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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:18:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Cristiane Belchior Caloiero.pdf: 424554 bytes, checksum: 418546c1b267e0fbd474d742aa991711 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-05-08 / The ovariohysterectomy (OHE) is the most common surgery realized in the small animals hospitals in order to control animal population and to prevent future problems of reproductive order. This surgical procedure has a moderate degree of pain and requires analgesic treatment. Postoperative pain, when not correctly diagnosed and treated, instead of being a mechanism of natural defense, becomes harmful and promote systemic alterations that delays the recovery of the patient. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effect in the trans and postoperative period between morphine, tramadol and buprenorphine, that were given to cats prior having OHE. In this study, 30 cats were used, with no specific breed and healthy. The animals were distributed in three groups of 10 animals. Group M received daily pre-anesthesic medication (PAM), acepromazine maleate (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine sulfate (0.2 mg/kg) intramuscularly (IM). Group T received acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and Tramadol (2.0 mg/kg) IM and Group B received acepromazine in the same dose and buprenorphine (0.01 mg/Kg) IM. After 20 min of applying PAM, the animals received an induction of the anesthesic thiopental 2.5% in the dose of 12.5 mg/kg intravenously. The animals were kept with isoflurane diluted in 100% oxygen through the universal vaporizer, connected to a circuit of Mapleson D (Baraka). The evaluation of pain and sedation was done by one person who observed for all the animals, and he did not know the treatment used (double blind). The evaluation times were: daily presurgical; 10 min, 20 min and 30 min of surgery and 1, 2, 4 and 6 hours after surgery. The subjective evaluation of pain was done through a visual analogue scales (VAS) and through a descriptive scale before and after the surgery. The measurements of cardiac frequency (FC), respiratory frequency (FR), temperature (Temp), plasma glucose (GL), time of capillary perfusion (TPC) and analysis of mucosa were made moments before, during, and after the surgery. The gauging of the systolic arterial pressure (PAS) and saturation of oxygen hemoglobin (SpO2) were made only during the surgical procedure. The comparison of the objective and subjective parameters between the three groups was done by using the Analysis of Variance of Kruskal-Wallis, followed of the Mann-Whitney test, whenever were significant differences between the treatments (p< 0.05). Inside of each group, the Analysis of Variance of Friedman was used for the comparisons between the diverse moments, followed by the test of Wilcoxon for the identification of the different moments (p< 0.05). Animals of the buprenorfina group (B) were more sedate in all the evaluated moments, followed by the group morphine (M) and finally the group tramadol (T). In the evaluation of pain for the VAS, the group tramadol demonstrated a lesser degree of pain in the first the 2 hours, followed by the groups with morphine and buprenorphine. In the evaluation of pain for the descriptive scale, tramadol presented better analgesic effect at the times 2, 4, and 6 hours. The values of cardiac frequency remained relatively constant during the surgical procedure, only being different at the times 4 and 6 hours where the buprenorphine group presented higher values. In the present study, the reduction of the FR was more accentuated in the morphine group. Difference in the PAS between the groups was not observed. The buprenorphine group presented higher values of glucose at the moment 6 hours. In this study, the body temperature did not differ between the groups in the pre or postoperative moments. With this study, it can be concluded that tramadol, in the given dose and regimen, is more efficient than the