A series of small molecules was synthesized to probe three protein targets in order to elucidate the key small molecule-protein interactions required for potency. Triclosan is an antibacterial compound that has surfaced as a potential environmental hazard and is hypothesized to cause perturbations in the thyroid hormone response of frogs. Using a C-fin assay and a GH3 cell line, our work suggests that triclosan itself may not in fact be the cause of the observed endocrine disruptions. Instead, methyl triclosan (a result of biological methylation during waste water treatment) was shown to disrupt the thyroid hormone response in tadpoles. Secondly, a set of probes was designed based on a cyclopentane scaffold derived from the known neuraminidase inhibitor peramivir. Kinetic assays using both a recombinant neuraminidase protein and an inactivated sample of influenza virus showed that the guanidine group contributes a 10 fold increase in potency while the α-hydroxyl group was observed to have little to no effect. This result suggests that future neuraminidase drug design based on a cyclopentane scaffold may forgo the use of both the guanidinium group and the hydroxyl group to potentially increase the oral availability of these drugs while sacrificing little in the way of potency. Finally, a series of truncated analogues related to the western half of the natural product didemnaketal A was synthesized. These compounds will be used as probes to better understand the mechanism of didemnaketal-mediated protease inhibition. It is hypothesized that a more rigid structure (due to molecular gearing enforced by the presence of additional methyl groups, relative to previously examined analogues) will increase the potency of these molecules toward HIV-1 protease and may lead to new information for designing next-generation dissociative inhibitors. Work was also begun toward the total synthesis of the natural product itself. / Graduate

Rubriflordilactones A and B are highly oxygenated nortriterpenoid natural products isolated from Schisandra rubriflora. The latter is of particular biological interest as it shows significant anti-HIV activity. Two transition metal-catalysed cascade cyclisation approaches for the formation of the CDE rings of the rubriflordilactones were developed. Palladium-catalysed cyclisation of bromoenediynes and cobalt-catalysed triyne cyclotrimerisation both transform acyclic precursors into 7,6,5-bisannelated arenes in a single step. Two enantioselective syntheses of the AB ring fragment common to both rubriflordilactones, with bromoene or alkyne functional groups required for the respective cyclisation methods, are described; along with the refinement of a route to the CDE diyne fragment of rubriflordilactone A. From these fully functionalised bromoenediyne and triyne substrates, both metal-catalysed cyclisation methods were successful; these strategies converged on a late-stage intermediate bearing the ABCDE ring system of rubriflordilactone A. Construction of the F ring, followed by attachment of the G ring by an intriguing oxo-carbenium ion addition reaction completed two enantioselective total syntheses of (+)-rubriflordilactone A.

É apresentada a revisão bibliográfica de reações entre dicloronaftoquinona e nucleófilos de enxofre, nitrogênio e carbono. São descritas as reações de 2,3-dihalogeno-xiloquinonas com os mesmos nucleófilos, sendo isolados e caracterizadas, no total, 18 xiloquinonas substituídas novas. Enquanto, que as reações com nucleófilos de enxofre conduziram aos derivados ditio-substituídos, não sendo possível obter derivados monossubstituídos, no caso de nucleófilos de nitrogênio e carbono isolaram-se somente derivados monossubstituídos. Dentre as xiloquinonas substituídas, fazem parte vários derivados mistos de nitrogênio-enxofre, carbono -enxofre e carbono-nitrogênio. Foram também sintetizados e caracterizados dois novos mono-sulfinil derivados obtidos pela oxidação de dimetiltio-xiloquinona e dimetiltio-naftoquinona. Foi descrita uma nova reação entre mono sulfinil-metiltio-xiloquinona e cloreto de tionila, conduzindo à cloro-metiltio-xiloquinona. São discutidas as diferenças de reatividade e sugeridos os mecanismos para as reações descritas. São também apresentados os resultados de testes bacteriológicos preliminares. / The literature review of the reactions of dichloronafhtoquinone with nucleophiles of sulphur, nitrogen and carbon is presented. The experimental results of the reactions of 2,3-dihalogeno- xyloquinones with the same nucleophiles are reported, being isolated and identified 18 new 2,3-substituted xyloquinones. These are: di-sulphur, mono-nitrogen and mono-carbon, as well as nitrogen-sulphur, carbon-sulphur and carbon-nitrogen mixed substituted derivatives. No mono-sulphur or di-nitrogen or di-carbon-substituted xyloquinones could be isolated. Two new mono-sulphinyl derivatives, obtained by oxidation of dimethylthioxyloquinone and dimethylthionaphtoquinone, were isolated and identified. A new reaction between 2-sulphinyl-3-methylthioxyloquinone and thionyl chloride, leading to the 2-chloro-3-methylthioxyloquinone is described. The reactivity differences are discussed and the reaction mechanisms proposed. The preliminary test, reported for some new substituted xyloquinones, indicate that aziridinyl- and chloro-derivatives are biologically active.

