Förekomsten av övervikt och fetma hos barn ökar i världen trots insatser. Studier visar att förebyggande interventioner för barn och unga har blygsam effekt. Deltagarbaserad forskning har visat sig vara ett sätt att hitta hållbara lösningar inom hälsointerventioner. Övergripande kunskap saknas dock om hur deltagandet för barn och vuxna kan tillämpas inom deltagarbaserade övervikt- och fetmainterventioner riktade till barn. Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga deltagandet inom deltagarbaserad övervikt- och fetmaprevention riktad till barn. Hur tillämpas deltagande inom deltagarbaserad övervikt- och fetmaprevention? I vilken utsträckning deltar barnen?    En litteraturbaserad design användes enligt Arksey och O’Malley’s ramverk för scoping review, som innebär fem steg; identifiera forskningsfrågan, identifiera relevanta studier, val av studier, kartläggning av data samt samla in, summera och rapportera resultat. Studier till resultatet samlades in från databaserna Medline, Academic Search Elite, Cinahl och Scopus samt via manuella sökningar.  Inklusionkriterier var peer-reviewed, empiriska studier med fokus på interventioner mot förebyggande av övervikt/fetma för barn och unga (0–18 år) samt med en deltagande ansats med föräldrar, barn eller samhälle. Studier på annat språk än engelska eller svenska, som inte fokuserade på förebyggande interventioner mot övervikt/fetma för barn och som inte tydligt definierat studien som deltagarbaserad exkluderades. Sökningen resulterade initialt i 995 artiklar. Urvalsprocessen med vidare granskning resulterade slutligen i 34 studier som inkluderades i denna studie. Graden av delaktighet analyserades vidare med Shier’s Modell, som innebär 5 steg; 1. barn blir lyssnade på, 2. barn stöds i att uttrycka sina åsikter, 3. barns åsikter beaktas, 4. barn är involverade i beslutsprocessen, 5. barn delar makt och ansvar för att ta beslut”.    Resultatet visade att de flesta interventioner skedde i skolan. Både föräldrar, barn, lärare och samhället involverades i olika grad och inom olika metoder. Flera studier rapporterade dock deltagandet bristfälligt. I 12 studier exkluderades barn som deltagare. När barn deltog var det ofta äldre barn i tonåren. Vid analys av barns deltagande med Shier’s Modell var flest studier inom steg 4 (deltagande i beslut, n= 7) och steg 3(konsultation, n=7) följt av steg 5 (delat ansvar och makt, n=6). Framtida forskning bör fokusera på att mer utförligt beskriva den deltagande processen, involvera yngre barn samt undersöka hur barn upplever sitt deltagande, för att skapa ett meningsfullt deltagande. Prevention för övervikt och fetma kräver innovativa lösningar och fokus inom framtida studier bör vara på att öppna upp för deltagande genom en deltagande utgångspunkt, att skapa möjligheter genom tillräckliga resurser och passande metoder samt att inkludera deltagandet som en inbyggd policy genom arbetsprocessen. / The prevalence of overweigth and obesity in children is increasing in the world despite efforts. Studies show that preventive interventions for children and young people have a modest effect. Participatory research has proven to be a way to find sustainable solutions in health interventions. However, there is no comprehensive  knowledge on how participation for children and adults can be applied within participant-based obesity interventions targeting children.The purpose of this study was to map participation in participant-based obesity prevention targeting children. How is participation in participant-based obesity prevention applied? To what extent do the children participate?   A literature-based design was used according to Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review framework, which involves five steps; identifying the research issue, identifying relevant studies, selecting studies, charting data, and collecting, summarizing and reporting results. Studies for the results were collected from the databases Medline, Academic Search Elite, Cinahl and Scopus as well as through manual searches. Inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed, empirical studies focusing on interventions to prevent obesity for children and adolescents (0–18 years) and with a participatory approach with parents, children or society. Studies in languages ​​other than English or Swedish, studies which did not focus on preventive interventions against obesity for children and studies that did not clearly define the study as participant-based, were excluded. The search initially resulted in 995 articles. The selection process with further examination finally resulted in 34 studies that are included in this study. The degree of participation was further analyzed with Shier's Model, which involves 5 steps; 1. children are listened to, 2. children are supported in expressing their opinions, 3. children's opinions are taken into account, 4. children are involved in the decision-making process, 5. children share power and responsibility in making decisions.    The result showed that most interventions took place in school. Both parents, children, teachers and society were involved to varying degrees and within different methods. Several studies reported the participation poorly. In 12 studies, children were excluded as participants. When children participated, they were often older, in their teens. When analyzing children´s participation with Shiers’s Model, most studies were in step 4 (participation in decisions, n=7) and step 3 (consultation, n= 7) followed by step 5 (shared responsibility and power, n=6).   Future research should focus on more fully describing the participatory process, involving younger children and examining how children experience their participation, in order to create meaningful participation. Prevention for obesity requires innovative solutions and the focus of future studies should be on opening up for participation through a participatory starting point, creating opportunities through adequate resources and appropriate methods, and including participation as an embedded policy through the work process.

Diploma thesis is divided into a theoretical and practical part. I dedicated the theoretical part not only to prenatal and perinatal obesity risk factors, but also to diagnosis, management, health complications and prevention. In the practical part, I described the outcomes of the questionnaire survey dedicated to the mothers of children aged 1-7 years. The aim of this thesis was to find out the occurrence of selected risk factors for childhood obesity. I found out that in my study group, there were some risk factors represented in relatively small quantity (for example smoking during pregnancy, smoking during breastfeeding, gestational diabetes mellitus). Other risk factors, such as mother's or father's obesity were frequent. Some risk factors for childhood obesity are obvious, while others have not yet been proved to be directly related to obesity. However, we can certainly suggest, that the healthy parents' weight, alcohol and nicotine abstinence and exclusive breastfeeding at least until the end of fourth month of life are the factors beneficial not only for the health of the child. Key words: childhood obesity; diet during pregnancy; nutritional programming; obesity prevention; obesity risk factors

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No description available.