morphine and buprenorphine in controlling of postoperative pain of OHE in cats, without signs of collateral effect. / A ovariossalpingo-histerectomia (OSH) ? a cirurgia mais comumente realizada na cl?nica de pequenos animais com objetivos de controlar a popula??o e evitar problemas futuros de ordem reprodutiva. Este procedimento cir?rgico cursa num grau de dor moderado requisitando de um tratamento analg?sico adequado. A dor p?s-operat?ria, quando n?o corretamente diagnosticada e tratada, deixa de ser um mecanismo de defesa natural e torna-se nociva, promovendo altera??es sist?micas relevantes que retardam a recupera??o do paciente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar o efeito analg?sico no per?odo trans e p?s-operat?rio entre morfina, tramadol e buprenorfina administrados preventivamente em gatas submetidas a OSH. Neste estudo foram utilizadas 30 gatas, sem ra?a definida e h?gidas. Os animais foram distribu?dos aleatoriamente em tr?s grupos de 10 animais. O grupo M recebeu de medica??o pr?-anest?sica (MPA), maleato de acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg) e sulfato de morfina (0,2 mg/kg) pela via intramuscular (IM). O grupo T recebeu acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg) e Tramadol (2 mg/kg) pela via IM. Ao grupo B foi administrado acepromazina na mesma dose e buprenorfina (0,01 mg/Kg) via IM. Ap?s 20 min da MPA, os animais recebiam de indu??o anest?sica tiopental 2,5% na dose de 12,5 mg/kg pela via intravenosa. Os animais eram intubados e mantidos com isoflurano dilu?do em oxig?nio a 100% atrav?s do vaporizador universal, conectados a um circuito de Mapleson D (Baraka). A avalia??o da dor e seda??o foi realizada por um mesmo observador em todos os animais, e este n?o conhecia o tratamento utilizado (duplo cego). Os tempos de avalia??o eram: pr?-operat?rio; 10, 20 e 30 minutos de cirurgia, 1, 2, 4 e 6 horas ap?s o t?rmino da mesma. A avalia??o subjetiva da dor foi realizada atrav?s da escala an?loga visual e da escala descritiva nos momentos antes e ap?s a cirurgia. A mensura??o dos par?metros objetivos freq??ncia card?aca (FC), freq??ncia respirat?ria (FR), temperatura (Temp), glicemia (GL), tempo de perfus?o capilar (TPC) e an?lise de mucosas foram realizados nos momentos antes, durante e ap?s a cirurgia, j? a aferi??o da press?o arterial sist?lica (PAS) e satura??o de oxig?nio na hemoglobina (SpO2) foram realizadas somente durante o procedimento cir?rgico. A compara??o dos par?metros objetivos e subjetivos entre os tr?s grupos foi realizada pela An?lise de Vari?ncia de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido do teste Mann-Whitney, sempre que houvesse diferen?as significativas entre os tratamentos (p< 0,05). Dentro de cada grupo, foi utilizada pela An?lise de Vari?ncia de Friedman para as compara??es entre os diversos momentos, seguido do teste de Wilcoxon para a identifica??o dos momentos diferentes (p< 0,05). Os animais do grupo buprenorfina (B) se apresentaram mais sedados em todos os momentos avaliados, seguido do grupo morfina (M) e por ?ltimo o grupo tramadol (T). Na avalia??o da dor pela VAS, o grupo tramadol demonstrou um menor grau de dor nas primeiras 2 horas, seguido pelos grupos morfina e buprenorfina. Na avalia??o da dor pela escala descritiva, o tramadol apresentou melhor efeito analg?sico nos momentos 2, 4, e 6 horas. Os valores de freq??ncia card?aca permaneceu relativamente constante durante todo o procedimento cir?rgico, s? sendo diferente nos momentos 4 e 6 horas onde a buprenorfina apresentou valores mais altos. No presente estudo, a diminui??o da FR foi mais pronunciada no grupo morfina. N?o foi observada diferen?a na PAS entre os grupos. O grupo buprenorfina apresentou valores mais altos de glicose no momento 6 horas. Neste estudo, a temperatura corporal n?o diferiu entre os grupos nos momentos pr? e p?s-operat?rio. Com este estudo, pode-se concluir que o tramadol na dose e regime empregados mostrou-se mais eficiente que a morfina e a buprenorfina em controlar a dor p?s-operat?ria da OSH em gatas, sem apresentar efeitos colaterais.

