzido sepse por ligadura e perfuração cecal (CLP) ou operação fictícia. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: 1) avaliação da sobrevida, 2) determinação da Tc, 3) aferição da pressão arterial (PAM) e frequência cardíaca (FC) e 4) avaliação de parâmetros hidroeletrolíticos e secreção de AVP e OT. A CLP promoveu alta mortalidade, aumentou NO progressivamente, diminuiu PAM e aumentou FC. A concentração plasmática de AVP (AVPp) aumentou na fase inicial da sepse e por seu efeito antipirético pode ter contribuído para a hipotermia observada. A razão de expressão para ambos os hormônios diminuiu nos núcleos supraóticos (SON) e paraventriculares (PVN). Na fase tardia AVPp estava basal e sua expressão nos SON e PVN mais diminuída do que na fase inicial. A expressão de OT diminuiu somente no SON. O pré-tratamento com L-NAME aumentou a sobrevida, reduziu a produção de NO até 20h, aumentou PAM e Tc, e manteve a FC semelhante ao grupo veículo. AVPp aumentou simultaneamente à diminuição da razão de expressão em ambos os núcleos. Na fase tardia, o grupo L-NAME apresentou NO aumentado e expressão de AVP diminuída, aparentemente contribuindo para AVPp basal e hipotensão. O L-NAME diminuiu a razão de expressão de OT na fase inicial, mas aumentou na fase tardia. A inibição de NOSi pela AG aumentou ainda mais a sobrevida e Tc. Apesar de não bloquear a produção de NO a AG aumentou a expressão de AVP e OT e manteve AVPp constante e acima da basal. Injeção i.c.v de AG aumentou PAM somente na fase inicial da sepse. O pré-tratamento com ODQ foi o mais eficiente em aumentar a sobrevida e Tc após CLP. Entretanto, não alterou o aumento progressivo de NO, e ainda diminuiu a expressão de AVP e OT. A AVPp basal após ODQ contribuiu para a hipotensão observada durante todo o período. Esses resultados mostram que aumento central de NO após CLP inibe a expressão de AVP e OT independente de GMPc no SON e parcialmente dependente no PVN. A inibição da expressão de AVP na fase tardia da sepse resulta em concentração basal do hormônio contribuindo para a hipotensão. Em nossos experimentos o controle da temperatura corporal teve maior contribuição no aumento da sobrevida durante sepse polimicrobiana do que a regulação neuroendócrina e/ou cardiovascular. / Sepsis induces massive production of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide (NO), and causes cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and body temperature (Tb) alterations. In the late phase of sepsis there is a basal vasopressin (AVP) release despite the persisting hypotension. One reason could be the inhibition of AVP synthesis by the increase in NO production. Our aim was to investigate the possible involvement of NO, produced centrally by NO synthase (NOS) isoforms, on AVP and oxytocin (OT) expression, cardiovascular response and Tb during experimental sepsis. Male Wistar rats received an i.c.v. injection of the non-selective NOS inhibitor L-NAME (250g/L), or of aminoguanidine (AG,250g/L), a selective inhibitor of its inducible isoform (iNOS). Another group received soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor (ODQ,0.25µg/L). Control groups received vehicles (saline or DMSO1%). Thirty minutes after the injections, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), or the rats were sham operated. The animals were divided into 4 groups for: 1) assessment of survival, 2) determination of Tb, 3) measurement of blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR), and 4) evaluation of hydroelectrolytic parameters and AVP and OT secretion. The CLP promoted high mortality and progressive increase in NO levels. It also decreased MAP and increased HR. The AVP plasma concentration (AVPp) increased in the early phase of sepsis and its antipyretic effect may have contributed to the observed hypothermia. The expression ratio of both hormones was reduced in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular (PVN) nuclei. In the late phase, AVPp was basal and its expression decreased in both nuclei more than in the initial phase. The OT expression decreased only in the SON. L-NAME pretreatment increased the survival and reduced the NO production until 20h. MAP and Tb were increased, while HR remained similar to that observed in the vehicle control group. AVPp increased simultaneously to the decrease of its expression ratio in both nuclei. In the late phase, the L-NAME group showed NO levels increased and decreased AVP expression, apparently contributing to basal AVPp and hypotension. The L-NAME decreased OT expression ratio in the initial phase, but increased in the late phase. Inhibition of iNOS by AG further increased the survival and Tb. Even though AG did not block NO production, it increased