Orientador: Angelina Zanesco / Banca: Cláudio Alexandre Gobatto / Banca: Gilberto de Nucci / Banca: Vilma Baldissera / Banca: Edson Antunes / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito agudo dos exercícios resistidos com pesos sobre os níveis basais de leptinas adiponectina, fator de necrose tumoral alfa, perfil lipídico, variáveis antropométricas, glicemia, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica, frequência cardíaca, duplo produto e creatina cinase em adultos não treinados. Este trabalho foi aprovado pelo Comitê de de Ética do Instituto de Biociências da UNESP de Rio Claro. Vinte e cinco indivíduos foram selecionados dentro dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo 11 homens e 14 mulheres (idade 29,54§2,7 e 23,61§2,02 anos), respectivamente. Avaliação antropométrica para obtenção do IMC, da relação cintura-quadril e da composição corporal foram realizadas. O protocolo de exercícios consistiu de duas sessões, com 48 horas de intervalo, com nove exercícios para os principais grupos musculares, sendo utilizado um regime de 3 séries de 12 repetições com a carga determinada em testes prévios. O índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi de 26,5 e 22 kg/m2, para homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O somatório dos pesos utilizados nos exercícios do protocolo foi signicativamente maior (P < 0,05) para o grupo masculino do que para o feminino (352,81§25,79 kg versus 185,69§12,96 kg). O percentual de gordura corporal foi signicativamente menor para o grupo masculino em relação ao feminino. Houve diminuição signicativa nos níveis de glicose para ambos os grupos, em torno de 40% (masculino: de 104§3 para 61§1 mg/dL, e feminino: de 99§2 para 61§2 mg/dL) e colesterol total (12%) para ambos os grupos (masculino: de 174§10 para 152§12 mg/dL, e feminino: de 200§8 para 175§10 mg/dL) / Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efect acute of resistance training on the blood pressure, percentage of body fat, creatine kinase, glycemia, lipid profile, leptin, adiponectin, and tumour necrosis factor levels in healthy volunteers. This study was approved by the policies and ethical Committee of the Institute of Bioscience from UNESP. Twenty five volunteers, 11 men (age 29§33 years) and 14 women (23§2 years) were eligible. The training protocol consisted of 2 bouts with 9 different exercises: leg press 45l, supine bench press, lat pull down, bilateral knee-extension, bilateral knee flexion, triceps pulley, standing free-weight biceps curl, dumbbell side shoulders raise and abdominal. Resistance exercises were performed at 12RM with 3 sets of 12 repetitions, resting time of 2 minutes between one exercise and the next. The body mass index (BMI) was 26.5 and 22 kg/m2, for men and women, respectively. The work load was signicantly higher in men (P < 0,05) as compared to women (352,81§25,79 kg versus 185,69§12,96 kg). Men exhibited lesser values for percentage of body fat and skinfold thickness than women. Blood glucose and total cholesterol levels were signicantly reduced in both groups approximately 40% and 12% after resistive exercise (glucose men: from 104§3 to 61§1 mg/dL, and women from 99§2 to 61§2 mg/dL and total cholesterol men from 174§10 to 152§12 mg/dL, and women from 200§8 to 175§10 mg/dL). On the other hand, triglycerides levels were reduced only in men group (31% from 125§19 to 86§10 mg/dL), whereas LDL cholesterol (from 129§7 to 102§11 mg/dL) and serum leptin (from 20.20§2.99 to 15.55§2.55 ng/mL) was diminished in women group. In both groups, the resistive exercise provokes increase in creatine kinase (men from 152,12§45,55 to 727,84§287,64 U/L and women from 51,54§3,57 to 1192§404,83 U/L) / Doutor

Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Mustaque A. Hossain / The use of economical and environmentally friendly recycled asphalt materials has become increasingly popular for asphalt pavement construction. Although reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled asphalt shingles (RAS) are typically used in hot-mix asphalt, increasing the amount of RAP and RAS materials increases the potential for premature pavement distresses, especially cracking. This research evaluated four recycled Superpave mixtures with different RAP and RAS contents from Kansas Department of Transportation projects. Two of the mixtures contained 10% RAP and 5% RAS, while the other two mixtures contained 25% RAP but no RAS. Illinois semicircular bending and Florida indirect tension tests were performed to assess mixture cracking and fracture properties. Results showed that mixtures containing 10% RAP and 5% RAS have relatively low fracture energy, creep compliance, energy ratio, and flexibility index but high resilient modulus. These results indicate that mixtures containing 10% RAP and 5% RAS are stiffer, more prone to cracking, and tend to absorb less fracture energy. Mixtures with 25% RAP and no RAS showed the opposite behavior.