Submitted by Gustavo Claro Monteiro null (gustavoquimica32@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-03-06T15:23:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Versão Final Repositório.pdf: 65649987 bytes, checksum: e1fba6a3de3c8c866c26d5a3cfce8e09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Carolina Gonçalves Bet null (abet@iq.unesp.br) on 2018-03-09T11:44:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_gc_dr_araiq_int.pdf: 65358605 bytes, checksum: 1767a3640bc025b3ac0e668fb5004e0f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-09T11:44:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_gc_dr_araiq_int.pdf: 65358605 bytes, checksum: 1767a3640bc025b3ac0e668fb5004e0f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / As leishmanioses englobam um espectro de doenças que afetam o ser humano e outros mamíferos nas regiões tropicais e subtropicais do planeta. São causadas por pelo menos 20 tipos de parasitas pertencentes ao gênero Leishmania, e apresentam diversas e complexas manifestações clínicas. Podem ser encontradas em mais de 88 países, sendo que o Brasil é um dos países endêmicos onde a doença está mais disseminada. Em 2010 foram confirmados 21.981 casos de leishmaniose tegumen-tar e 3536 de leishmaniose visceral, com 219 mortes. No mundo cerca de 350 mi-lhões de pessoas estão expostas à infecção e acredita-se que cerca de 12 milhões estejam infectadas, com cerca de 1-2 milhões de novos casos por ano e 60 mil óbi-tos. Pensando nisso, o presente estudo visou obter novas substâncias candidatas a serem utilizadas no combate as chamadas “Doenças Tropicais Negligenciadas”, mais especificamente a Leishmaniose. Neste trabalho foram sintetizados doze aná-logos de meroterpenos, sendo nove compostos inéditos e ainda os compostos natu-rais isolados de Psidium guajava (psidial A, guajadial e pisguadial B), utilizando uma rota curta e linear e com rendimento global em torno de 20%. Um estudo sobre o mecanismo da reação de cicloadição [4+2] possibilitou determinar as barreiras de energia envolvidas nas transformações e permitiu compreender algumas limitações da metodologia empregada. Nos testes biológicos, os análogos sintéticos se mostra-ram promissores para combater a forma promastigota de Leishmania infantum, com valores de CE50 entre 29-98 M. Através do estudo de estrutura-atividade frente à leishmaniose verificou-se que o critério em relação à presença de um grupo metil não substituído em posição α ao oxigênio do anel pirânico e a formação de um anel cromânico são de fundamental importância, e estão em concordância com dados relatados na literatura, e ainda, foi estabelecido como novo critério a necessidade de um grupo metilênico (CH2) no núcleo C3 do anel pirânico, para a atividade leishma-nicída dos análogos de meroterpenos. / Leishmaniasis encompasses a spectrum of diseases that affect humans and other mammals in the tropical and subtropical regions of the planet. They are caused by at least 20 types of parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania, and present diverse and complex clinical manifestations. They can be found in more than 88 countries, and Brazil is one of the endemic countries where the disease is most widespread. In 2010, 21,981 cases of tegumentary leishmaniasis and 3536 cases of visceral leish-maniasis were confirmed, with 219 deaths. Around 350 million people worldwide are exposed to the infection and an estimated 12 million are believed to be infected, with about 1-2 million new cases per year and 60,000 deaths. With this in mind, the pre-sent study aimed to obtain new candidate substances to be used in the fight against "Neglected Tropical Diseases", more specifically Leishmaniasis. In this work, twelve meroterpene analogs were synthesized, with nine new compounds and the natural compounds isolated from Psidium guajava (psidial A, guajadial and pisguadial B) using a short and linear route with a global yield of around 20%. A study of the mechanism of the cycloaddition reaction [4 + 2] made it possible to determine the energy barriers involved in the transformations and allowed to understand some limitations of the methodology used. In biological tests, synthetic analogues were shown to be promising to combat the promastigote form of Leishmania infantum, with EC50 values between 29-98 μM. Through the study of structure-activity against leishmaniasis, it was verified that the criterion regarding the presence of an unsubstituted methyl group in position α to the pyran ring oxygen and the formation of a chromic ring are of fundamental importance and are in agreement with data reported in the literature, and the need for a methylene group (CH2) in the C3 nucleus of the pyro ring was established as a new criterion for the leishmanicidal activity of meroterpene analogues. / 141255/2014-5