abstract: This dissertation presents methods for the evaluation of ocular surface protection during natural blink function. The evaluation of ocular surface protection is especially important in the diagnosis of dry eye and the evaluation of dry eye severity in clinical trials. Dry eye is a highly prevalent disease affecting vast numbers (between 11% and 22%) of an aging population. There is only one approved therapy with limited efficacy, which results in a huge unmet need. The reason so few drugs have reached approval is a lack of a recognized therapeutic pathway with reproducible endpoints. While the interplay between blink function and ocular surface protection has long been recognized, all currently used evaluation techniques have addressed blink function in isolation from tear film stability, the gold standard of which is Tear Film Break-Up Time (TFBUT). In the first part of this research a manual technique of calculating ocular surface protection during natural blink function through the use of video analysis is developed and evaluated for it's ability to differentiate between dry eye and normal subjects, the results are compared with that of TFBUT. In the second part of this research the technique is improved in precision and automated through the use of video analysis algorithms. This software, called the OPI 2.0 System, is evaluated for accuracy and precision, and comparisons are made between the OPI 2.0 System and other currently recognized dry eye diagnostic techniques (e.g. TFBUT). In the third part of this research the OPI 2.0 System is deployed for use in the evaluation of subjects before, immediately after and 30 minutes after exposure to a controlled adverse environment (CAE), once again the results are compared and contrasted against commonly used dry eye endpoints. The results demonstrate that the evaluation of ocular surface protection using the OPI 2.0 System offers superior accuracy to the current standard, TFBUT. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Industrial Engineering 2012

Examensarbete utfördes hos konsultföretaget WSP Group- Stockholm med syftet att identifiera och hitta förläggningsmetoder som underlättar förläggning av kablar idag och i framtiden. Examensarbetet fokuserar bara på regionnät och lokalnät i storstäder men med inslag av stamnät. Detta examensarbete bygger på informationssamling från standarder EBR KJ41:15 kabelförläggning max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 och Stockholm stad tekniska handbok. Som komplettering till standarderna användes handböcker från olika företag samt gamla examensarbeten. Svar på frågeställningar är baserad på intervjuer med olika aktörer inom branschen så som nätägare, konsuler, och entreprenörer. Genom intervjuerna kom man fram till att rör används i första hand inte för att skydda kablar utan för att kunna passera genom en väg, rör leder till att värmeavledningsförmågan försämras vilket innebär att temperaturen på kabeln stiger och i värsta fall förkortar livslängden på kabeln. Att gå upp i ledararea för kablar är inte möjligt eftersom det är trångt i marken och det krävs mycket plats. Bentonitfyllning är ingen bra metod eftersom det inte finns data på vad som kan hända med bentoniten efter 5 år eller 20 år, och det är svårt att komma åt kablarna och reparera de eftersom bentoniten måste spolas ur. Om bentoniten stelnar kan det bli svårt att komma åt kabeln. Det visade sig att grävning är den enda metoden som används i storstäder eftersom andra metoder kan orsaka skador på befintliga ledningar som ligger i marken. De vanligaste kabelfelen är gräv skador på kablar, det är väldigt lätt att man kommer åt markkablarna vid schaktarbetet. För att kunna bygga ut nätet i framtiden kan man förlägga kablar med större ledningar för att täcka framtida behovet. I de områden där man vet att nätet inte behöver förstärkas kan man förlägga i rör för att underlätta underhållsarbetet i framtiden. Staden måste vara mer tydliga med sina planeringar och säga till att hålla sig till det. Staden måste också ansvara för sin mark och inte låta någon annan ta hand om nätet. Ledningsägarna måste bli bättre på att samförlägga och agera snabbt med att komma ut med detaljer på vart man vill samförlägga för att slippa schakta och störa markägaren flera gånger. Det kommer bli ännu trängre i marken i framtiden och det låter som att man kommer behöva bygga tunnlar. Tunnlar är en dyr infrastruktur och ifall flera aktörer väljer att samförlägga kan kostnaderna för tunnelbyggnation fördelas mellan olika aktörer. OPI kanalisation är också en annan typ av lösning och det är väldigt bra om flera aktörer också kan samförlägga. Idag är man ganska dålig på att samförlägga och det är något som man måste bli bättre på. / The thesis work was carried out at the consulting company WSP Group- Stockholm, with the purpose of identifying and finding installation methods that facilitate the placement of cables today and in the future. The thesis focuses only on regional and local grids but with elements of main grids in major cities. This degree project is based on information gathering from standards EBR KJ41: 15 cabling max 145 kV, SS-EN 424 14 37 and Stockholm City Technical Manual and the differences between them. As a supplement to the standards, different manuals were used by different companies and also past thesis work. Answers to main question and subquery are based on interviews with various actors in the industry such as grid owners, consultants, and entrepreneurs.  