Multidrug resistance has become a major issue in the treatment of both microbial infections and cancers. While genetically encoded drug resistance is fairly well understood, it cannot explain all observed cases of resistance, namely the ability of a subset of disease cells to persist in an otherwise susceptible population. This non-genetic resistance requires the heterogeneous expression of a drug resistance phenotype, which can be produced by certain gene regulatory network architectures. Two particular network motifs, the coherent feedforward loop (CFFL) and the positive feedback loop (PFL), have functional properties that implicate them in the development of non-genetic heterogeneity and response to changing conditions. Motivated by the observation that CFFL and PFL motifs are involved in the transcriptional regulation of multiple pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) genes in yeast, it has been hypothesized that CFFLs and PFLs could contribute to the development of drug resistance. This hypothesis was based on model simulations and has not been tested experimentally. In this thesis, it is demonstrated experimentally that the PDR5 gene is indeed expressed heterogeneously within an isogenic population of yeast cells, and that this cell-to-cell variability enables a subset of cells to persist drug treatment. While these observations agree with model predictions, it is also observed that the resistant phenotype occurs within a subset of cells that are morphologically distinct. This subpopulation has previously been linked to abnormal mitochondrial function, which cannot be ruled out as a likely cause of the observed drug resistance. To validate the hypothesis that CFFLs and PFLs contribute to drug resistance, the expression of the PDR5 gene was placed under the control of synthetic gene regulatory networks constructed to contain different combinations of direct activation, indirect activation, and positive feedback. These networks are used to show that direct activation can provide a selective advantage enabling rapid responses, while indirect activation and positive feedback can provide a selective advantage by maintaining favourable gene expression states. These results demonstrate that a gene regulatory network combining CFFLs and PFLs can contribute to the development of drug resistance, and highlight plausible means by which cells can exploit certain network features to gain a fitness advantage.

Insulin resistance is associated with a number of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Dietary fat has been linked with insulin resistance, with alterations in the quality as opposed to the quantity of dietary fat now thought be more important in instigating improvements in insulin resistance. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of alterations in the dietary fat intakes of middle-aged men (n = 32) on the insulin sensitivity of glucose disposal and postprandial lipid metabolism and to explore the mechanistic links between these insulin responsive pathways. Three separate dietary interventions were conducted; the first involved an increase in the intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fat, the second a decrease in saturated fat and an increase in carbohydrate and the third a decrease in saturated fat and an increase in monounsaturated fat intake. Compliance was monitored by the measurement of red blood cell phospholipid fatty acid composition, postprandial lipid metabolism was measured over 9 hours following a high-fat breakfast (80 g fat), and insulin resistance was measured using the short insulin tolerance test. The results of the study showed that while insulin sensitivity was inversely correlated with red blood cell saturated fatty acid concentration at baseline, the insulin sensitivity of glucose disposal was unaffected by any of the dietary interventions conducted. In measurements of postprandial lipaemia, improvements were observed following the low-saturated fat / high-monounsaturated fat diet and the n-3 polyunsaturated enriched diet, however the low-saturated fat/ high-carbohydrate diet was associated with a worsening of postprandial lipaemia through an increase in the concentrations of triglyceride-rich-lipoproteins. Changes in fasting biochemical measurements were most evident in the low-saturated / high-monounsaturated diet, with an 11 % reduction in total cholesterol and a 15.4 % reduction in fasting triglycerides. There were no observed changes in the activity levels or the gene expression of lipoprotein lipase. There was an unexpected positive association between the degree of insulin sensitivity and the extent of postprandial lipaemia, indicating that the link between these pathways is complex and warrants further investigation. Overall this work supports the view that dietary guidelines should be directed towards a change in the composition of fat, to a lower saturated fat intake, a higher monounsaturated fat intake and a lower n-6 : n-3 ratio through an increase in the intake of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids.

