Το βασικό αποτέλεσμα της παρούσας διατριβής η οποία εντάσσεται στην έρευνα που εκπονείται στο Εργαστήριο Γεωδαισίας και Γεωδαιτικών Εφαρμογών του Τμήματος Πολιτικών Μηχανικών του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών είναι ότι το GPS και ο ρομποτικός θεοδόλιχος (RTS), και κυρίως ο συνδυασμός τους, έχουν τη δυνατότητα μέτρησης ταλαντώσεων όχι μόνο μέχρι 1 Hz, όπως τεκμηριώνεται βιβλιογραφικά, αλλά ενός πολύ μεγαλύτερου φάσματος (μέχρι και 4Hz), ως προς ανεξάρτητο σύστημα αναφοράς της μελετούμενης κατασκευής. Η δυνατότητα αυτή καλύπτει μια σημαντική ανάγκη της σύγχρονης μηχανικής στον τομέα του ελέγχου της δομικής ακεραιότητας (Structural Health Monitoring) των κατασκευών (A’ μέρος της Διατριβής). Τα συμπεράσματα αυτά προέκυψαν με βάση πειράματα και αναλυτική επεξεργασία των δεδομένων των πειραμάτων (B μέρος της Διατριβής) και εφαρμογή της τεχνικής σε δύο δύσκαμπτες μεταλλικές γέφυρες (Γ και Δ μέρη της Διατριβής). Ειδικότερα, με βάση μεγάλο (>350) αριθμό πειραμάτων σε συσκευή προκαθορισμένων γραμμικών ταλαντώσεων, έγινε ταυτόχρονη καταγραφή ταλαντώσεων γνωστού εύρους και συχνότητας από γεωδαιτικούς δέκτες GPS και RTS, με το τελευταίο να έχει αναβαθμιστεί για λεπτομερέστερη χρονική ανάλυση των καταγραφών. Εν συνεχεία συγκρίθηκαν οι εκτιμήσεις εύρους και συχνότητας που προέκυψαν από την ανάλυση των καταγραφών των GPS, RTS με τα πραγματικά προκαθορισμένα μεγέθη των ταλαντώσεων. Η επεξεργασία και αξιολόγηση των δεδομένων επέτρεψε να εκτιμηθούν τα όρια εφαρμογής κάθε οργάνου GPS/RTS και η απόδοσή τους. Η ανάλυση βασίστηκε σε στατιστικές μεθόδους (φίλτρα) και ειδικές φασματικές μεθόδους ανάλυσης στο πεδίο συχνοτήτων και χρόνου που επιτρέπουν επεξεργασία χρονικά ανισαπέχοντων και περιορισμένων σε πλήθος δεδομένων (σε αντίθεση με την FFT), αλλά και υπέρβαση των περιορισμών των οργάνων, όπως αστάθεια ρυθμού δειγματοληψίας (‘jitter’) και απώλεια κύκλων ταλάντωσης (“clipping”) του RTS. Διαπιστώθηκε ότι κυρίως σε υψίσυχνες ταλαντώσεις το GPS προσδιορίζει την κυματομορφή και τη συχνότητα των ταλαντώσεων ενώ το RTS προσδιορίζει με μεγαλύτερη ακρίβεια το εύρος ταλάντωσης. Ο συνδυασμός των δύο οργάνων επιφέρει το πλήρη προσδιορισμό των χαρακτηριστικών (εύρος και συχνότητα) της ταλάντωσης. Η όλη τεχνική εφαρμόστηκε σε δύο σχετικά δύσκαμπτες γέφυρες. Πρώτον, μεταλλική πεζογέφυρα μήκους ~60m στη Λεωφ. Κηφισού στην Αθήνα με προβλεπόμενο εύρος μετακίνησης <30mm και ιδιοσυχνότητα >3Hz. Με χρήση υπερστατικού καταγραφικού δικτύου GPS, RTS κατεγράφησαν οι μετακινήσεις του μέσου του ανοίγματος λόγω περιοδικής διέγερσης από ομάδα ανθρώπων. Από την ανάλυση των καταγραφών των οργάνων και το συνδυασμό των αποτελεσμάτων τους προέκυψε ότι η απόκριση της γέφυρας ήταν 4-6mm και οι συχνότητες που εμφανίστηκαν ήταν 1, 2.3 και 4.3 Hz (κύρια ιδιοσυχνότητα), συμφωνόντας και με καταγραφές επιταχυνσιογράφου που χρησιμοποιήθηκε κατά τη διάρκεια των πειραμάτων. Η δεύτερη περίπτωση εφαρμογής της μεθόδου αποτελεί η καταγραφή της κίνησης ενός από τα 7 ανοίγματα της σιδηροδρομικής γέφυρας του Γοργοποτάμου. Χρησιμοποιήθηκε υπερστατικό καταγραφικό δίκτυο GPS, RTS για την καταγραφή των μετακινήσεων του άκρου και μέσου ανοίγματος κατά τη διέλευση συρμών. Οι μετρήσεις του GPS επηρεάστηκαν από φαινόμενο πολυανάκλασης κατά τη διάρκεια της διέλευσης του τραίνου, οδηγώντας σε κυματομορφή η οποία χαρακτηρίζεται από σφάλμα κλίμακας το οποίο τεκμηριώθηκε από επεξεργασία των δεδομένων και πειράματα. Από τη συνολική ανάλυση των δεδομένων των δύο οργάνων και το συνδυασμό τους προέκυψε ότι η μετακίνηση της γέφυρας στη διέλευση του τραίνου ήταν ~6-7mm και η κύρια ιδιοσυχνότητα της ~3.1-3.2Hz. Επιπλέον, διαπιστώθηκε ότι η κυματομορφή της απόκρισης παρουσιάζει διακριτή μορφή που εκφράζει το πλήθος των βαγονιών του συρμού. Το τελικό συμπέρασμα της διατριβής (Μέρος Ε) είναι ότι η τεκμηρίωση των νέων ορίων εφαρμογής και ποιότητας των καταγραφών GPS, RTS (>5mm, <5Hz) δεν επιτρέπει τη χρήση τους μόνο σε εύκαμπτες κατασκευές (καλωδιωτές γέφυρες, κλπ.) όπως εκτιμάτο μέχρι πρόσφατα, αλλά και σε πιο δύσκαμπτες κατασκευές (δικτυωτές γέφυρες, κλπ.), κάνοντας αυτά πολύτιμο εργαλείο στον έλεγχο της δομικής ακεραιότητας (Structural Health Monitoring) ευρέως τύπου κατασκευών. Η όλη έρευνα στόχευσε σε όργανα, λογισμικά και τεχνικές προσιτές σε ευρύ φάσμα ερευνητών, ώστε η μέθοδος να μην περιορίζεται σε μερικούς ειδικούς, αλλά εκτιμάται ότι τυχόν χρήση βελτιωμένων λογισμικών, οργάνων εξελιγμένων προδιαγραφών και ειδικών υπολογιστικών τεχνικών θα επιτρέψει στο εγγύς μέλλον βελτίωση της απόδοσης των δύο γεωδαιτικών οργάνων. / The main topic of this dissertation is the assessment of the performance of GPS and RTS in monitoring movements of rigid structures, such as those with main modal frequencies higher than 2Hz. This study was based on experiments of computer-controlled oscillations which were recorded simultaneously by GPS and RTS. These experiments proved that GPS was accurate in definition of the waveform of the oscillation and its frequency, while RTS was more accurate in amplitude definition. The analysis of GPS, RTS data were based on adaptive filter and spectral analysis technique developed in the Geodesy Lab. of PAtras University, which make possible to overcome data problems such as the gaps of GPS data and the jitter and clipping effect of RTS data. In the second part of this study, GPS and RTS and the developed methodology are adopted for the definition of the dynamic characteristics of two rigid structures a steel pedestrian bridge and a steel train bridge. Based on the combination of the results of GPS and RTS data the main vertical movement and the main modal frequencies of the structures were defined, proving that the combination of these instruments and by using appropriate the definition of the dynamic characteristics even of rigid structures is possible