Essay #1 - Parental Social Influence in Childhood Obesity Interventions: a Systematic Review The objective of this study is to understand the pathways through which social influence at the family level moderates childhood obesity interventions. We conducted a systematic review of obesity interventions in which parents' behaviors are targeted to change children's obesity outcomes, due to the potential social and environmental influence of parents on the nutrition and physical activity behaviors of children. Results for existing mechanisms that moderate parents' influence on children's behavior are discussed and a causal pathway diagram is developed to map out social influence mechanisms that affect childhood obesity. We provide health professionals and researchers with recommendations to leverage family-based social influence mechanisms for increasing the efficacy of the obesity intervention programs. Essay #2 - Dynamics of Obesity Interventions inside Organizations: a Case Study of Food Carry-Outs in Baltimore A large number of obesity prevention interventions, from upstream (policy and environmental) to downstream (individual level), have been put forward to curb the obesity trend; however, not all those interventions have been successful. Overall effectiveness of obesity prevention interventions relies not only on the average efficacy of a generic intervention, but also on the successful Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE-AIM) of that intervention. In this study, we aim to understand how effectiveness of organizational level obesity prevention interventions depends on dynamics of AIM. We focus on an obesity prevention intervention, implemented in food carry-outs in low-income urban areas of Baltimore city, which aims to improve dietary behavior for adults through better food access to healthier foods and point-of-purchase prompts. Building on data from interviews and the literature we develop a dynamic model of the key processes of AIM. We first develop a contextualized map of causal relationships integral to the dynamics of AIM, and then quantify those mechanisms using a system dynamics simulation model. With simulation analysis, we show how as a result of several reinforcing loops that span stakeholder motivation, communications, and implementation quality and costs, small changes in the process of AIM can make a big difference in impact. We present how the dynamics surrounding communication, motivation, and depreciation of interventions can create tipping dynamics in AIM. Specifically, small changes in allocation of resources to an intervention could have a disproportionate long-term impact if those additional resources can turn stakeholders into allies of the intervention, reducing the depreciation rates and enhancing sustainability. We provide researchers with a set of recommendations to increase the sustainability of the interventions. Essay #3 - Dynamics of Implementation and Maintenance of Organizational Health Interventions: Case Studies of Obesity Interventions In this study, we present case studies to explore the dynamics of implementation and maintenance of obesity interventions. We analyze how specific obesity prevention interventions are built and eroded, how the building and erosion mechanisms are interconnected, and why we can see significantly different erosion rates across otherwise similar organizations. We use multiple comparative case studies to provide empirical information on the mechanisms of interest, and use qualitative systems modeling to integrate our evolving understanding into an internally consistent and transparent theory of the phenomenon. Our preliminary results identify reinforcing feedback mechanisms, including design of organizational processes, motivation of stakeholders, and communication among stakeholders, which influence implementation and maintenance of intervention components. Over time, these feedback mechanisms may drive a wedge between otherwise similar organizations, leading to distinct configurations of implementation and maintenance processes. / Ph. D.

Kwok Man Ki. / Accompanying CD-ROM entitled: DRAGON program 2005. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 193-203). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendices also in Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Abstract (Chinese version) --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.v / Table of contents --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.xi / List of figures --- p.xviii / Presentations --- p.xix / Chapter Chapter one: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Hong Kong preschoolers' nutritional health situation --- p.1 / Chapter (I) --- Breastfeeding & complementary feeding practices --- p.1 / Chapter (II) --- "Diet, mealtime and physical activity patterns" --- p.3 / Chapter (III) --- Weight status --- p.6 / Health risk factors accumulated up to preschool age --- p.8 / Childhood Obesity Prevention: School-based intervention --- p.12 / Chapter (I) --- Primary obesity prevention and health promoting schools --- p.12 / Chapter (II) --- Feasibility of health promotion initiatives in Hong Kong kindergartens --- p.14 / Chapter (III) --- Nutrition and physical activity intervention studies --- p.18 / Chapter (IV) --- Hong Kong kindergarten health initiative: DRAGON Program --- p.23 / Aim and scope of the DRAGON Program --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter two: --- Methodology --- p.30 / Kindergarten recruitment --- p.30 / Formative preparatory stage --- p.32 / Chapter (I) --- Teaching kit development --- p.32 / Chapter (II) --- Teaching kit pretesting --- p.33 / Chapter (III) --- Parents' focus group --- p.35 / Chapter (IV) --- Questionnaires development --- p.35 / Chapter (V) --- Ethics approval --- p.37 / Subject recruitment --- p.37 / Pre-intervention stage --- p.37 / Chapter (I) --- Anthropometric measurements --- p.37 / Chapter (II) --- Parental questionnaires --- p.38 / DRAGON Program implementation --- p.38 / Chapter (I) --- Preschoolers' health curriculum --- p.38 / Chapter (II) --- Pre-intervention data management and analysis --- p.39 / Chapter (III) --- Booster activities planning and implementation --- p.40 / Chapter (IV) --- Parents' newsletters --- p.42 / Post-intervention stage --- p.42 / Chapter Chapter three: --- Results --- p.46 / Enrollment and response rate --- p.46 / Between schools baseline comparison --- p.50 / Education vs. Control Schools baseline comparison --- p.53 / Chapter (I) --- Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics --- p.53 / Chapter (II) --- Children's dietary patterns --- p.60 / Chapter (III) --- "Regular meals, snack patterns and other mealtime behaviors" --- p.65 / Chapter (IV) --- Usual activity patterns --- p.67 / Chapter (V) --- Parents' health knowledge and preferred communication channels --- p.72 / Chapter (VI) --- Child's height and weight measurements --- p.77 / Chapter (VII) --- Factors