The interviews revealed that pipes are used primarily not to protect cables, but to pass through a road. Pipes Installation lead to deterioration of heat dissipation in cables, which means that the temperature of the cable rises and, in the worst case, shortens the life of cable. Walking up the cable wiring area is not possible because it is crowded in the ground and requires a lot of space. Bentonite filling is not a good method because there is no data on what can happen with the bentonite after 5 years or 20 years. It would be difficult to access the cables and repair them because the bentonite must be flushed out. If the bentonite is stiff, it can be difficult to access the cable. It turned out that excavation is the only method used in metropolitan areas because other methods can cause damage to existing wires lying in the ground. The most common cable damages are digging in cables, it is very easy to access the ground cables at the installation work. In order to expand the network in the future, cables with larger wires can be placed to cover future needs. In areas where you know that the network does not need to be strengthened, pipes can be placed to facilitate maintenance work in the future. The city needs to be clear about where the future constructions will be and develop a plan and stick to it. The city must also be responsible for its land and not let anyone else take care of the network. Management owners need to be better at co-ordinating and acting quickly to come up with details on where to co-ordinate to avoid bottleneck and disturbing landowners several times. It seems that tunnels will be a way to go in the future. Tunnels is an expensive infrastructure and if several actors choose to collaborate, the costs of tunnel construction can be divided between different actors. OPI channelization is also another type of solution and it is very good if several players can also collaborate / <p>Godkänd</p>

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T16:31:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ademir Tadeu Ribeiro1.pdf: 1164715 bytes, checksum: 8af97090936d3fdd30d3b390a2fb2c75 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-17 / The identification of the morpho logical patterns of the face is of extreme importance to orthodontic diagnostic and consequent treatment plan. This way, the incoming research has had as goals to evaluate relations among the N-ENA, ENAPog and N-Pog linear measurements, the N.OPI.ENA, ENAO.OPI.Pog e N.OPI.Pog angular measurements with the VERT index according to the classification proposed by RICKETTS. The study material was constituted of 700 lateral telerradiographies of caucasian brazilian people, of both gender (318 of male gender and 382 of the female gender) presenting an average age of 16,66 years. From the 700 teleradiographies were made four groups according to the occlusion. The first group was formed of people with normal natural occlusion according to ANDREWS, being observed, clinically, four of the six occlusion keys. The other groups constituted themselves of people with malocclusions of Class I, II e III according to ANGLE, without preceding orthodontic treatment report. After the statistic analysis for the NENA, ENA-Pog and N-Pog linear measurements, and the N.OPI.ENA, ENA.OPI.Pog and N.OPI.Pog angular measurements, in the relation to the VERT index, showing an increase of these measurements as we go from the severe brachyfacial pattern to the severe dolichofacial pattern. / A identificação dos padrões morfológicos da face é de extrema importância para a elaboração do diagnóstico ortodôntico e conseqüente plano de tratamento. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar as relações entre as medidas lineares N-ENA, ENA-Pog e N-Pog, as medidas angulares N.OPI.ENA, ENA.OPI.Pog e N.OPI.Pog, e o índice VERT de acordo com a classificação proposta por RICKETTS. O material de estudo foi constituído de 700 telerradiografias, em norma lateral, de indivíduos brasileiros, leucodermas, de ambos os gêneros (318 do gênero masculino e 382 do gênero feminino), apresentando idade média de 16,66 anos. Das 700 telerradiografias foram constituídos quatro grupos de acordo com a oclusão. O primeiro grupo foi constituído de indivíduos com oclusão normal natural segundo ANDREWS, sendo observadas, clinicamente, quatro das seis chaves de oclusão. Os demais grupos se constituíram de indivíduos com más-oclusões de Classe I, II e III segundo ANGLE, sem relato de tratamento ortodôntico anterior. Após a análise estatística para a avaliação das medidas lineares N-ENA, ENA-Pog e N-Pog, e medidas angulares N.OPI.ENA, ENA.OPI.Pog e N.OPI.Pog, em relação ao índice VERT, evidenciou um aumento progressivo das medidas pesquisadas em relação aos seis padrões faciais determinados pelo índice VERT, mostrando um aumento destas medidas conforme se vai do padrão braquifacial severo para o padrão dolicofacial severo.