AVP and OT expression and kept AVPp constant and above the baseline. AG pretreatment increased MAP only in the initial phase of sepsis. The ODQ pretreatment was more efficient to increase survival and Tb after CLP. However it neither altered the progressive NO increase nor the decrease in AVP and OT expression ratio. The basal AVPp after ODQ contributed to hypotension observed during the studied period. These results show that the increased central NO levels observed after CLP inhibit cGMP-independent hormone expression in the SON and partially dependent in the PVN. Inhibition of AVP expression, in the late phase of sepsis, results in basal concentrations of this hormone further contributing to hypotension. In our experiments the control of body temperature during polymicrobial sepsis had greater contribution in survival than the neuroendocrine and/or cardiovascular regulation.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / IntroduÃÃo: Guanilinas, peptÃdeos natriurÃticos (ANP e urodilatina) e bradicinina estÃo implicados na fisiopatologia, com potencial terapÃutico, do metabolismo do sal e da hipertensÃo. Objetivo: Estudar o mecanismo de aÃÃo e possÃveis interaÃÃes destes peptÃdeos, pelo emprego de inibidores da guanilato ciclase isatina e ODQ. MÃtodo: Foram realizadas experiÃncias no rim isolado e perfundido de rato com ferramentas farmacolÃgicas, isatina (IS; 0,3 ou 10&#956;M) ou com ODQ (37&#956;M), nos estudos com uroguanilina (UGN; 0,3 ou 0,6&#956;M), bradicinina (BK; 0,3 ou 0,9 ou 1,8nM) ou urodilatina (UD; 0,03nM). Investigaram-se ainda possÃveis interaÃÃes entre os referidos petÃdeos. Resultados: Isoladamente, IS (0,3&#956;M), ODQ, UGN (0,3&#956;M), BK (0,9 ou 0,3nM) nÃo interferiram signficativamente na presssÃo de perfusÃo, na diurese ou na reabsorÃÃo tubular fracionada renal de eletrÃlitos (sÃdio - %TNa+; potÃssio - %TK+; cloreto - %TCl- ). Nas condiÃÃes experimentais, ODQ mostrou-se eficaz (p<0,05) em inibir os efeitos de BK (1,8nM) sobre a pressÃo de perfusÃo (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mmHg) e %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3&#956;M) mostrou-se parcialmente eficaz em inibir efeitos de UGN (0,6&#956;M; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) e de BK (1,8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0,76+2%) sobre %TNa+. UD (0,03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%; p<0,05) potencializou a natriurese produzida por UGN (0,3&#956;M90min: 83+2%), cujos efeitos vasculares foram inibidos com BK (0,3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0,6&#956;M; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). ConclusÃes: IS e ODQ comprovaram a participaÃÃo da via de sinalizaÃÃo NO-GMP no mecanismo de aÃÃo dos peptÃdeos estudados. A perfusÃo simultÃnea com mais de um peptÃdio, comprovou que hà interaÃÃes em suas diferentes vias de sinalizaÃÃo. / Introduction: Guanylins, natriuretic peptides (ANP and urodilatina) and bradykinin are involved in the pathophysiology, with therapeutic potential, of salt metabolism and hypertension. Objective: To study the mechanism of action and possible interactions of these peptides, with the employment of guanylate cyclase inhibitors isatina and ODQ. Method: Experiments were performed on isolated perfused rat kidney with pharmacological tools, isatin (IS; 0.3 or 10&#956;M) or with ODQ (37&#956;M), in studies with uroguanylin (UGN, 0.3 or 0.6&#956;M), bradykinin (BK , 0.3 or 0.9 or 1.8nM) or urodilatin (UD, 0.03nM). It was also investigated possible interactions between those peptides. Results: Alone, IS (0.3&#956;M), ODQ, UGN (0.3&#956;M), BK (0.9 or 0.3nM) did not interfere significantly in perfusion perfusion (PP), in diuresis or in fractional renal tubular reabsorption of electrolytes (sodium - %TNa+; potassium - %TK+; chloride - %TCl-). In experimental conditions, ODQ proved to be effective (p<0.05) in inhibiting the effects of BK (1.8nM) on the PP (ODQ+BK120min: 111+3mmHg; BK120min: 139+5mm Hg) and %TNa+ (ODQ+BK120min: 80+1%; BK120min: 76+2%). IS (3&#956;M) proved to be partially effective in inhibiting effects of UGN (0.6&#956;M; IS+UGN90min: 76+2%; UGN90min: 72+2%) and BK (1.8nM; IS+BK90min: 81+2%; BK60min: 0.76+2%) on %TNa+. UD (0.03nM90min: 86+2%; UGN+UD90min: 73+4%, p<0.05) increased the natriuresis produced by UGN (0.3&#956;M90min: 83+2%), whose vascular effects were inhibited with BK (0.3nM90min: 104+5mmHg; UGN0, 6&#956;M; 90min: 135+4mmHg; UGN+BK90min: 110+2mmHg). Conclusions: IS and ODQ confirmed the participation of the NO-GMP signalling pathway in the mechanism of action of peptides studied. The infusion simultaneously over a peptide, proved that there are interactions in their different signalling pathway.