We present a precision study of large-scale structure from large galaxy redshift surveys. We focus on two main subjects of large-scale structure: precisioncosmology with baryon acoustic oscillations from large galaxy surveys and the evolution of galaxy clustering for passively flowing galaxies.The baryon acoustic oscillations in galaxy redshift surveys can serve as an efficient standard ruler to measure the cosmological distance scale, i.e., theangular diameter distances and Hubble parameters, as a function of redshift, and therefore dark energy parameters. We use a Fisher matrix formalism to show that such a standard ruler tests can constrain the angular diameter distances and Hubble parameters to a precision of a few percent, thereby providing robust measurements of present-day dark energy density and its time-dependence.We use N-body simulations to investigate possible systematic errors in the recovery of the cosmological distance scale from galaxy redshift surveys. We show that the baryon signature on linear and quasi-linear scales is robust against nonlinear growth, redshift distortions, and halo (or galaxy) bias, albeit partial obscuration of the signature occurs due to nonlinear growth and redshift distortions.We present the improved Fisher matrix formalism which incorporates the Lagrangian displacement field to describe the nonlinear effects on baryon signature as a function of time and scale. We present a physically motivated, reduced 2-dimensional fitting formula for the full Fisher matrix formalism. We show that distance precision from the revised formalism is in excellent agreement with distance precision from N-body simulations.Finally, we present a numerical study of the evolution of galaxy clustering when galaxies flow passively from high redshift to low redshift, that is, without merging or new formations. We show that passive flow evolution induces interesting characteristics in the galaxy distribution at low redshift: we find an asymptotic convergence in galaxy clustering and halo occupation distribution regardless of the initial distribution of galaxies.