Little has been done to address the issue of how to overcome resistance to change in a change effort in the church world. “How to overcome resistance to change?” is a question that requires serious consideration among church leaders. Church leaders continue to act in ways that produce resistance to change and ultimately failed change efforts. These actions on the part of church leaders often strengthen and reinforce the sources of resistance to change, making it very difficult for change to be accepted by church members. A literature study design was used to conduct this research. The purpose of this research was to: • Understand the phenomenon of resistance to change • To determine the actions of leaders that generate resistance to change • To determine how church leaders can overcome resistance to change The research indicates that church leaders make too many errors in a change process that generates resistance to change. The research has found eight actions of leaders that generates resistance to change by followers. Apart from the eight actions of leaders that produce resistance to change, many change agents continue to function as managers and not leaders in a change process. This results in further resistance to change. The research clearly shows that for church leaders to effectively overcome resistance to change, they need to follow a multi-stage change process, which is comprehensive, sequential and one that develops naturally and addresses all the sources of resistance to change. The research shows that church leaders should not skip or race through the steps or fail to reinforce earlier steps in the process of overcoming resistance to change. The researcher recommends nine steps that can be used by church leaders to overcome resistance to change and thus facilitate change successfully. / Dr. B.J. Geyser

The aim of the project was to develop a strategy towards anthracnose resistance in lupin using molecular techniques. Colletotrichum species are considered to be major plant pathogens of cereals and legumes around the world, causing significant crop losses. Colletotrichum acutatum causes anthracnose disease on lupin. Sweet white lupin (Lupinus albus) is a high protein grain crop that could alleviate protein shortage in South Africa, since it has the highest protein levels (34-45%) compared to Lupinus angustifolius. In an effort to combat the lupin anthracnose threat to the South African lupin industry, which has an annual turnover of approximately 60 million rands, a project was embarked upon to introduce defense genes into a white lupin and a narrow leaf lupin cultivar. Bean polygalacturonase inhibiting protein (PvPGIP), either extracted from bean or from transgenic tomato expressing the bean pgip1 gene (Pvpgip1), inhibited the C. acutatum polygalacturonase (PG) activity (isolate SHK 788) only by 18-25%, compared to apple PGIP (MdPGIP) that inhibited the C. acutatum PG activity by 70%. These results led to the Mdpgip1 gene, rather than the Pvpgip1 gene, being chosen for genetic engineering of lupin towards anthracnose resistance. However, since plants express more than one PGIP, the protein in the extract prepared from the fruit of apple cv. Granny Smith, could be encoded by any one of at least two closely related copies of pgip genes found in apple. Screening of eight putative first generation Mdpgip1 transformed tobacco plants using PCR, showed that all eight plants contained the Mdpgip1 gene. Inhibition studies, using the C. acutatum PGs, were performed which identified Mdpgip1 transgenic tobacco plant #8 as being the highest expresser of the MdPGIP1, since the MdPGIP1 extract from this plant exhibited the highest level of C. acutatum PG inhibition. The PGIP extract from the non-transgenic tobacco plant, as well as heat denatured MdPGIP1 extracts from the Mdpgip1 transgenic tobacco plants, resulted in no inhibition of C. acutatum PG activity. Mdpgip1 transgenic tobacco plant #8 was chosen for the purification of MdPGIP1. The protein was purified to apparent homogeneity using anion and cation exchange chromatography. N-terminal sequencing deduced the first 15 amino acids, which aligned 100% to the sequence of a pgip gene (called Mdpgip) from Golden Delicious apples (Genbank: accession no. MDU 77041), confirming isolation of MdPGIP1. The protein had a molecular mass of approximately 46kDa as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and an isoelectric point of 8.0. Purified MdPGIP1 inhibited the PGs produced by C. acutatum and the PGs produced by two apple pathogens, B. obtusa and D. ambigua. Results indicated that much less MdPGIP1 is required for effective inhibition of the B. obtusa and D. ambigua PGs, compared to the C. acutatum PGs. However, at higher MdPGIP1 concentrations all three fungal PGs were inhibited equally well. A purified endo-PG from Aspergillus niger was not inhibited