O mecanismo do efeito sedativo da clonidina (CLO), um agonista &#945;2-adrenérgico não é claro. Como a ativação dos receptores &#945;2-adrenérgicos induz a liberação de Óxido Nítrico (NO) das células endoteliais, testamos a hipótese de que o efeito sedativo e antinociceptivo da CLO sistêmica dependeria de mecanismos relacionados a via NOGMPc. O 7-NI reduziu significativamente o tempo de sono induzido pela clonidina. O tempo de sono induzido pelo tiopental (TST) foi aumentado pela CLO, &#945;-metildopa, rilmenidina (RIL) and midazolam. O L-NAME reduziu o prolongamento do TST da CLO, &#945;-metildopa, RIL, sem alterar o efeito do midazolam. O efeito inibitório do L-NAME no prolongamento do TST com a CLO foi revertido pela L-arginine. Os resultados sugerem mecanismos NO-dependentes no efeito sedativo da clonidina. Esses efeitos parecem ser específicos para a ação sedativa dos agonistas &#945;2-adrenérgicos. Avaliamos também a possível ligação envolvendo opóides e a via do NO-GMPc no efeito antinociceptivo da CLO. O efeito antinociceptivo induzido pela administração sistêmica de CLO e RIL foi avaliado utilizando o teste das contorções abdominais em camundongos e o teste tailflick. A CLO (3120 g/kg) and RIL induziram efeito antinociceptivo dose-dependente no teste das contorções abdominais e TFL. O efeito antinociceptivo da CLO foi significativamente reduzido pela inibição da NO-syntase and guanylyl ciclase. O efeito da RIL também foi reduzido pelo 7-NI. O efeito antinociceptivo da morfina foi inibido pela naloxona, que não inibiu o efeito da CLO. Nossos resultados sugerem que o efeito da CLO sistêmica não envolve receptor opióide e é modulado por uma via NO-GMPc. / The mechanism of sedative effect of clonidine (CLO), an &#945;2-adrenoceptor agonist remain unclear. As the activation of &#945;2-adrenoceptors induces release of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells, which has led us to test the hypothesis that sedative and antinociceptive effect from systemic CLO depends on the NO-cGMP pathway mechanisms. The sleeping time in rats induced by CLO was significantly decreased by 7-NI. Thiopental sleeping time (TST) was increased by CLO, &#945;-methyldopa, rilmenidine (RIL) and midazolam. L-NAME reduced the prolongation effect of clonidine, &#945;-methyldopa, RIL, but did not alter the effect of midazolam on the TST. The inhibitory effect of L-NAME on CLO -dependent prolongation of TST was reversed by L-arginine. These results suggest that NO-dependent mechanisms are involved in the sedative effect of CLO. In addition, this effect seems to be specific for the sedative action of &#945;2-adrenoceptors agonists. The possible involvement of an opioid and NO-GMPc pathway link in the antinociceptive effect of CLO was also evaluated. The antinociceptive effect induced by systemic administration of CLO and rilmenidine (RIL) was evaluated using the mice writhing tests and TFL. CLO (3120 g/kg) and RIL induces a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect in the writhing tests and TFL. The antinociceptive effect of CLO was significantly reduced by NO-synthase and guanylyl cyclase inhibition. RIL effect was also reduced by 7-NI.The antinociceptive effect of morphine, but not CLO, was inhibited by naloxone. Our current results suggest that the antinociceptive effect of systemic clonidine does not involve the opioid receptor and is modulated by the NO-cGMP pathway.