An investigation was conducted to determine and compare the effect of cell current pulsing and "self-oxidation" in increasing the CO tolerance of a PEM fuel cell. The most effective pulsing parameter values were also determined. Current pulsing involves periodically demanding positive current pulses from the fuel cell to create an anode over-potential, while "self-oxidation" or sustained potential oscillations is achieved when the anode catalyst becomes so saturated with CO that the anode over-potential increases to a value at which CO is oxidized from the catalyst surface. The CO tolerance of a fuel cell system with a Pt-Ru anode was tested using 50 and 496 ppm CO in the anode fuel. The performance of the system declined with an increase in CO concentration. Current pulses of various amplitude, frequency, and duty cycle were applied to the cell while CO was present in the anode fuel. With 50 ppm CO in the anode fuel, the most effective pulse in increasing CO tolerance while maintaining normal cell operation was 1.0 A/cm2, 0.25 Hz, and a 5% duty cycle. A pulse (120 Hz, 50% duty cycle) similar to the ripple current often generated when converting DC to single-phase 60 Hz AC had a positive effect on the CO tolerance of the system, but at frequencies that high, the pulse duration was not long enough to completely oxidize the CO from the catalyst surface. With 496 ppm CO in the anode fuel, a pulse of 1.0 A/cm2, 0.5 Hz, and a 20% duty cycle proved most effective. When the cell was exposed to 496 ppm CO, without employing pulsing, "self-oxidation" occurred and CO was periodically oxidized from the catalyst surface. However, pulsing allowed the cell to operate at the desired voltage and power a higher percentage of the time than "self-oxidation"; hence, pulsing was more effective.

The differential equations are often used in practice for making different mathematical models of mechanical systems and they are the best help for modelling. The flow, coming around elastic mechanical system, when there are some conditions, awakes the auto-oscillations of it. At my work I onquire the change of auto-oscillations into the electrical signal. If we want to reach it, we must give for mechanical system an extra stimulation by electric network. The purpose of my work - inquire simplification model of this made system; area of existence synchronic processes, when we have relaxed and forced oscillations; to analyse different trajectories of different types this differential equation; to find spectral charakteristics. The analytical and graphical results were forthcoming, let uncover some steady treatments' and their surroundings' attributes of pending system.