associated with children's weight status --- p.79 / Chapter (VIII) --- "Associations between socioeconomic status (SES) and children's dietary, mealtime and activity patterns" --- p.81 / Process and outcome evaluations of the Dragon Program --- p.90 / Part a) 1st follow up after finishing all health curriculum --- p.90 / Chapter (I) --- Children's dietary patterns --- p.90 / Chapter (II) --- Mealtime behaviors --- p.95 / Chapter (III) --- Usual activity patterns --- p.99 / Chapter (IV) --- Health curriculum effectiveness evaluation by AM/PM sessions --- p.103 / Part b) 2nd follow up after finishing promotional activities --- p.107 / Chapter (I) --- Children's dietary patterns --- p.108 / Chapter (II) --- Mealtime behaviors --- p.116 / Chapter (III) --- Usual activity patterns --- p.122 / Between subgroups comparisons --- p.131 / Chapter (I) --- First follow up --- p.131 / Chapter (II) --- Second follow up --- p.132 / Parent Focus groups (baseline) --- p.136 / Chapter (I) --- Awareness of local adults' and preschoolers' health status --- p.136 / Chapter (II) --- Children's dietary habits and lifestyle --- p.137 / Chapter (III) --- Factors affecting their children's health behaviors --- p.139 / Parent Focus groups (booster activities) --- p.140 / Teachers´ةquestionnaires --- p.142 / Teachers after class assessment --- p.149 / Teachers´ة focus groups --- p.155 / Principals´ة Interviews --- p.157 / Chapter (I) --- Importance of creating healthy school environment --- p.157 / Chapter (II) --- Students' & teachers´ة performance in first half-year DRAGON Program --- p.158 / Chapter (III) --- Comments on implementing second half-year DRAGON Program --- p.160 / Chapter (IV) --- Recommendations for the development of the Program --- p.161 / Chapter Chapter four: --- Discussion --- p.163 / Implications of the findings --- p.164 / Chapter (I) --- Socioeconomic and demographic factors associated with preschoolers' diet and lifestyle at baseline --- p.164 / Chapter a) --- Association between SES and children´ةs dietary habits --- p.164 / Chapter b) --- Association between SES and children's weight status and their mealtime interactions with parents --- p.166 / Chapter c) --- "Association between children's weight status and their dietary mealtime, and activity patterns" --- p.167 / Chapter (II) --- Local preschool age children´ةs health situation --- p.170 / Chapter (III) --- Program Effectiveness assessment --- p.173 / Chapter a) --- After the implementation of the one-term health curriculum --- p.173 / Chapter b) --- After the implementation of health curriculum and promotional activities --- p.179 / Chapter (IV) --- Program acceptability and feasibility --- p.186 / Limitations --- p.189 / Recommendation for future preschool health program --- p.190 / Chapter Chapter five: --- Conclusion --- p.192 / References --- p.193 / Appendices --- p.204 / Chapter A1 --- School invitation letter with program briefing details (English version) --- p.204 / Chapter A2 --- School invitation letter with program briefing details (Chinese version) --- p.209 / Chapter B1 --- School background information (English version) --- p.213 / Chapter B2 --- School background information (Chinese version) --- p.217 / Chapter C1 --- DRAGON Program Teacher's Guide for nursery grade (Chinese version) --- p.221 / Chapter C2 --- DRAGON Program Teacher's Guide for lower level (Chinese version) --- p.244 / Chapter C3 --- DRAGON Program Teacher's Guide for upper level (Chinese version) --- p.269 / Chapter D1 --- Parents´ة focus group (Jan) (English version) --- p.297 / Chapter D2 --- Parents´ة focus group (Jan) (Chinese version) --- p.301 / Chapter E1 --- Teachers´ة self-administered questionnaires (English version) --- p.305 / Chapter E2 --- Teachers´ة self-administered questionnaires (Chinese version) --- p.324 / Chapter F1a --- Parents´ة self-administered questionnaires [baseline] (English version) --- p.344 / Chapter F1b --- Parents´ة self-administered questionnaires [1st follow up] (English version) --- p.349 / Chapter F1c --- Parents' self-administered questionnaires [2nd follow up] (English version) --- p.354 / Chapter F2a --- Parents´ة self-administered questionnaires [baseline] (Chinese version) --- p.359 / Chapter F2b --- Parents´ة'self-administered questionnaires [1st follow up] (Chinese version) --- p.364 / Chapter F2c --- Parents´ة self-administered questionnaires [2nd follow up] (Chinese version) --- p.369 / Chapter G1 --- Parents´ة consent form (English version) --- p.374 / Chapter G2 --- Parents´ة consent form (Chinese version) --- p.376 / Chapter H1a --- Sample health lesson worksheet for nursery grade (Chinese version) --- p.378 / Chapter H1b --- Sample health lesson worksheet for lower level (Chinese version) --- p.379 / Chapter H1c --- Sample health lesson worksheet for upper level (Chinese version) --- p.380 / Chapter 11 --- Sample parents´ة newsletter (English version) --- p.382 / Chapter 12 --- Sample parents´ة newsletter (Chinese version) --- p.387 / Chapter J1 --- Questions for pretest parents´ة newsletter (Chinese and English version) --- p.392 / Chapter K1 --- Principals´ة interview (English version) --- p.395 / Chapter K2 --- Principals´ة interview (Chinese version) --- p.397 / Table A_1 to A_17 --- p.399 / DiscAl DRAGON Program: teaching materials for health lessons --- p.414 / DiscA2 DRAGON Program: materials for three booster activities --- p.414 / DiscA3 DRAGON Program: health lesson worksheets --- p.414 / DiscA4 DRAGON Program: parents´ة newsletters --- p.414

Cheung Yuk Lin Porky. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 236-248). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; appendices also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / 論文摘要 --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.xii / List of Tables --- p.xiii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xix / Presentations --- p.xx / Chapter CHAPTER 1: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Overview on Childhood Obesity --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Worldwide Situation --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Hong Kong Situation --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Consequences of Childhood Obesity --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Physiological Problems --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Psychosocial Problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Economic Problems --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Possible Causes and Associated Factors of Childhood Obesity --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Genetics --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Lifestyle Patterns --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.1 --- Physical Activity --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.2.2 --- Dietary Factors --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Environmental