by MdPGIP1. This constitutes the first report on the inhibitory activity of MdPGIP1 towards the PGs from C. acutatum, and the two apple pathogens B. obtusa and D. ambigua. As part of a multigene approach to the production of anthracnose resistant lupin, the use of a yeast exo--1,3-glucanase (EXG1) as an antifungal agent towards C. acutatum was investigated. The exo--1,3-glucanase (exg1) gene had been isolated from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cultures transformed with the exg1 gene, as well as untransformed yeast cultures, were obtained from the Institute for Wine Biotechnology, South Africa. Fungal spore suspensions, from isolate SHK 788, were prepared and used in inhibition studies with spore concentrations ranging from 2.5.103 spores to 80.103 spores per flask. Inhibition of C. acutatum mycelial growth ranged from 41%, at a fungal spore concentration of 2.5.103 spores, to 20%, at a fungal spore concentration of 80.103 spores. Ammonium sulphate concentrated yeast extracts containing the glucanase enzyme did not result in increased inhibition of C. acutatum mycelial growth. As an added control, an inhibition study using Botrytis cinerea spores yielded similar results to those obtained for the C. acutatum inhibition studies. An inhibition of at least 50% for all spore concentrations was set as the criterium to decide that the exg1 gene is potent enough for genetic engineering of disease resistance. This extent of inhibition was not obtained and the use of the exg1 gene for protection of lupin against C. acutatum was therefore not considered a worthwhile commercial option. The defense gene plant transformation vectors prepared for lupin transformation, pCAMBIA 3300-virG, pCAMBIA 3301-virG, pCAMBIA 3300-virG-applePGIP and pCAMBIA 0390:applePGIP were successfully transformed into the A. tumefaciens strains LBA 4404 and AGL1. Lupin transformation was performed by the transformation group at CSIR Bio/Chemtek using A. tumefaciens-mediated transformation of shoot apical meristems. This group showed that the inclusion of the supervirulence virG gene enhanced the levels of transient GUS expression in L. angustifolius by more than two fold. However, transformation efficiency was low, and regeneration of the lupin plant proved to be even more difficult. To overcome the difficulties with plant tissue culture-based transformation systems, an A. tumefaciens seed vacuum infiltration transformation method was utilised. Extracts obtained from Mdpgip1 transgenic tobacco plants produced at CSIR Bio/Chemtek (pCAMBIA 3300-virG-applePGIP as well as pCAMBIA 3300-virG/pCAMBIA 0390:applePGIP transformants) inhibited the C. acutatum PGs. The Mdpgip1 gene thus codes for an active protein in the transgenic tobacco plants, and the defense gene constructs prepared for lupin transformation are functional in planta. The shpx6a peroxidase gene was isolated from Stylosanthes humulis, as the second defense gene to be used in the strategy towards anthracnose resistance in lupin, and substitute for the yeast exg1 gene. Sequencing data confirmed the successful isolation of the shpx6a peroxidase gene, which was subsequently cloned into pCAMBIA 0390:applePGIP upstream from the NOS terminator to produce pCAMBIA 0390:applePGIP:peroxidase. Seeing that the constitutive CaMV 35S promoter was going to be used upstream from the selection gene (bar), the Mdpgip1 gene and the additional shpx6a peroxidase gene, there was a concern that one type of gene silencing could occur. Use of one promoter can block expression of another gene being expressed from the same promoter on account of methylation of the promoter DNA. A 4.2kb fragment containing the inducible class-III chitinase (if3) promoter was isolated from L. albus, using the GenomeWalkerTM kit, for use in the pCAMBIA 0390:applePGIP:peroxidase defense gene construct, i.e. upstream from the shpx6a peroxidase gene. The 4.2kb fragment was successfully cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector and sequenced. The sequence was compared to known sequences in the Genbank database but exhibited no significant homology. Using bioinformatic tools, five possible eukaryotic promoter-containing sites, including the TATA boxes, were identified within the isolated 4.2kb fragment. Deletion studies were performed in order to test for the minimal sequence needed for retaining of promoter activity. The 1.818kb, 1.512kb and 1.138kb if3 promoter-containing fragments were each cloned separately into the pDM327 vector upstream from the bar-gus fusion gene to produce pDM327:Prom1.8, pDM327:Prom1.5 and pDM327:Prom1.1 and used in the BiolisticTM transformation of plant tissue. BiolisticTM transformation of Ornithogalum and bean callus tissue, as well as maize and lupin immature embryos all demonstrated that the if3 DNA fragment isolated from L. albus contains promoter activity, indicated by