Streptomycetes são bactérias filamentosas Gram-positivas bastante conhecidas pela capacidade de produzir uma grande variedade de metabólitos secundários e substâncias biologicamente ativas. Essas atividades são controladas por alguns compostos de baixo peso molecular, denominados butirolactonas autoreguladoras. A maioria desses compostos com propriedades autoreguladoras possuem como característica estrutural comum a presença de um esqueleto g-butirolactônico 2,3-dissubstituído, mas mostram pequenas diferenças estruturais na cadeia lateral. Essas moléculas, cujas estruturas são mostradas abaixo, são classificadas nos tipos: virginiae butanolidas (VB) A-E, fatores de Gräfe, butanolida IM-2, o fator-I e o fator-A. Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos estudos visando testar um novo caminho sintético para a obtenção de análogos do fator-A e, através da redução enantiosseletiva da carbonila da cadeia lateral dos compostos obtidos, seria possível sintetizar também as outras butirolactonas autoreguladoras. Inicialmente, o intermediário necessário para a síntese dos compostos desejados foi preparado através de uma reação de transesterificação, a qual foi amplamente estudada. Em seguida, uma reação de ciclização intramolecular deste intermediário daria origem aos análogos do fator-A de interesse. Entretanto, após várias tentativas empregando diferentes condições reacionais, não foi possível obter tais compostos. Com intuito de explicar e confirmar os resultados experimentais obtidos realizou-se cálculos teóricos que possibilitaram concluir este estudo de maneira apropriada. Outras duas abordagens sintéticas para a preparação de análogos do fator-A foram também desenvolvidas e testadas. No entanto, apresentaram dificuldades no decorrer da execução e, consequentemente, não forneceram resultados promissores. Então, um novo estudo de reações químicas, baseado em um método de síntese de butirolactonas através de uma reação intermolecular, foi desenvolvido. Esta nova estratégia sintética possibilitaria a obtenção de análogos do fator-A em apenas 3 etapas, constituindo-se de uma reação de abertura de um anel oxirano, seguida de uma reação de ozonólise e de uma redução seletiva de um grupo aldeído. Os diferentes substituintes presentes nos epóxidos testados apresentaram efeitos bastante distintos, os quais foram mais bem entendidos com o auxílio de cálculos teóricos. A obtenção, com 52% de rendimento, da butirolactona desejada, um produto intermediário contendo uma olefina terminal em uma das cadeias laterais, demonstra o sucesso desta nova estratégia sintética. Entretanto, com os reagentes utilizados até o momento, a reação de ozonólise que forneceria o aldeído desejado não apresentou resultados satisfatórios. Provavelmente, a dificuldade encontrada nesta etapa está relacionada com a volatilidade, a solubilidade em água e/ou a degradação do aldeído formado, tornando difícil o seu isolamento. No entanto, como esse tipo de reação já foi descrito com sucesso na literatura empregando-se K2OsO4, N-óxido de N-metilmorfolina (NMO) e NaIO4 como reagentes da reação de clivagem da dupla ligação olefínica, temos a convicção de que o nosso objetivo será alcançado em breve com as modificações das condições reacionais e/ou dos reagentes necessários para efetuar com sucesso essa última etapa. / Streptomycetes are Gram-positive filamentous bacteria well known for the ability to produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites and biologically active substances. These activities are controlled by low-molecular-weight compounds called butyrolactone autoregulators. The greater number of these compounds with autoregulators properties have as common characteristic a 2,3-disubstituted-g-butyrolactone sketeton, but show minor structural differences in the side chain. These molecules, whose structures are shown below, are classified following the types: virginiae butanolides (VB) A-E, Gräfe\'s factors, IM-2 butanolide, I-factor and A-factor. In this work, studies were developed with aim to test a new synthetic pathway to obtain A-factor analogous, which by enantioselective reduction of the carbonyl group of the side chain can be converted into others butyrolactone autoregulators. First of all, the necessary intermediary for the synthesis of the desired compounds was prepared by a transesterification reaction, which was widely studied. After that, an intramolecular cyclization reaction of this intermediary could to produce the A-factor analogous. However, after several attempts employing different reactional conditions, the desired compounds were not obtained. Theoretical calculation was realized as an attempt to explain the experimental results obtained and should possible to conclude this study adequately. Two other two synthetic approaches for the preparation A-factor analogous were developed and tested, but the results were not good enough. Thus, a new study based on a method of intermolecular synthesis of butyrolactones was developed. This new synthetic strategy would allow to obtain the A-factor in only 3 steps: a reaction of oxirane ring opening, followed by an ozonolysis reaction and a selective reduction of an aldehyde group. The different groups present in the epoxides tested showed different effects, which were better understood with the aid of theoretical calculation. The attainment of the desired butyrolactone with 52% yield, a product containing a terminal olefin, confirm the success of this new synthetic strategy. However, up to this moment, the ozonolysis reaction was not giving good results. The difficulty for this step is probably associated with the volatileness, the high solubility in water and/or the degradation of the aldehyde formed, making difficult its isolation. However, as this type of reaction is already reported in the literature employing the reagents K2OsO4, N-methylmorpholine N-oxide (NMO) and NaIO4 to cleave the terminal double, we have the conviction that our aim could be accomplished with modifications on the reactional conditions and/or of the reagents which are necessary to realize with success this final step.