Influence --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3.1 --- Parental Influence and Home Environment --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.3.2 --- Other External Environmental Factors --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Prevention and Treatment of Childhood Obesity --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Clinical Trials --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Family Based Interventions --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.3. --- School Based Interventions --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Other Possible Measures --- p.17 / Chapter 1.5 --- Local Intervention Implementation --- p.17 / Chapter 1.6 --- "Study Rationale, Design，Aims and Objectives" --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Study Rationale --- p.18 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Study Design --- p.19 / Chapter 1.6.3 --- Study Aims and Objectives --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7 --- Conceptual Framework and Hypothesis --- p.21 / Chapter 1.7.1 --- Conceptual Framework --- p.22 / Chapter 1.7.2 --- Hypothesis --- p.23 / Chapter CHAPTER 2: --- METHODOLOGY --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- School Recruitment --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Subject Recruitment --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Parental Consent --- p.24 / Chapter 2.3 --- Focus Groups --- p.24 / Chapter 2.4 --- Assessment Tools --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Weight and Height measures --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Physical Fitness Tests --- p.25 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Student Questionnaire --- p.26 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Parental Questionnaire --- p.27 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Questionnaires Pre-testing --- p.27 / Chapter 2.5 --- Intervention --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Intervention A: Mighty Heart Health Promotion Program --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1.1 --- Materials --- p.28 / Chapter 2.5.1.2 --- Procedures --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Intervention B: Health Club --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2.1 --- Materials --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2.2 --- Procedures --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6 --- Evaluation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Qualitative Evaluation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Quantitative Evaluation --- p.35 / Chapter 2.7 --- Data Manasement --- p.36 / Chapter 2.8 --- Statistics --- p.37 / Chapter 2.8.1 --- Health Knowledge and Food Preferences Scores of Students --- p.37 / Chapter 2.8.2 --- "Health Knowledge, Dietary Habits and Home Food Availability Scores of Parents" --- p.40 / Chapter 2.9 --- Ethical Approval --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER 3: --- RESULTS --- p.43 / Chapter PART A: --- Baseline Focus Groups Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Baseline Focus Groups Results --- p.43 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- General Description of Participants --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Views of ""Health"" held by students" --- p.44 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- "Views of ""Health"" of parents" --- p.45 / Chapter 3.1.4 --- "Views of ""Healthy Eating"" of students" --- p.46 / Chapter 3.1.5 --- "Views of ""Healthy Eating"" held by parents" --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.6 --- "Perceived views on ""Physical Activity"" by students" --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1.7 --- "Views on ""Physical Activity"" of parents" --- p.49 / Chapter 3.1.8 --- Preferred delivery mode of activities communication channels --- p.50 / Chapter PART B: --- Baseline Profile of Participants / Chapter 3.2 --- Response Rate --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3 --- Baseline Characteristics and Socio-dem ograph ic Profile of Participants --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Students --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Parents --- p.56 / Chapter 3.4 --- "Self-perceived Important Values, Health and Weight Status at baseline" --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Students --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Parents --- p.62 / Chapter 3.5 --- Baseline Physical Activity --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Students --- p.63 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Parents --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6 --- Baseline Dietary Aspects --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Students --- p.71 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- Parents --- p.81 / Chapter 3.7 --- Summary of Baseline associations between students，and parents 'parameters --- p.94 / Chapter 3.7.1 --- Factors associated with Students' weight status --- p.94 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- Factors associated with Studente´ة Dietary Habits --- p.97 / Chapter 3.7.3 --- Factors associated with students´ة physical Activity Habits --- p.104 / Chapter 3.8 --- Summary of Baseline Profile of Participants --- p.108 / Chapter PART C: --- Outcome Evaluation / Chapter 3.9 --- The Final MH activities Conducted --- p.111 / Chapter 3.10 --- Comparisons of Weight Status --- p.112 / Chapter 3.11 --- Comparisons of Self-perceived Health Status and Important Values --- p.114 / Chapter 3.12 --- Comparisons of Physical Activity Parameters --- p.118 / Chapter 3.12.1 --- Students --- p.118 / Chapter 3.12.2 --- Parents --- p.126 / Chapter 3.13 --- Comparisons of Dietary and Health Related Aspects --- p.129 / Chapter 3.13.1 --- Students --- p.129 / Chapter 3.13.2 --- Parents --- p.148 / Chapter 3.13.3 --- Home Food and Meal Environments --- p.167 / Chapter PART D: --- Results of Health Club / Chapter 3.14 --- Baseline Profile of the Participants --- p.180 / Chapter 3.14.1 --- Characteristics and Health Status --- p.180 / Chapter 3.14.2 --- Baseline Physical Activity --- p.181 / Chapter 3.14.3 --- Baseline Dietary Related Parameters --- p.183 / Chapter 3.15 --- The Final HC Lessons Conducted --- p.187 / Chapter 3.16 --- Outcome Evaluation of HC program --- p.188 / Chapter 3.16.1 --- Physical Fitness and Anthropometric Parameters --- p.188 / Chapter 3.16.2 --- Self-perceived Health Status and Important Values --- p.192 / Chapter 3.16.3 --- Physical Activity Related Aspects --- p.193 / Chapter 3.16.4 --- Dietary Aspects --- p.196 / Chapter 3.17 --- Summary of results of the HC Program --- p.201 / Chapter PART E: --- Process Evaluation / Chapter 3.18 --- Process Evaluations of Mighty Heart --- p.203 / Chapter 3.18.1 --- Students --- p.203 / Chapter 3.18.1.1 --- Comments on Program Activities and Materials --- p.203 / Chapter 3.18.1.2 --- Comments on Program Effectiveness and Acceptability --- p.204 / Chapter 3.18.1.3 --- Overall Comments and Suggestions --- p.204 / Chapter 3.18.2 --- Teachers --- p.205 / Chapter 3.18.2.1 --- Comments on Program Activities and Materials --- p.205 / Chapter 3.18.2.2 --- Comments on Program Effectiveness and Acceptability --- p.205 / Chapter 3.18.2.3 --- Overall Comments and suggestions --- p.206 / Chapter 3.19 --- Process Evaluations of the Health Club --- p.207 / Chapter 3.19.1 --- Students --- p.207 / Chapter 3.19.1.1 --- Comments on Program Activities and Materials --- p.207 / Chapter 3.19.1.2 --- Comments on Program Effectiveness and Acceptability --- p.208 / Chapter 3.19.1.3 --- Overall Comments and Suggestions --- p.208 / Chapter 3.19.2 --- Teacher --- p.209 / Chapter 3.19.2.1 --- "Comments on Program Activities, Educational Materials/Resources" --- p.209 / Chapter 3.19.2.2 --- Comments on Program Effectiveness and Acceptability --- p.210 / Chapter 3.19.2.3 --- Overall Comments and Suggestions --- p.211 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- Discussion --- p.212 / Chapter 4.1 --- Overall Effects of the MH Program --- p.213 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Changes in PA-related Aspects --- p.213 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Changes in Dietary-related Aspects --- p.216 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Changes in Health Status related Aspects --- p.225 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- Acceptability and Appropriateness of the MH --- p.225 / Chapter 4.2 --- Overall Effects of the HC Program --- p.226 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Changes in PA Related Aspects --- p.226 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Changes in Dietary-related Aspects --- p.227 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Changes in Health Status related Aspects --- p.228 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- Acceptability and Appropriateness of the HC --- p.229 / Chapter 4.3 --- Strengths and Limitations of the Study --- p.231 / Chapter 4.4 --- Implications and Recommendations for Future Research --- p.233 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusions --- p.234 / References --- p.236 / Appendix A Principal/ teacher Questionnaire --- p.249 / Appendix B Consent form for parents --- p.252 / Appendix C Focus group questionnaire - Students --- p.258 / Appendix D Focus group questionnaire - Parents --- p.262 / Appendix E Survey questionnaire -Students --- p.266 / Appendix F Survey Questionnaire - Parents --- p.274 / Appendix G Powerpoint material for teachers´ة monthly sharing --- p.282 / Appendix H Working sheets --- p.283 / Appendix I Newsletters for parents --- p.287 / Appendix J Teachers´ة guide for the “Mighty Heart´حprogram --- p.302 / Appendix K Teachers' guide for Health Club --- p.307 / Appendix L The student workbook --- p.311 / "Appendix M Discussion guide for students participating in the ""Mighty Heart ""program" --- p.312 / Appendix N Discussion guide for students participating in the Health Club --- p.313 / Appendix O Discussion guide for teachers conducting the Mighty Heart program --- p.314 / Appendix P Discussion guide for the teachers conducting the Health Club --- p.316

Chan, Yun Kwan. / Accompanying CD-ROM contains appendix H, I, J, and K. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 161-170). / Abstracts in English and Chinese; three appendixes in Chinese only. / Library's copy: lacks accompanying CD-ROM. / Acknowledgement --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Abstract (Chinese) --- p.iv / List of publications --- p.vi / Table of Contents --- p.viii / List of Figures --- p.xvi / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Abbreviations --- p.xxv / Chapter CHAPTER ONE: --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Global prevalence of childhood overweight --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Preschool health situation in HK --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Breastfeeding --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Diet and physical activity patterns --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Prevalence of childhood overweight --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3.1 --- Definition of childhood overweight --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3.2 --- Local prevalence of childhood overweight --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- Consequences of childhood overweight --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Health consequences of childhood overweight --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Economic consequences of childhood overweight --- p.9 / Chapter 1.4 --- Risk factors of childhood overweight and obesity --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Family Socioeconomic status --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Parental overweight --- p.11 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Breastfeeding --- p.12 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Birth order --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Breakfast consumption --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Beverage consumption --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- High calcium intake --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.8 --- Fruit and vegetable consumption --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.9 --- Physical inactivity --- p.15 / Chapter 1.4.9.1 --- Physical activity recommendations for preschoolers --- p.17 / Chapter 1.4.9.2 --- Screentime recommendations for preschoolers --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5 --- Child development --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.1 --- Onset of overweight --- p.18 / Chapter 1.5.2 --- Early establishment of lifelong habits at preschool age --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5.3 --- Interaction with parents --- p.20 / Chapter 1.6 --- Justification of preschool multi-component health intervention in Hong Kong --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Local health promotion initiative at preschool --- p.22 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Justification for DRAGON2006 modifications --- p.23 / Chapter 1.6.2.1 --- Inclusion of family-home component in school- based health intervention --- p.24 / Chapter 1.6.2.2 --- Child BMI monitoring and health report to parents --- p.24 / Chapter 1.7 --- Present school-based preschool health intervention --- p.25 / Chapter 1.8 --- Summary --- p.27 / Chapter 1.9 --- Aims and objectives --- p.27 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO: --- METHODOLOGY --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1 --- Recruitment of preschools and preschoolers --- p.28 / Chapter 2.2 --- Development of DRAGON2006 --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Ethics approval --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Focus groups with parents --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Amendment and pretest of the questionnaires --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Health lessons --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Development and adaptation of the health lessons --- p.36 / Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Improvement of the teaching materials --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Lyrics reproduction and CD production --- p.37 / Chapter 2.2.4.4 --- Worksheets --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.4.5 --- Process evaluation --- p.38 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Teachers´ة training --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3 --- Intervention Activities and Components --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Opening ceremony --- p.39 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Health Talks --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Health report --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Parental newsletters --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Outcome evaluation --- p.42 / Chapter 2.5 --- Data collection --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Recruitment of subjects --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- Anthropometric measurements --- p.43 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- Parental baseline and evaluation questionnaire administration --- p.44 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Teachers´ة pre- and post-intervention evaluation and process evaluation --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6 --- Data management --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Verification of data from the questionnaires --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Data coding --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Data entry and verification --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- Data analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.4.1 --- Descriptive and association analysis --- p.45 / Chapter 2.5.4.2 --- Construction of BMI-for-age percentile and z- score curves --- p.46 / Chapter 2.5.4.3 --- Evaluation of the effectiveness of the program --- p.47 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE: --- RESULTS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Organization of the results --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Baseline comparability between the EG and CG --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- General sociodemographic characteristics --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Preschoolers' diet and meal behaviors --- p.54 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Preschoolers´ة dental health --- p.61 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Parental child feeding behaviors --- p.62 / Chapter 3.2.5 --- Preschoolers´ة physical activity and sedentary behaviors --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2.6 --- Summary --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3 --- Baseline comparability between the completes and dropouts --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Participant flow in the EG and CG --- p.69 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- General sociodemographic characteristics --- p.70 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- "Preschoolers´ة diet, meal and physical and sedentary activity behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- Summary --- p.75 / Chapter 3.4. --- Evaluation of the effectiveness of the DRAGON2006 --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- General demographic characteristics --- p.76 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effects on preschoolers´ة anthropometry and weight status --- p.77 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Effects on preschoolers' diet and meal behaviors --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Effects on parental child feeding behaviors --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Effects on preschoolers´ة physical and sedentary activities --- p.92 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Summary --- p.94 / Chapter 3.5 --- "Teaching staff members´ة attitudes, perceptions and practices with respect to addressing childhood overweight" --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- General demographic characteristics --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Teachers' attitude toward addressing childhood overweight --- p.98 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- Teachers' behaviors toward addressing childhood overweight --- p.99 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Teachers' perceived abilities to deal with some childhood overweight topics --- p.100 / Chapter 3.5.5 --- Teachers´ة reported helpful factors to implementing a new preschool health program --- p.101 / Chapter 3.5.6 --- Teachers´ة reported helpful factors for and barriers to parents´ة participation --- p.102 / Chapter 3.5.7 --- Comparisons between staff with and without self-reported weight and height --- p.103 / Chapter 3.5.8 --- Summary --- p.105 / Chapter 3.6 --- EG teachers´ة evaluation of the program --- p.106 / Chapter 3.6.1 --- Teachers' perception of DRAGON2006 program before the intervention --- p.106 / Chapter 3.6.2 --- DRAGON teachers´ة process evaluation of the DRAGON2006 curriculum --- p.113 / Chapter 3.6.3 --- DRAGON teachers´ة evaluation of DRAGON2006 program after the intervention --- p.118 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR: --- DISCUSSION --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1 --- "Baseline findings about the preschoolers' weight status, diet, meal and physical and sedentary activity situation" --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Preschooler and parental overweight and obesity --- p.127 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Preschoolers´ة diet and meal behaviors --- p.128 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Preschoolers´ة physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.130 / Chapter 4.2 --- "Gender associations with preschoolers´ة diet, meal and physical and sedentary activity behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.131 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Gender associations with preschoolers´ة diet and meal behaviors --- p.132 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Gender associations with parental child feeding behaviors --- p.134 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Gender associations with preschoolers´ة physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.135 / Chapter 4.3 --- "Age associations with preschooler diet, meal and physical and sedentary activity behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.136 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Preschoolers' age associations with their anthropometry --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Preschoolers´ة age associations with their diet and meal behaviors --- p.137 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Preschoolers' age associations with their dental health --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- Preschoolers´ة age associations with parental child feeding behaviors --- p.139 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- Preschoolers´ة age associations with their physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.140 / Chapter 4.4 --- "Family income associations with preschooler diet, meal and physical and sedentary activity behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.141 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Family income associations with some general demographic characteristics of the sample --- p.143 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Family income associations with preschoolers´ة diet and meal behaviors --- p.144 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Family income associations with parental child feeding behaviors --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Family income associations with preschoolers' physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5 --- Factors associated with preschool overweight and obesity --- p.148 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Preschooler overweight and obesity associations with some general demographic characteristics of the baseline participants --- p.149 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Preschooler overweight and obesity associations with parental overweight and obesity --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.3 --- Preschooler overweight and obesity associations with preschoolers' meal behaviors --- p.150 / Chapter 4.5.4 --- Preschooler overweight and obesity associations with their physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.150 / Chapter 4.6 --- The evaluation of the effectiveness of DRAGON2006 --- p.151 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Baseline comparison between the education (EG) and control group (CG) --- p.151 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Baseline comparison between completers and dropouts --- p.151 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Follow up comparison between the education (EG) and control groups (CG) --- p.152 / Chapter 4.6.3.1 --- The changes in preschooler anthropometry --- p.153 / Chapter 4.6.3.2 --- The changes in preschooler diet and meal behaviors --- p.154 / Chapter 4.6.3.3 --- The changes in preschooler physical and sedentary activity behaviors --- p.155 / Chapter 4.6.3.4 --- Parental child feeding behaviors --- p.156 / Chapter 4.7 --- The teachers´ة evaluation results of DRAGON2006 and of Color Me Healthy --- p.156 / Chapter 4.7 --- Strengths and limitations of the study --- p.157 / Chapter 4.8 --- Suggestions for improvement of DRAGON --- p.159 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE: --- CONCLUSION --- p.160 / References --- p.161 / Appendices / Chapter AI --- Invitation letter for preschool (English) --- p.171 / Chapter AIII --- Invitation letter for preschool (Chinese) --- p.172 / Chapter AIII --- Invitation letter for CG preschool (Chinese only) --- p.173 / Chapter BI --- Research proposal (English) --- p.174 / Chapter BII --- Research proposal (Chinese) --- p.178 / Chapter CI --- Purpose and structure of DRAGON2006 health lessons (English) --- p.181 / Chapter CII --- Purpose and structure of DRAGON2006 health lessons (Chinese) --- p.185 / Chapter DI --- Teacher evaluation Part A (pre-intervention) (English) --- p.189 / Chapter DII --- Teacher evaluation Part A (pre-intervention) (Chinese) --- p.191 / Chapter EI --- Teacher evaluation Part B (process evaluation) (English) --- p.193 / Chapter EII --- Teacher evaluation Part B (process evaluation) (Chinese) --- p.205 / Chapter FI --- Teacher evaluation Part C (post-intervention) (English) --- p.218 / Chapter FII --- Teacher evaluation Part C (post-intervention) (Chinese) --- p.222 / Chapter GI --- Child health report (English) --- p.224 / Chapter GII --- Child health report (Chinese) --- p.226 / Chapter H --- Teaching kit --- p.228 / Chapter I --- Music sound track --- p.228 / Chapter J --- Curriculum worksheets (Chinese only) --- p.228 / Chapter K --- Parents´ة newsletters (Chinese only) --- p.228 / Chapter LI --- Focus group study questions (English) --- p.229 / Chapter LII --- Focus group study questions (Chinese) --- p.231 / Chapter MI --- Consent form for EG parents (English) --- p.233 / Chapter MII --- Consent form for EG parents (Chinese) --- p.235 / Chapter MII --- Consent form for CG parents (English) --- p.237 / Chapter MI --- Consent form for CG parents (Chinese) --- p.238 / Chapter NI --- Pre-internvetion parental questionnaire (English) --- p.239 / Chapter NII --- Pre-intervention parental questionnaire (Chinese) --- p.245 / Chapter OI --- Post-intervention parental questionnaire (English) --- p.250 / Chapter OII --- Post-internvetion parental questionnaire (Chinese) --- p.256 / Chapter PI --- Post-intervention staff survey (English) --- p.262 / Chapter PII --- Post-intervention staff survey (Chinese) --- p.264 / Chapter Q --- "Gender differences in preschoolers´ة diet, meal, physical and sedentary behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.266 / Chapter R --- "Age differences in preschoolers´ة diet, meal, physical and sedentary behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.296 / Chapter S --- "Income differences in preschoolers' diet, meal, physical and sedentary behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.313 / Chapter T --- Factors associated with preschooler weight status --- p.334 / Chapter U --- "Maternal education level differences in preschoolers´ة diet, meal, physical and sedentary behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.352 / Chapter V --- "Maternal birth place differences in preschoolers´ة diet, meal, physical and sedentary behaviors and parental child feeding behaviors" --- p.374 / Chapter W --- Test-retest reliability of DRAGON2006 questionnaire --- p.394