No description available.

The point of this work is to make phizical educational installaitional program subjekt „Oscillations and waves“, intended for XI- XII class schoolchildrens and find out its practice feature. In this work was accomplished objective, method literature analysis, fitted teaching material and made- up phizical educational installaitional program „Oscillations and waves“. Schoolchildrens profited educational program and was angaged and interested to look for analogic programs in future for theirs educations.

Šiame darbe tiriamos naujo metodo, skirto funkcijų aproksimavimui baigtine eksponenčių suma galimybės, taikant šį metodą konkrečios diferencialinių lygčių sistemos, aprašančios mechaninius virpesius, sprendiniams. Viena iš galimų darbe pristatomos mechaninių virpesių sistemos taikymo sričių – jūros bangų arba vėjo sukeltus virpesius panaudoti kaip atsinaujinantį energijos šaltinį. Tokių mechanizmų veikimo principai prieš pradedant kurti realų veikiantį modelį analizuojami taikant matematinį modeliavimą. Sudėtingos lygčių sistemos sprendiniai, priklausomai nuo sprendimo metodo, gaunami laipsninių eilučių pavidale arba kaip taškų aibė, bet nei viena iš šių formų nėra patogi sprendinio kokybiniam tyrimui. Tačiau turint sprendinio išraišką eksponentinių funkcijų su kompleksiniais koeficientais suma, žinomi ir šį sprendinį sudarančių harmonikų dažniai – svarbi konkretaus virpesių sistemos režimo charakteristika. Atliekant skaitinius eksperimentus nustatyta, jog nusistovėjusį sistemos sprendinį galima įvertinti baigtine eksponenčių suma. Aproksimavimo paklaidos priklauso nuo žingsnio, aproksimuojamos funkcijos ir skaičiavimo paklaidos. / The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of a new method, which gives an ability to approximate functions by a finite sum of exponential functions. This method was applied to the solutions of the concrete differential equations that describe the system of mechanical oscillations. One of the possible application areas of the system of oscillations presented in the paper is to use oscillations caused by the wind or water waves as a source of renewable energy. The action principles of such mechanisms are investigated using mathematical simulation before the real working model. The solutions of the sophisticated system of differential equations are obtained either in the form of power series or a set of points, depending of the solving method chosen. However, none of these forms is convenient for exploring properties of the solution. Therefore, we have a problem to approximate the solutions with linear formations of exponential functions. It is possible then to express the solutions as the linear formations of harmonics. It is demonstrated that a steady solution of the system can be expressed as a finite sum of exponential functions. Approximation errors vary depending on the distance between the points used, the function, which is being approximated, and the computation errors.

The main objective of this thesis is to study and investigate the dynamics and stability of cantilevered structures subjected to internal, external, or simultaneous internal and external axial flows. This was accomplished, in some cases, by deriving the linear equations of motion using a Newtonian approach and, in other cases, by making the necessary modifications to existing theoretical models. The continuous cantilevered systems were then discretized using the Galerkin method in order to determine their complex eigenfrequencies. Moreover, numerous experiments were performed to compare and validate, or otherwise, the theoretical models proposed. More specifically, the four cantilevered systems studied were the following: (i) a pipe conveying fluid that is fitted with a stabilizing end-piece, which suppresses flutter by blocking the straight-through exit of flow at the downstream end; (ii) a pipe aspirating fluid, which flutters at low flow velocities in its first mode; (iii) a free-clamped cylinder (i.e. with the upstream end free and the downstream end clamped) in confined axial flow, which also flutters at low flow velocities in its first mode and eventually develops a buckling instability; and (iv) a pipe subjected to internal flow, which after exiting the pipe is transformed to a confined counter-current annular flow, that becomes unstable by flutter too.