Nesta tese, efetuamos estudos visando à síntese de sesquiterpenos bacanos, cuja etapa chave consistiu na construção do sistema cis-hidrindânico, através de reação de contração de anel de cis-octalinas e 2-octalonas mediada por trinitrato de tálio (TTN). Apenas as cis-octalinas como, por exemplo, o cis-4a-metil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahidronaftaleno e o cis-4a, 7-dimetil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidronaftaleno, foram passíveis de reação de contração de anel em rendimentos satisfatórios; já a cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona levou ao produto de contração em baixo rendimento. Tentamos utilizar a reação de cis-4a-metil-l,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octa-hidronaftaleno com TTN na síntese da nor-baquenolida-A, porém não conseguimos completar a síntese desta, pois não foi possível efetuar a última etapa sintética, nas várias abordagens testadas. Grandes esforços também foram empregados na preparação diastereosseletiva da cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona através de três abordagens diferentes que foram investigadas, sendo duas delas com êxito. Contudo, o baixo rendimento (38%) da etapa de contração de anel da cis-5,10-dimetil-l(9)-octal-2-ona não permitiu a continuação da rota sintética proposta para a baquenolida-A. Também realizamos a resolução cinética de três diferentes cis-octalóis que foram preparados através da reação de Diels-Alder seguida de redução diastereosseletiva - com a lipase Novozym 435, e os produtos resolvidos foram obtidos em excelentes rendimentos isolados (≥ 40% para cada enantiômero) e excelentes excessos enantioméricos (≥ 98%). / In this thesis, we have developed studies towards the synthesis of sesquiterpenes bakkanes, which key step consisted on the construction of the cis-hydrindanic system through a thallium(III) mediated ring contraction reaction of cis-decalins and 2-octalones. Only the cis-octalins, such as the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a-methylnaphthalene and the 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4a,7-dimethylnaphthalene, were able to be ring contracted in satisfactory yields; the 4,4a,5,6,7,8-hexahydro-4a,5-dimethylnaphthalen-2(3H)-one, however, furnished the ring contraction product in low yield. We tried to use the reaction of 1,2,3,4,4a,5,8,8a-octahydro-4amethylnaphthalene with TTN in the synthesis of nor-bakkenolide-A, but we could not accomplish the synthesis because it was not possible to make the last step of the sequence, in all tested approaches. Great efforts were made in the diastereoselective preparation of the 4,4a,5,6, 7 ,8-hexahydro-4a,5-dimethylnaphthalen-2(3H)-one, through three different approaches that were investigated, being two of them with profit. However, the low yield (38%) of the ring contraction reaction of 4,4a,5,6, 7,8-hexahydro-4a,5-dimethylnaphthalen-2(3H)-one, precluded the continuation of the synthetic rout proposed to the bakkenolide-A. We have also performed the kinetic resolution of three different cis-octalols that were prepared through Diels-Alder reaction followed by diastereoselective reduction - with the Novozym 435 lipase, and the resolved products were isolated in excellent yields (≥ 40% for each enantiomer) and excellent ee\'s (≥ 98%).

This thesis is concerned with the development of methodology for the asymmetric syntheses of the nakinadine family of marine alkaloids and through these synthetic endeavours, seeks to confirm the structure and assign the relative and absolute configurations of these alkaloids for the first time.

No description available.