the efficient stimulation of the expression of the gus reporter gene. Based on these results a provisional patent was filed [Application number: 2003/2405, and entitled “Plant Promoter”]. Bioinformatic analysis indicated the presence of various putative cis-acting regulatory elements, that could be important in controlling the expression of the 1.8kb if3 promoter-containing fragment. A single putative MBS regulatory cis-acting element was present in the 1.13kb promoter-containing fragment. It acts as a Myb transcription factor binding site that regulates transcription of several plant genes in response to various environmental factors, including elicitors and wounding. Several CAAT boxes were also identified within the 1.81kb promoter-containing fragment which play an important role in the determination of promoter efficiency. Most of the putative fungal elicitor activated (Box-W1 and ELI-box3) and wound-inducible [WUN-motif and ERE (ethylene responsive element)] cis-acting elements were present in the 1.13kb promoter-containing fragment. This supports the hypothesis that all regulatory elements needed for the activation of the if3 gene promoter are located within the first 1.13kb fragment upstream from the initiation codon of the if3 gene. The final evaluation of the main hypothesis that the combinatorial approach, by using two defense genes, will be much more effective than one gene or natural resistance in the suppression of anthracnose in lupin will need to be evaluated once successful transformation and regeneration of lupin has been obtained. / Prof. Ian Dubery

No description available.

The tuberculosis epidemic is escalating in South Africa as well as globally. This escalation is exacerbated by the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), which is defined by the World Health Organisation (WHO) as resistance of Mycobacteria to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis is estimated to occur in 1-2% of newly diagnosed tuberculosis (TB) patients and in 4-8% of previously treated patients. MDRTB is both difficult and expensive to treat, costing up to 126 times that of drug-sensitive TB. Resource constrained countries such as South Africa often lack both the money and the infrastructure to treat this disease. The aim of this project was to determine whether the performance of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could influence the decision making process for policy makers. Data was gathered and an economic evaluation of MDRTB treatment was performed from the perspective of the South African Department of Health. Three treatment alternatives were identified: a protocol regimen of second line anti-tuberculosis agents, as recommended in the South African guidelines for MDRTB, an appropriate regimen designed for each patient according to the results of culture and drug susceptibility tests, and non-drug management. A decision-analysis model using DATA 3.0 by Treeage® was developed to estimate the costs of each alternative. Outcomes were measured in terms of cost alone as well as the ‘number of cases cured’ and the number of ‘years of life saved’ for patients dying, being cured or failing treatment. Drug, hospital and laboratory costs incurred using each alternative were included in the analysis. A sensitivity analysis was performed on all variables in order to identify threshold values that would change the outcome of the evaluation. Results of the decision analysis indicate that the individualised regimen was both the cheaper and more cost-effective regimen of the two active treatment options, and was estimated to cost R50 661 per case cured and R2 070 per year of life saved. The protocol regimen was estimated to cost R73 609 per case cured and R2 741 per year of life saved. The outcome of the decision analysis was sensitive to changes in some of the variables used to model the disease, particularly the daily cost of drugs, the length of time spent in hospital and the length of treatment received by those patients dying or failing treatment. This modelling exercise highlighted significant deficiencies in the quality of evidence on MDRTB management available to policy makers. Pragmatic choices based on operational and other logistic concerns may need to be reviewed when further information becomes available. A case can be made for the establishment of a national database of costing and efficacy information to guide future policy revisions of the South African MDRTB treatment programme, which is resource intensive and of only moderate efficacy. However, due to the widely disparate range of studies on which this evaluation was based, the outcome of the study may not be credible. In this case, the use of a systematic review with subsequent economic modelling could not validly influence policy-makers to change the decision that they made on the basis of drug availability.