Thesis (MScMedSc (Dept. of Biomedical Sciences. Medical Physiology))University of Stellenbosch, 2010. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Background: Obesity is associated with dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance and together these components characterise the metabolic syndrome (Dandona et al. 2005). In the state of obesity, there are high levels of circulating free fatty acids and increased rates of fatty oxidation which inhibit glucose oxidation. This: (i) reduce the heart‘s contractile ability, (ii) exacerbates ischemic/reperfusion injury and (iii) decreases cardiac mechanical function during reperfusion (Kantor et al. 2000; Liu et al. 2002; Taegtmeyer, 2000). Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of inhibiting fatty acid oxidation, with oxfenicine (4-Hydroxy-L-phenylglycine), on (i) cardiac mechanical function, (ii) mitochondrial respiration, (iii) myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury, (iv) CPT-I expression, MCAD expression, IRS-1 activation, total GLUT- 4 expression and (v) the RISK pathway (ERK42/44 and PKB/Akt). Methods: Male Wistar rats were fed a control rat chow diet or a high calorie diet (HCD) for 16 weeks. The HCD caused diet induced obesity (DIO). The animals were randomly divided into 4 groups [Control, DIO, Control + oxfen and DIO + oxfen]. The drug was administered for the last 8 weeks of feeding (200mg/kg/day). Animals were sacrificed and the hearts were perfused on the Langendorff perfusion system. After being subjected to regional ischemia and two hours of reperfusion, infarct size was determined. A separate series of animals were fed and/or treated and hearts were collected after 25 minutes global ischemia followed by 30 min reperfusion for determination of GLUT- 4, CPT-1, IRS -1, MCAD, ERK (42/44) and PKB/Akt expression/phosphorylation using Western blot analysis. A third series of hearts were excised and used for the isolation of mitochondria. Results: In the DIO rats, chronic oxfenicine treatment improved cardiac mechanical function by improving mitochondrial respiration. Oxfenicine inhibited CPT-1 expression but had no effect on MCAD or GLUT- 4 expression. Oxfenicine decreased IRS-1 iv expression, but not IRS-1 activation. Oxfenicine also improved myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion without activation of the RISK pathway (ERK & PKB). In the control rats, chronic oxfenicine treatment worsened cardiac mechanical function by adversely affecting mitochondrial respiration. Oxfenicine also worsened myocardial tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion in the control rats without changes in the RISK pathway (ERK & PKB). Oxfenicine had no effect on CPT-1, MCAD or GLUT- 4 expression. Oxfenicine increased IRS-1 expression, but not IRS-1 activity. Conclusion: Chronic oxfenicine treatment improved cardiac mechanical function and myocardial resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury in obese animals, but worsened it in control animals. The improved cardiac mechanical function and tolerance to ischemia/reperfusion injury may be due to improvement in mitochondrial respiration. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Agtergrond: Vetsug word geassosieer met dislipidemie, insulien weerstandigheid en glukose intoleransie, wat saam die metaboliese sindroom karakteriseer (Dandona et al. 2005). Met vetsug is daar ‗n hoë sirkulasie van vetsure, sowel as verhoogde vertsuur oksidasie wat gevolglik glukose oksidasie onderdruk. Dit: (i) verlaag die hart se vermoë om saam te trek, (ii) vererger isgemiese/herperfusie skade en (iv) verlaag kardiale effektiwiteit gedurende herperfusie (Kantor et al. 2000; Liu et al. 2002; Taegtmeyer, 2000). Doel: Die doel van die studie was om die effekte van vetsuur onderdrukking m.b.v. oksfenisien (4-Hidroksie-L-fenielglisien) op (i) meganiese hart funksie, (ii) mitokondriale respirasie, (iii) miokardiale toleransie teen isgemiese/herperfusie skade, (iv) CPT-I uitdrukking, MCAD uitdrukking, IRS-1 aktiwiteit, totale GLUT-4 uitdrukking en (v) die RISK pad (ERK42/44 en PKB/Akt) te ondersoek. Metodes: Manlike Wistar rotte was gevoer met ‗n kontrole rot dieet of ‗n hoë kalorie dieet (HKD) vir 16 weke. Die HKD lei tot dieet-geïnduseerde vetsug (DGV). Die diere was lukraak verdeel in 4 groepe [kontrole, DGV, kontrole + oksfen en DGV + oksfen]. Die behandeling met die middel was toegedien vir die laaste 8 weke van die voeding protokol (200mg/kg/dag). Die diere was geslag en die harte was geperfuseer op die Langendorff perfusie sisteem. Na blootstelling aan streeks- of globale isgemie en 2 ure herperfusie was infark groottes bepaal. ‗n Aparte reeks diere was gevoer en/of behandel en die harte was versamel na 25 minute globale isgemie gevolg deur 30 minute herperfusie vir die bepaling van GLUT-4, CPT 1, IRS -1, MCAD, ERK (42/44) en PKB/Akt uitdrukking/aktivering d.m.v. Western blot analise. ‗n Derde reeks diere was gebruik vir die isolasie van mitokondria. Resultate: In die DGV diere, het kroniese oksfenisien behandeling meganiese hart funksie verbeter d.m.v. die verbetering van mitokondriale respirasie. Oksfenisien het CPT-1 uitdrukking verlaag terwyl GLUT- 4 en MCAD uitdrukking nie geaffekteer was vi nie. Oksfenisien het IRS-1 uitdrukking verlaag, maar nie IRS-1 aktiwiteit nie. Oksfenisien het ook miokardiale weerstand teen isgemiese/herperfusie verbeter met sonder aktivering van die RISK pad (ERK & PKB). In die kontrole diere, het kroniese oksfenisien behandeling die meganiese hart funksie versleg d.m.v. negatiewe effekte op mitokondriale respirasie. Oksfenisien het die miokardiale weerstand teen isgemiese/herperfusie van die kontrole rotte versleg sonder veranderinge in die RISK pad (ERK & PKB). Oksfenisien het geen effek gehad op CPT-1, MCAD en GLUT-4 uitdrukking nie. Oksfenisien het IRS-1 uitdrukking verhoog, maar nie IRS-1 aktiwiteit nie. Samevatting: Kroniese oksfenisien behandeling het die meganiese hart funksie en miokardiale weerstand teen isgemiese/herperfusie skade in die vet diere verbeter, maar versleg in die kontrole diere. Hierdie verbetering van meganiese hart funksie en weerstand teen isgemiese/herperfusie skade kon dalk wees a.g.v. ‗n verbetering in mitokondriale respirasie.

RESUME: Level of foreknowledge of the eating disorders Eating disorders make characteristic problem of current word in many wals. Eating disorders are extréme and simplified answer on a complicated question of personál satisfaction and sociable as well as health. We are surrounded by media which show beauty bodies. Television programmes, films, magazines for woman and men - everywhere we met with an idea, that beauty, young and femine body is a gurantee of personál hapiness. And unfortunately: not only the guarantee, but even requirement. I have chosen this topic for its topicalyty. It can be expected, that a number of disordered by eating disorders will still increase and society will have to deal with it. In my researech - I tried to focus on point how students are notified of eating disorders. '' Why just on students''? This is the most endangered group of people, where usually eating disorders start. In my option - I think that a lot of people knot these both kinds of disorders, but they do not realisme or do not knot importace of these disorders. The result of my research should show, if there is a need to more inform young people about these disorders and by this precede a rising of eating disorders. I dividend my development into two parts: Theoretical part: In theoretical part I did aim to eating...