Nature’s expertise and virtuosity in creating a phenomenal array of carbocyclic frameworks finds its full expression in the terpenoid group of natural products. The total synthesis of natural products frequently provided the impetus for great advances in organic synthesis. The thesis entitled “Enantiospecific synthesis of silphiperfolane, basmane and fusicoccanes” describes the enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfolanes, enantiospecific approach to a bisnorbasmane and an enantiospecific formal total synthesis of ent-fusicoauritone. In the thesis, in each chapter the compounds are sequentially numbered (bold) and references are marked sequentially as superscripts and listed at the end of the chapter. All the spectra included in the thesis were obtained by xeroxing the original NMR spectra. Silphiperfol-6-ene, is the first member of silphiperfolane sesquiterpenes, isolated in 1980 by Bohlmann et al. from Silphium perfoliatum. In 1990, Wright and coworkers reported the isolation of (6S,7R)-silphiperfolan-6-ol (wrongly assigned as (6R,7S)-silphiperfolan-6-ol) from the red algae Laurencia majuscula. Subsequently, in 1997, Wayerstahl and coworkers reported the isolation of all the four possible diastereomers (with respect to C-6 and C-7) of silphiperfolan-6-ols from the essential oil of the rhizomes of Echinops giganteus var lelyi C.D Adams. In the present thesis, enantiospecific synthesis of angular triquinanes has been described in the first chapter. To begin with, (R)-limonene was transformed into the known 6-isopropenyl-1,5-dimethylbicyclo[3.3.0]octan-3-one, which was used as the key intermediate for the construction of the angular triquinane of siliphiperfolanes. An intramolecular rhodium carbenoid insertion into the CH bond of atertiary methyl group at the ring junction of diquinane was employed as the key reaction forthe synthesis of the angular triquinane for the generation of norsilphiperfolane and norcameroonanes. The methodology has been extended to an enantiospecific total synthesis of silphiperfol-6-ene and its C-9 epimer, starting from the diquinane containing a secondary methyl group in addition to two ring junction tertiary methyl groups. In the process, it was also observed a competitive intramolecular insertion of the rhodium carbenoid into the γ- and β-CH bonds leading to the generation of cyclopentanone and cyclobutanones. Subsequently, the sequence has been modified and enantiospecific first total syntheses of(6S,7R)- silphiperfolan-6-ol and (6R,7S)-silphiperfolan-6-ol have been accomplished. In 1983, Wahlberg and coworkers reported the isolation of the diterpenoid 7,8-epoxy-4-basman-6-one, containing an interesting 5-8-5 tricyclic system, from the volatile neutral portion of the diethyl ether extract of sun-cured leaves of greek tobacco (serres). In 1994, Becker et al. reported the isolation of fusicoauritone from the liverwort Anastrophyllum auritum collected in Ecuador. In the second chapter, enantiospecific synthesis of the 5-8-5 ring system of bisnorbasmane and an enantiospecific formal total synthesis of fusicoauritone have been described, starting from the readily available monoterpene (R)-limonene. RCM reaction of a decadiene was employed as the key reaction for the generation of the AB ring system of fusicoccane and basmanes. An intramolecular rhodium carbenoid CH insertion of a diazoketone was utilized for the construction of the C-ring of basmanes. Subsequently, an enantiospecific formal total synthesis of fusicoauritone has been accomplished. Two RCM reactions were employed as the key reactions for the construction of the eight- and five membered rings B and C, respectively, of fusicoccanes.

Radical chemistry is a crucial tool to organic chemists. Recent trends in the field have been directed towards the development of photocatalysts capable of generating a radical through a renewable source like sunlight using a single electron transfer mechanism. The use of Au2dppm2Cl2, having a stronger reducing potential, allows an expansion of the reactivity to those achieved by iridium and ruthenium catalysts.1 The focus of this thesis is axed on the development of Au2dppm2Cl2 as an efficient photoredox catalyst for a tandem one-pot catalysis and its application in a dual catalytic system. The use of Au2dppm2Cl2 in a dual catalysis for the synthesis of β-amino acids was undertaken. The problems encountered over the course of the investigation showed an insufficient oxidation potential of the photoredox catalyst in addition to the facile homolytic cleavage of the C-halogen bond under UV light. However, this shows great promise for the achievement of beta amino acids using solely organocatalysis. The development of a tandem one-pot radical cyclization for the synthesis of fused- carbocycles, which are frequently encountered scaffolds in diterpenoid natural products, is reported. The initial experiments were conducted on a model substrate, enabling the verification of the proposed hypothesis. The success of this methodology was then applied to various substrates affording the desired fused 5 membered rings in good yields. These reactions show tremendous potential in the field of total synthesis for the rapid access of complex molecular structures. (1) Revol, G.; McCallum, T.; Morin, M.; Gagosz, F.; Barriault, L. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 13342.