<p>Despite an emphasis on oral communication in most foreign language classrooms, the resource-intensive nature (i.e. time and manpower) of speaking tests hinder regular oral assessments. A possible solution is the development of a (semi-) automated scoring system. When it is used in conjunction with human raters, the consistency of computers can complement human raters’ comprehensive judgments and increase efficiency in scoring (e.g., Enright & Quinlan, 2010). In search of objective and quantifiable variables that are strongly correlated with overall oral proficiency, a number of studies have reported that some utterance fluency variables (e.g., speech rate and mean length of run) might be strong predictors for L2 learners’ speaking ability (e.g., Ginther et al., 2010; Hirotani et al., 2017). However, these findings are difficult to generalize due to small sample sizes, narrow ranges of proficiency levels, and/or a lack of data from languages other than English. The current study analyzed spontaneous speech samples collected from 170 Japanese learners at a wide range of proficiency levels determined by a well-established speaking test, the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages’ (ACTFL) Oral Proficiency Interview (OPI). Prior to analysis, 48 <i>Complexity, Accuracy, Fluency</i> (CAF) measures (with a focus on fluency variables) were calculated from the speech samples. First, the study examined the relationships among the CAF measures and learner oral proficiency assessed by the ACTFL OPI. Then, using an empirically-based approach, a feasibility of using a composite measure to predict L2 oral proficiency was investigated. The results revealed that <i>Speech Speed</i> and <i>Complexity</i> variables demonstrated strong correlation to the OPI levels, and moderately strong correlations were found for the variables in the following categories: <i>Speech Quantity, Pause</i>, <i>Pause Location</i> (i.e., Silent pause ratio within AS-unit), <i>Dysfluency</i> (i.e., Repeat ratio), and <i>Accuracy.</i> Then, a series of multiple regression analyses revealed that a combination of five CAF measures (i.e., Effective articulation rate, Silent pause ratio, Repeat ratio, Syntactic complexity, and Error-free AS-unit ratio) can predict 72.3% of the variance of the OPI levels. This regression model includes variables that correspond to Skehan’s (2009) proposed three categories of fluency (speed, breakdown, and repair) and variables that represent CAF, supporting the literature (e.g., Larsen-Freeman, 1978, Skehan, 1996).</p>

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Social network development has been studied in the social sciences for the last several decades, but little work has applied social network theory to study-abroad research. This study seeks to quantitatively describe factors that predict social network formation among study-abroad students while in the host countries. Social networks were measured in terms of the number of friends the students made, the number of distinct social groups reported, and the number of friends within those groups. The Study Abroad Social Interaction Questionnaire was compared against these pre-trip factors: intercultural competence, target-language proficiency, prior missionary experience, gender, study-abroad program, neuroticism, extroversion, agreeableness, openness to new experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. Results showed that pre-trip oral proficiency in the target language was the strongest predictor of the number of friends made in-country. Certain programs showed stronger predictive statistics in terms of size of largest social group, number of social groups, and number of friends made. A distinction is made between total number of friends and number of friends who are more likely to be native speakers. Neither intercultural competence nor personality showed a significant correlation with the number of friendships made during study abroad.