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Orientador: Carlos Kenichi Suzuki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T17:04:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Takeishi_RafaelTeruo_M.pdf: 1078985 bytes, checksum: db29b2d4008de612795916f5b5d8279a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A determinação de concentração de misturas em tempo real é objeto de pesquisas de diversas áreas da engenharia, e também de interesse de indústrias e empresas do ramo de combustíveis. Muitas vezes, misturas de dois componentes de boa qualidade (álcool anidro e gasolina pura), mas fora dos padrões de concentração especificados, resultam em produtos finais de má qualidade. Assim é o caso da gasolina (E25) e do álcool comercializados em muitos postos de combustíveis do Brasil. Neste trabalho, utilizou-se de um reflectômetro óptico para coletar medidas de intensidade luminosa refletida na interface fibra-líquido de misturas gasolina-álcool e álcool-água em diferentes concentrações e temperaturas. Em virtude do índice de refração dessas misturas ser dependente da concentração de seus componentes, as intensidades luminosas refletidas também variam de acordo com a concentração das misturas. Através das curvas de resposta do sensor desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para correlacionar o sinal de saída e a concentração da razão da mistura das soluções visando a tecnologia de sensoriamento online. Para a mistura gasolina-álcool foi possível relacionar a intensidade refletida e concentração através de uma equação de primeiro grau, ocasionando resíduos de aproximadamente 1% em concentração. No caso da mistura álcool-água, em virtude da sua natureza azeotrópica (contração volumétrica), a curva que melhor se ajustou aos dados experimentais foi uma aproximação polinomial de segundo grau com resíduos de aproximadamente 1,5% em concentração. Os resultados da pesquisa demonstram a viabilidade plena de aplicação desta tecnologia no controle de qualidade online de combustíveis. / Abstract: The determination of concentration of a solution in real time is one of the main research subjects for engineering areas. It is also of great interest for many industries and fuel companies. In many cases, making mixtures using two components of good quality, but with the concentration out of the regulation, results in low quality products, such as many Brazilian commercialized fuel (gasoline E25 and hydrated ethanol). In this research, an optical reflectometer was used to measure reflected light intensity from the fiber-liquid interface of gasoline-ethanol and ethanol-water mixtures of different concentrations and temperatures. Due to the dependence of refractive index of these mixtures with their concentrations, the reflected light intensities varied according to the concentration of mixtures. By using the calibration curves measured by optical sensor, a novel online methodology to correlate the output of optical signal to the concentration of mixture ratio of fuel was developed. For gasoline-ethanol mixtures, a first-order equation was used to correlate the reflected light intensity and concentration ratios, with a deviation of ~ 1%. In the case of ethanol-water mixtures, due to their azeotropic nature (volumetric contraction), the response of reflected intensity do not present a linear behavior. Therefore a second-order approximation was adopted, getting a deviation up to 1,5% in concentration. The results of the present research show the feasibility of this technology for online quality control of fuels. / Mestrado / Materiais e Processos de Fabricação / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Orientadores: Fabiano Fruett, Claudio Floridia / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T06:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franciscangelis_Carolina_M.pdf: 4554828 bytes, checksum: 5261b0cdfc0205b1960de720cb9b64b2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Neste trabalho foi proposto e demonstrado experimentalmente uma técnica para medição de Dis-persão dos Modos de Polarização (PMD) distribuída em enlaces ópticos baseada no uso de Refle-tômetro Óptico no Domínio do Tempo (OTDR) e de polarização da luz. A motivação deste traba-lho reside no constante aumento da demanda por informação e transmissão de dados, fato que tem causado a evolução de sistemas de comunicação óptica para operar em elevadas taxas de bits. Estes sofisticados sistemas de comunicação requerem sensores paramétricos precisos, exatos, estáveis e capazes de monitorar os parâmetros dos enlaces de fibra óptica e sinais ópticos que compõe esta rede. Dentre os parâmetros a serem monitorados está a PMD, dispersão modal que defasa os modos de polarização de um sinal óptico, causando o alargamento temporal do pulso óptico transmitido. Este alargamento aumenta a interferência inter-simbólica do sinal e, conse-quentemente, degrada o desempenho da recepção do sinal. Foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica a fim de identificar os métodos propostos até o momento para medição de PMD de primeira ordem, também conhecida como Atraso Diferencial de Grupo (DGD). Os métodos analisados compreenderam tanto medições ponto a ponto quanto medições distribuídas