After the Civil War, the government needed to send an occupation force into Texas to help rebuild the state government and confront the French Imperialist forces that had invaded Mexico. Unfortunately, the government was required to use volunteers because the Regular Army was not yet prepared to handle such a mission. Using citizen soldiers for peacetime occupation was a break from past military tradition, and the men did not appreciate such an act. Historians of Reconstruction Texas have focused on state politics, the rampant violence in the state throughout this period, and the role of freedmen in situating themselves to an uncertain and hostile society. Studies of the military in post-Civil War Texas have examined the army’s role in the state’s political reconstruction, but largely ignore the soldiers. Additionally, these works tend to over-generalize the experience and relations of the troops and Texans. This thesis looks at Western citizen soldiers, comprising the Fourth and Thirteenth Army Corps as well as two cavalry divisions, stationed in Texas after the war from the Rio Grande to San Antonio to Marshall. Beginning with the unit’s receiving official orders to proceed to Texas after the surrender of the principal Confederate forces in 1865, it follows the movements from wartime positions in Tennessee and Alabama to peacetime posts within Texas. The study examines Texan-soldier relations as they differed from place to place. It also investigates the Westerners’ peacetime occupation duties and the conditions endured in Texas. The thesis argues that there was diversity in both the Western volunteers’ experiences and relations with occupied Texans, and it was not as monolithic as past historians have suggested. Specifically, this study endeavors to supplement the existing historiography of the army in Texas during Reconstruction. Broadly, this thesis also hopes to be a more general look at the use of citizen soldiers for postwar occupation duty.

Diss.--Greifswald, 1999. / Bibliogr. p. 891-910. Index.

Texte remanié de: Diss.--Université de Lille, 1996. / Trad. du français. Notes bibliogr. Index.

Diss.--Historisches Institut--Jena--Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, 2001. / Bibliogr. p. 376-397. Index.

Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät IV--Freiburg im Breisgau--Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, 1999. Titre de soutenance : Die Kulturpolitik in der Französischen Besatzungszone 1945-1949 am Beispiel der Universitäten Freiburg, Tübingen und Mainz. / Bibliogr. p. 239-271. Index.

Dissertation. / Bibliogr. p. 165-177.

Thesis--Bonn. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 286-310).

This study investigated the relationship of dysfunctional career thoughts, optimism, and spirituality on Bahamian women (n=212) diagnosed with breast cancer. Also, it examined how optimism mediates the relationship between spirituality and dysfunctional career thoughts. The diagnosis of breast cancer impacts women physically, psychologically, socially, spiritually, financially, and in their career development. Career developmental plans and decisions are continuously being made. However, plans may become altered and decisions more difficult to make when a woman is diagnosed with breast cancer as she considers returning to work. The high survival rate of breast cancer patients indicates women may continue to work after their treatment. Limited information is known about possible changes in their dysfunctional career thoughts. This research investigated the degree to which optimism mediates the relationship between spirituality and dysfunctional career thoughts among a sample of Bahamian women diagnosed with breast cancer. Negative thoughts formed in career content are called dysfunctional career thoughts (Lenz, Sampson, Peterson, & Reardon, 2012). Career thoughts are "...outcomes of one's thinking about assumptions, attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, feelings, plan and/or strategies related to career problem solving and decision making" (Sampson, Peterson, Lenz, Reardon, & Saunders, 1996, p. 2). The dysfunctional thinking causes one to block informing processing, reduces options, and distorts perception of options. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship among career thoughts, optimism, and spirituality. The goal is to identify low or high dysfunctional career thoughts. In addition, studies suggest that being optimistic (Matthew & Cook, 2009) and spiritual (Hackney & Sanders, 2003) are two positive coping strategies for women diagnosed with breast cancer. This study seeks to explore these two potential mediating factors on dysfunctional career thoughts of women with this diagnosis. This study is important because of the high incidence rate of breast cancer in the Bahamas. Bahamian women have the highest recorded percentage of the recorded BRCA1 gene (BReast CAncer 1; a primary genetic marker for breast cancer) in the world (Donenberg et al., 2011). Breast cancer remains a public health issue that may affect the life and productivity of Bahamian women. The relationship of dysfunctional career thoughts, optimism and spirituality of Bahamian women diagnosed with breast cancer was explored. Younger Bahamian women were noted to have experienced higher levels of dysfunctional career thoughts. While, marital status was statistically related with dysfunctional career thoughts, no pair wise differences were noted among the variables after a Tukey test. This means the level of dysfunctional career thoughts was not affected by women's marital status (married, not married, & divorced). Ethnicity and education did not play a role in their dysfunctional career thoughts but with employment pre-diagnosed of breast cancer. Results revealed women who were not employed pre diagnosis experienced higher dysfunctional career thoughts than women who were employed pre diagnosis. Other pre-diagnosis variables such as salary and occupation pre diagnosis show no statistically significant difference in terms of dysfunctional career thoughts. These variables did not affect the Bahamian women's dysfunctional career thoughts. In addition to pre-diagnosis variables being examined in this study post diagnosis variables such as employment, occupation, and salary were also explored. Final analyses indicate post diagnosis employment, occupation, and salary show no statistically significant difference in terms of dysfunctional career thoughts. These post diagnosis variables did not affect the Bahamian women's dysfunctional career thoughts. Although, post diagnosis employment was not statistical significant to dysfunctional career thoughts, some significance was noted. Women diagnosed with breast cancer 2007 or earlier accounted for 58% of the participants in this present study. We need to highlight that there was an 11% decrease in post-diagnosis employment which was higher than the unemployment rate (7.9%) in the Bahamas at that time (Central Intelligence Agency, 2013). Therefore, this present study shows a significant effect rather than a statistical significant effect with Bahamian women's employment plans post diagnosis that indirectly affect their dysfunctional career thoughts. The stages of breast cancer show no statistically significant difference in terms of the subscales of dysfunctional career thoughts such as Decision Making Confusion (DMC), Commitment Anxiety (CA), and External Conflict (EC). This means the stages of breast cancer did not influence the different subscales of dysfunctional career thoughts. Spirituality had a positive moderate relationship with the level of optimism. As women's spirituality level increases their optimism level also increased. Although optimism did not show a statistical difference with dysfunctional career thoughts, spirituality demonstrated a negative weak relationship with dysfunctional career thoughts. This inverse relationship indicates as their spirituality level decreases their dysfunctional career thoughts increases. Path analysis results explored the mediation among optimism, spirituality and dysfunctional career thoughts. Optimism was not noted to be a mediating variable that works together to positively affect spirituality and dysfunctional career thoughts. The impact of these results may be significant not only to the Bahamian population because of the first time study, but also in helping breast cancer survivors examine further career decisions even after being diagnosed with breast cancer.