This thesis investigates the design of damping controllers to alleviate the problem of low frequency electro-mechanical oscillations in power systems. The operating point and network parameters of power systems are continually changing, resulting in changes in system dynamics. The conventional controller design methodology has therefore come under increasing scrutiny for its lack of considerations for robustness. The thesis first outlines the conventional design of a power system stabilizer (PSS) and then applies two robust techniques (Hoo and Quantitative Feedback Theory, QFT) to the design problem. The single machine infinite bus (SMIB) model is used to illustrate the procedure for all three design techniques. The final design is undertaken to illustrate the more important problem of robust multi-machine PSS design using QFT. The design requires linearised models of the multi-machine system. A brief discussion is given on how these can be obtained. An introduction to decentralized control design in QFT is included to support the multi-machine design. Chapter three proceeds through the design steps required to generate a conventional PSS. The technique is shown to be simple for a given set of operating conditions. The controller is shown to be adequately robust over the given set of operating conditions albeit not by design. Chapter four introduces a design technique that directly addresses robustness issues during the controller design. For a restricted range of operating conditions the designed controller demonstrates the desired robustness and performance characteristics. The inherent difficulties with Hoo in PSS design become more apparent as the operating range is extended. Chapter five introduces the second robust controller design technique. QFT is shown to be more adept at dealing with increased operating ranges and changing specifications in the single-machine infinite-bus case. The controller is easy to generate and performs well over the entire range of operating conditions. QFT is also applied to the controller design for a four-machine study system. The design is a marginally more complex than in the single machine case but is still easily accomplished. This thesis confirms previous attempts at solving the design problem using the methods outlined above. The performance of all controllers is assessed for small and large disturbances using non-linear time domain simulations with models developed using PSCAD/EMTDC and MATLAB. / Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal,Durban, 2002.

Poorly damped oscillations that occur between the generators in large interconnected power systems often limit the amount of power that can be transmitted through a transmission corridor and are a threat to secure system operation. Coordinated insertion and removal of capacitors in series with a transmission line is one of the approaches that has been known for many years to be capable of enhancing the damping of power system oscillations. Unfortunately however, this approach historically relied on the operation of mechanical circuit breakers which were too slow and unreliable for the high-speed and repetitive operation that such an application demands. Recently-emerged, high-speed power-electronic-based switching devices are finding increasing use in modem power systems in the so-called Flexible AC Transmission Systems (F ACTS) concept. One particular FACTS impedance controller, namely the inverter-based series compensator, can rapidly alter the magnitude of capacitive compensating reactance in series with the line to make it practically feasible to enhance the damping of power system oscillations via dynamically-controlled series compensation. This thesis identifies, in the literature, an insightful approach to the design of an idealised controllable series compensator (CSC) damping scheme; such an approach has been considered in the analyses of the thesis. Three mathematical models of a single-machine infinite bus (SMIB) system are developed and are subsequently used in the initial design and analysis of a CSC damping controller carried out in the thesis. The simple SMIB system case study is used to identify and investigate the factors that have a significant impact on the performance of a CSC damping controller before studying the more complex issue of inter-area mode damping using a CSC. This thesis successfully confirms the results of a previous analytical study in which an idealised representation of the CSC was used, and extends the scope of that previous study by also considering a detailed representation of one particular type of CSC: the inverter-based series compensator. The two key findings of this extended investigation are that the inverter-based form of controllable series compensator can successfully be used to damp power oscillations and that, where the damping of oscillations is the particular focus of study, an idealised representation of the inverterbased CSC is suitable for the analyses. In the case of the inter-area mode damping problem, the selection of an appropriate input signal to the CSC damping controller is a key issue, since the oscillations that are to be damped involve a number of participating generators. This thesis examines the suitability of a few candidate input signals that have been proposed in the literature using the conceptually simpler SMIB system analytical models that have been developed. Finally, the thesis applies the understanding of CSC damping controller design gained from the SMIB study to the problem of inter-area mode damping on a four-generator study system. Time-domain simulation results are presented to demonstrate the impact of the controlled inverter-based series compensator on the damping of the inter-area mode of this system. / Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.