de DGD. Ao final da revisão, concluiu-se que, dentre as técnicas propostas até o momento, as que apresentam maior vantagem são as que possibilitam a medição distribuída da PMD ao longo do enlace. Desta forma, não é necessário desconectar cada trecho de fibra do enla-ce para medir sua DGD separadamente, economizando tempo, investimento financeiro e deslo-camento de operadores por longas extensões. Visando este cenário, foi definida como meta deste trabalho a proposta de um método capaz de localizar, qualitativa e quantitativamente, trechos de elevada PMD em um enlace óptico. Para atingir esta meta foi proposta neste trabalho uma técnica baseada em polarização da luz e refletometria óptica no domínio do tempo (pOTDR). Esta técnica se destaca por sua simplicidade de implementação e o uso de componentes passivos, sendo o OTDR o único instrumento ativo. O método proposto foi testado em enlaces ópticos laboratoriais e em uma rede óptica de tráfego real. A técnica proposta é inovadora e o estudo detalhado do estado da arte de métodos de medir PMD em fibras ópticas provou que sua concepção e validação foram ambas realizadas pela pri-meira vez que se tenha conhecimento / Abstract: In this work was proposed and experimentally demonstrated a Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD) distributed measurement technique based on Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR) and optical polarization. The main motivation of this research is the constant growth of information and data traffic demands, which leads the evolution of optical communication systems to operate on higher data rates. These sophisticated communication systems require parametric, precise and stable sensors; able to monitor the optical fiber links parameters and the propagating optical signals condition. Among the monitored parameters is the PMD, a modal dispersion that delays the polarization modes of a propagating optical signal over an optical fiber. This dispersion results in a pulse broadening in time domain, causing inter-symbol interference (ISI), which degrades the received signal performance. It was performed a state of the art bibliographic review in order to identify the first order PMD monitoring methods proposed so far. The analyzed methods cover both point-to-point and dis-tributed PMD measurement. After the review, it was concluded that the most advantageous meth-ods are those that allow PMD distributed measurement along a fiber link. Therefore, it excludes the need of disconnect each fiber section link to point-to-point measure its global PMD. It saves time, finantial investment and technician displacement through long distances. In this sceneraio, it was defined as target of this work the proposal of a method capable to localize, quantitatively and qualitatively, high PMD sections in an optical fiber link. In order to achieve this goal, it was proposed a technique based on optical polarization and optical time domain reflectometer (pOTDR). This technique stands out for its implementation simplicity and the use of passive optical elements, besides the OTDR. The proposed method was tested both in laboratorial and field optical links. The detailed state-of-the art studies of PMD monitoring techniques proved that the conception and validation of the proposed method was performed for the first time known. Keywords: Polarization. Sensor. Fiber Optics. PMD. OTDR / Mestrado / Eletrônica, Microeletrônica e Optoeletrônica / Mestra em Engenharia Elétrica

Orientador: Julio Roberto Bartoli / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T05:18:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Melo_DeniseFurigode_M.pdf: 4851400 bytes, checksum: 8ac8390fa1734467b0404701f590b000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: As fibras ópticas poliméricas (FOP) apresentam vantagens em relação às fibras ópticas de sílica (FOS) devido à flexibilidade, maior abertura numérica (AN), maiores diâmetros, que facilitam as conexões, menor custo de fabricação e instalação. Entretanto, as FOP possuem alta atenuação do sinal transmitido quando comparadas às FOS. Por isso, suas principais aplicações estão limitadas a curtas distâncias, tais como: redes locais, eletrônica de veículos, automação industrial, sensores, guias de luz e displays. O PMMA - poli (metacrilato de metila) é o material mais comum usado no núcleo de dispositivos ópticos, pois apresenta melhores propriedades ópticas dentre os outros polímeros ópticos, como o: PS (poliestireno) e PC (policarbonato). Neste trabalho, foi estudado um novo método para fabricação das FOP pelo processo de extrusão vertical do tipo pistão, utilizando para o núcleo o PMMA e para a casca o PVDF - poli (fluoreto de vinilideno), ambos na forma granulada. Os polímeros são extrusados simultaneamente, por única matriz para formar o núcleo e casca da FOP, com a vantagem de existir compatibilidade entre eles e similaridade nos parâmetros do processamento. As FOP produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto à morfologia e composição da secção transversal; núcleo e casca, por análises de Microscopia Óptica, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) com Detector de Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X (EDX ou EDS), e quanto às