Electrical impedance tomography is an imaging method with applications to geophysics and medical imaging. A new approximation is presented based on Nachman's 2-dimensional construction for closed domains. It improves upon existing approximations by extending the range of application from resolving 2 times the surface conductivity to imaging perfect conductors and insulators. With perfect knowledge of boundary data, this approximation exactly resolves a single conductive disc embedded in a homogenous domain. The problem, however, is ill-posed, and imaging performance degrades quickly as the distance from the boundary increases. The key to the approximation lies in (a) approximating Fadeev's Green's function (b) pre-processing measured voltages based on a boundary-integral equation (c) solving a linearized inverse problem (d) solving a d-bar equation, and (e) scaling the resulting image based on analytical results for a disc. In the development of the approximation, a new formula for Fadeev's Green's function is presented in terms of the Exponential Integral function. Also, new comparisons are made between reconstructions with and without solving the d-bar equation, showing that the added computational expense of solving the d-bar equation is not justified for radial problems. There is no discernible improvement in image quality. As a result, the approximation converts the inverse conductivity problem into a novel one-step linear problem with pre-conditioning of boundary data and scaling of the resulting image. Several extensions to this work are possible. The approximation is implemented for a circular domain with unit conductivity near the boundary, and extensions to other domains, bounded and unbounded should be possible, with non-constant conductivity near the boundary requiring further approximation. Ultimately, further research is required to ascertain whether it is possible to extend these techniques to imaging problems in three dimensions. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of / Graduate

Insulin resistance is a precursor to type II diabetes mellitus and in conjunction with dyslipidaemia, hypertension, and obesity, these abnormalities constitute the metabolic syndrome. Insulin resistance usually develops before these other diseases and therefore identifying and successfully treating insulin resistant patients may have potentially great preventive value. Insulin resistance, obesity, and subsequently type II diabetes mellitus have increased dramatically and have reached epidemic proportions. The incidence of diabetes, and in particular type II diabetes mellitus, is increasing in developing countries and throughout the world and this is mainly as a result of increasingly sedentary lifestyle and obesity in an aging population. The specific aim of this study was to explore and describe the effect of a 14-week strength-based resistance training programme on insulin resistance amongst individuals aged 25 to 68 years, who are pre-diabetic, have T2DM, and/or are overweight. The research approach used in this investigation was explorative, experimental, and quantitative in nature. The quasi-experimental design consisted of a pre-test and post-test for an experimental and comparison group who were chosen through convenience and snowball sampling. A total of 30 participants were involved in this study, 15 participants in each group. The following dependent variables were selected, namely: body weight; BMI; body composition; waist-to-hip ratio; total cholesterol levels; triglyceride levels; HOMA-IR; and muscle strength for upper and lower body. Pre-and post-test analysis was performed at the Biokinetics and Sport Science Unit, located at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University (NMMU). Blood samples of the participants were drawn by nurses at the Health Clinic at the Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University and these blood plasma samples were stored at the Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry at NMMU for later analysis of glucose and insulin. The experimental group trained three times per week for a period of fourteen weeks, performing strength training exercises with progressive increments in the intensity of the exercise. The control group remained sedentary throughout the intervention period. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing descriptive and inferential statistics. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used as a hypothesis-testing procedure to evaluate the mean differences. The following dependent variables showed a decrease in mean values: body weight, body mass index, body fat percentage, waist minimum, cholesterol and insulin. However these differences in results were not practically and statistically significant. The following dependent variables showed an increase in mean values: hip maximum, arm relaxed, arm flexed, thigh circumference, glucose and HOMA-IR. However these results were not practically and statistically significant. The mean differences in the plasma insulin level, pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -1.77, p = 0.044) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.64, which indicates moderate practical significance. The only dependent variable which showed both statistical and practical significance was sum of skinfolds. The findings for sum of skinfolds revealed that the mean differences, from pre- to post-test, between both groups indicated that a significant difference (t = -2.30, p = 0.015) existed between them. Cohen‟s d revealed a value of 0.84, which indicated a large practical significance. Although the sample size was too small to indicate generalisations to the diabetic population as a whole, strength training should be furthermore explored as an alternative and successful modality in the existing range of options available to the health and exercise professional to address the needs of the person with T2DM. The researcher proposed that a bigger sample size be used for the experimental and control group, the intervention period increased as well as various differences related to frequency, intensity and duration of strength training could possibly result in significant changes.