This is a study of the role of the 'ulama' during the French occupation of Egypt: 1798-1801. Bonaparte penetrated Islamic Egypt, marking the beginnings of the modern era. The French military brilliance dominated the East-West confrontation. Napoleon's military victories were short-lived when prominent 'ulama', whom he thought had been wooed to his side, organized rebellions against him from Al-Azhar. Although his attempt to raise the status of the Egyptian 'ulama' to assist him in governing the people was successful, it was not enough to prevent his own hasty exodus from Egypt. The French left lasting cultural influences in Egypt: the latent concept of nationalism; and a systematic mode of study. But the French could not establish a long-lasting rule in Egypt due to outside military pressures and the fact that Egyptians looked to the 'ulama' as the true leaders of the people.

Darbe atlikta teorinė balso sutrikimų sampratos bei balso sutrikimų atsiradimo aiškinimo teorijų analizė. Anketinės apklausos metodu buvo atliktas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – išsiaiškinti profesijos ir balso sutrikimų ryšį. Atlikta statistinė (aprašomoji procentų, x2 testo) duomenų analizė. Tyrime dalyvavo 308 respondentai. Kauno klinikų medicinos darbuotojai (40), Naujosios Akmenės ligoninės medikai (50), Šiaulių miesto pedagogai (89) iš jų lopšelio – darželio auklėtojų (23), tiksliųjų ir humanitarinių mokslų mokytojų (35), pradinių klasių mokytojų (31). Taip pat buvo apklausti pardavėjai (36), vadybininkai (27 ), įstaigų vadovai (31 ) bei nekvalifikuoti darbininkai (35). Empirinėje dalyje nagrinėjamas profesijos ir balso sutrikimų ryšys. Taip pat bandoma išsiaiškinti, ar yra ryšys tarp lyties ir problemų susijusių su balsu. Svarbiausios empirinio tyrimo išvados: 1. Pedagoginės, psichologinės ir medicininės literatūros analizė atskleidė, kad pagrindinės balso sutrikimų atsiradimo priežastys yra pinkaudžiavimas balsu ir netinkamas jo vartojimas. 2. Pedagogo profesija patenka į didžiausią rizikos grupę, pagal balso sutrikimų atsiradimą, o darbininkai ir vadybininkai mažiausiai jaučia neigiamų balso pokyčių. 3. Pojūčius bei pokyčius, susijusius su balso sutrikimų atsiradimu, dažniausiai jaučia lopšelio – darželio auklėtojai, o mažiausiai – darbininkai, vadybininkai bei vadovaujantis personalas. 4. Dėl aukšto balso tembro ir jaučiamos didesnės psichologinės įtampos bei jautrumo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / At Masters work carried out theoretical concepts of voice disorders and voice disorders emergence of theories of interpretation of the analysis. Questionnaire survey method was conducted with the aim - to find out the relationship between an occupation and voice disorders. Was made the statistical (descriptive percent, x2 test) data analysis. The study included 308 respondents. Kaunas Hospital medical personnel (40), Naujoji Akmenė hospital doctors (50), Šiauliai city teachers (89) consisting of the nursery - kindergarten teachers (23), the exact sciences and humanities teachers (35), primary school teachers (31). Also, sales consultant were interviewed (36), managers (27), heads of institutions (31) and laborers (35). The empirical part deals with the relationship between an occupation and voice disorders. It is also trying to find out whether there is a relationship between sex and the problems associated with voice. The main empirical findings: 1. Pedagogical, psychological and medical literature shows that the main causes of voice disorders is voice abuse and its inappropriate use. 2. Teacher’s profession enters of the highest risk group, according to the probability of occurrence of voice disorders among workers and the managers are reluctant to complain about the voice-related problems. 3. Most feelings and changes that may be the initial symptoms associated with voice disorders appearance, feel the nursery - kindergarten teachers, who have long hours of intensive... [to full text]