suas propriedades ópticas através de medidas de atenuação óptica em função do comprimento de onda. A menor atenuação medida dentre as FOP produzidas foi de 10,70 dB/m em 840 nm. As atenuações medidas tiveram uma significativa contribuição da clivagem e das perdas por acoplamento da fibra. Além do que, nas FOP produzidas verificou-se que a espessura da camada fluorada da casca não é uniforme. O método de extrusão simultânea dos polímeros de PMMA e PVDF para fabricação do núcleo e casca da FOP se mostra viável e promissor, ainda que melhorias devam ser realizadas para obtenção de FOP com diâmetros de núcleo e casca constantes que proporcionem potencial aplicação em comprimentos reduzidos, como por exemplo, em sensores ópticos e sinais / Abstract: Polymeric optical fibers (POF) presents some advantages compared to the glass optical fibers as flexibility, higher numerical aperture (NA), ease in handling and connecting due to their larger diameter and lower cost manufacturing and installation. However, due to their larger transmission losses compared to the main applications of glass fibers, POF are limited to short distances, such as local area networks (LAN), vehicle electronics, industrial automation, sensors, guides lighting and displays. PMMA - poly (methyl methacrylate) is the most common material used in the core of optical devices, since it has better optical properties in comparison with other optical polymers such as PS (polysterene) and PC (polycarbonate). In this study, it is proposed a new method to manufacture POF by vertical extrusion using PMMA and PVDF - poly (vinylidene fluoride) as core and cladding materials, respectively. The polymers are simultaneously extruded using the same die, taking advantage of their compatibility and similar processing parameters. The POF produced were characterized for core and cladding morphology and composition, by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS) and optical properties measurements of loss attenuation as a function of wavelength. The lowest spectral attenuation measured of the produced POF was 10,70 dB/m at 840 nm. Likely, lower losses could be expected if a more appropriated cleaving method for POF would be used and improvements on fiber coupling for loss attenuation measurements. In addition, the losses measured are also due to the irregular thickness of the fluorinated layer (cladding) around the core of the POF produced. Although, improvements are needed to get a FOP with regular diameters of cores and cladding, the one-step process developed for POF manufacturing by simultaneous extrusion of PMMA (core) and PVDF (cladding) showed to be feasible and could be a potential process for ease production of POF for short length applications / Mestrado / Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais / Mestre em Engenharia Química

M.Ing. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Ing. / This thesis demonstrates the measurement of temperature distribution across a metal plate and the non-contact measurement of torsion in a rotating shaft. After a thorough theoretical study of the origin of fibre Bragg gratings, methods of fabrication and erasing of gratings, methods of demodulating the signals from gratings, and methods of discriminating between strain and temperature variations in gratings, simulations and experiments were done to prove the feasibility of both temperature distribution measurement and non-contact torsion measurement. For the measurement of temperature distribution, a 450 x 450 x 1.6 mm type 304 stainless steel plate was used. Two 4,7Ω 25W resistors were used as heat sources, and five fibre Bragg gratings measured the temperature at strategic points on the plate. The measured values were interpolated appropriately and a three-dimensional representation of the temperature distribution was shown on a personal computer monitor. The measurement of torsion was first done on a non-rotating 25 mm diameter solid shaft with torque applied. Both resistive strain gauges and fibre Bragg gratings were attached to the shaft and the measurement results compared well. Up to 90 Nm of torque was applied to the shaft. The non-contact measurement of torsion on a rotating shaft was done with fibre Bragg gratings and involved the use of graded index (GRIN) lenses for transmitting optical information between the light source, the gratings, and back to the spectrum analyser through free space. A special Böhler steel with high yield strength was used, and the set-up was mounted on a lathe. The one end of the shaft was clamped in the lathe chuck, and the other was fixed to an automobile drum brake system, allowing the application of torque on the rotating shaft. Up to 97 Nm of torque was applied to the shaft rotating at 190 rpm, and the results are within 10% of the expected values. As far as we are aware, this is the first time that torsion is measured by fibre Bragg gratings without the need to have physical contact with the shaft, i.e. slip rings, to transmit the information to and from the sensors. The experimental results of this thesis confirm that fibre Bragg grating sensors can be applied usefully in temperature distribution measurement, as well as in the measurement of torsional stress in rotating shafts.

The present paper is devoted to the investigation of the guided wave problem. This problem is formulated as the eigenvalue problem with a compact self-adjoint operator pencil. Applying the minimax principle for the compact operators in the Hilbert space we obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a preassigned number of linearly independent guided modes. As a consequence of this result we also derive simple sufficient conditions, which can be easily applied in practice. We give a statement of the problem in a bounded domain and propose an efficient method for solving the problem.

The ever-increasing demand for broadband services by end-user devices utilising 3G/4G/LTE and the projected 5G in the last mile will require sustaining broadband supply from fibre-linked terminals. The eventual outcome of the high demand for broadband is strained optical and electronic devices. The backbone optical fibre transport systems and techniques such as dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM), higher modulation formats, coherent detection and signal amplification have increased both fibre capacity and spectrum efficiency. A major challenge to fibre capacity and spectrum efficiency is fibre-faults and optical impairments, network management, routing and wavelength assignment (RWA). In this study, DWDM and flexible spectrum techniques such as wavelength assignment and adjustment, wavelength conversion and switching, optical add and drop multiplexing (OADM) and bitrate variable transmission have been experimentally optimized in a laboratory testbed for short- and long-haul optical fibre networks. This work starts by experimentally optimising different transmitters, fibre-types and receivers suitable for implementing cost effective and energy efficient flexible spectrum networks. Vertical cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) and distributed feedback (DFB) lasers have been studied to provide up to 10 Gb/s per channel in 1310 nm and 1550 nm transmission windows. VCSELs provide wavelength assignment and adjustment. This work utilises the non-return-to-zero (NRZ) on-off keying (OOK) modulation technique and direct detection due to their cost and simplicity. By using positive intrinsic negative (PIN) photo-receivers with error-free BER sensitivity of -18±1 dBm at the acceptable 10-9-bit error rate (BER) threshold level, unamplified transmission distances between 6 km and 76 km have been demonstrated using G.652 and G.655 single mode fibres (SMFs). For the first time, an all optical VCSEL to VCSEL wavelength conversion, switching, transmission at the 1550 nm window and BER evaluation of a NRZ data signal is experimentally demonstrated. With VCSEL wavelength conversion and switching, wavelength adjustments to a spectrum width of 4.8 nm (600 GHz) can be achieved to provide alternative routes to signals when fibre-cuts and wavelength collision occurs therefore enhancing signal continuity. This work also demonstrates a technique of removing and adding a wavelength in a bundle of DWDM and flexible channels using an OADM. This has been implemented using a VCSEL and a fibre Bragg grating (FBG) providing a wavelength isolation ratio of 31.4 dB and ~0.3 𝑑𝐵 add/drop penalty of 8.5 Gb/s signal. As a result, an OADM improves spectrum efficiency by offering wavelength re-use. Optical impairments such as crosstalk, chromatic dispersion (CD) and effects of polarization mode dispersion (PMD) have been experimentally investigated and mitigated. This work showed that crosstalk penalty increased with fibre-length, bitrate, interfering signal power and reduced channel spacing and as a result, a crosstalk-penalty trade-off is required. Effects of CD on a transmitted 10 Gb/s signal were also investigated and its mitigation techniques used to increase the fibre-reach. This work uses the negative dispersion fibres to mitigate the accumulated dispersion over the distance of transmission. A 5 dB sensitivity improvement is reported for an unamplified 76 km using DFB transmitters and combination of NZDSF true-wave reduced slope (TW-RS) and submarine reduced slope (TW-SRS) with + and – dispersion coefficients respectively. We have also demonstrated up to 52 km 10 Gb/s per channel VCSEL-based transmission and reduced net dispersion. Experimental demonstration of forward Raman amplification has achieved a 4.7 dB on-off gain distributed over a 4.8 nm spectral width and a 1.7 dB improvement of receiver sensitivity in Raman-aided 10 Gb/s per wavelength VCSEL transmission. Finally, 4.25-10 Gb/s PON-based point to point (P2P) and point to multipoint (P2MP) broadcast transmission have been experimentally demonstrated. A 10 Gb/s with a 1:8 passive splitter incurred a 3.7 dB penalty for a 24.7 km fibre-link. In summary, this work has demonstrated cost effective and energy efficient potential flexible spectrum techniques for high speed signal transmission. With the optimized network parameters, flexible spectrum is therefore relevant in short-reach, metro-access and long-haul applications for national broadband networks and the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) fibre-based signal and data transmission.

Abstract The demands toward the development of simple and cost-effective fabrication methods of metallic structures with high lateral resolution on different substrates - applied in many fields of technology, such as in microelectronics, optoelectronics, micromechanics as well as in sensor and actuator applications - gave the idea to perform this research. Due to its simplicity, laser-assisted chemical liquid-phase deposition (LCLD) has been investigated and applied for the metallization of surfaces having practical importance (Si, GaAs, SiO2, Si3N4, etc.) since the beginning of the 80s. By the invention of novel substrates (polyimide, porous silicon), it was adequate to work out new precursors or just adopt old ones and optimise LCLD in order to fabricate metallic micro-patterns upon these materials for various purposes. According to the motivations mentioned above, LCLD was utilized for the fabrication of palladium (Pd) micro-patterns on polyimide (PI), polyimide/copper flexible printed circuit boards (PCBs), fused silica (SiO2) and silicon (Si). The selective metallization of porous silicon (PS) has been carried out with nickel (Ni). Depending on the types of lasers, either the focusing (Ar+ laser beam) or diaphragm projection (KrF and XeCl excimer laser pulses) method was employed. In the course of the work, various precursors of the corresponding metals have been investigated and utilized. In the beginning, the pyrolytic decomposition of palladium-amine complex ions ([Pd(NH3)4]2+) on PI by a scanned and focused Ar+ laser beam was optimised and discussed. Thick (up to several micrometers) and narrow (~ 10 μm) Pd conductor lines with electrical conductivity close to that of the bulk were obtained. In the continuation of these investigations, the precursor was developed further. [Pd(NH3)4]2+ was mixed with the solution of formaldehyde (HCOH) in order to induce the reduction of the metal complex ions. To our knowledge, we were the first - so far - who applied this solution and described the reaction. With the proper choice of the laser parameters, thin Pd films as catalyst layers for electroless copper plating were deposited utilizing Ar+ and excimer lasers as well. The chemically plated copper deposits - upon the obtained Pd film - have excellent electrical and good mechanical properties. In the second part of the thesis, three practical applications (metallization of via holes drilled in PI/Cu flexible PCBs, end-mirror fabrication on single-mode optical fibers, and carbon nanotube growth on Pd activated Si and Si/SiO2 substrates) of Pd LCLD were realized. The previously presented [Pd(NH3)4]2+ and [Pd(NH3)4]2+/HCOH precursors were employed for creating the catalyst Pd layers for the carbon nanotube chemical vapor-phase deposition and for the autocatalytic electroless chemical copper plating, respectively. Finally, a simple novel method was introduced for the area-selective metallization of PS. Since the surface of PS reduces spontaneously most metals from their aqueous solutions, it is difficult to realize localized metal deposition from liquid-phase precursors on it. We proposed the application of a stable Ni plating bath from which the metal deposits only when the PS is irradiated with photons having wavelength shorter than 689 nm, thus making possible an area-selective laser-assisted metal deposition. The deposited metal structures and patterns were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), by the milling and imaging modes of a focused ion beam system (FIB), optical microscopy, profilometry, resistance, and by reflectance measurements.

M.Ing. (Electrical and Electronic Engineering) / An experimental study of a multi-point optic fibre sensor for monitoring temperature changes is presented. The multi-point optic fibre sensor is made of a serial array of weak-reflectivity identical gratings. The weak-reflectivity identical gratings form the interferometric cavities UV printed on the single mode fibre. The ability to measure temperatures changes at different cavities along the serial array is particularly interesting for the monitoring of power transformers, high temperature furnaces and jet engines. Changes in temperature in each respective cavity is measured based on the spectral shift in the phase of the light from each respective cavity. The performance of the multi-point fibre sensor system is evaluated. Further, a theoretical and experimental investigation of a serial array composed of two cavities of different lengths is conducted. This investigation is aimed at measuring the impact of the overlap of the two distinct cavities in their respective frequency domain and determining the accuracy of the measurement. The result found shows that the sensor phase response is no more linear to temperature changes. It is also found that the nonlinear response of the sensor to temperature changes increases with the magnitude of the overlap.