Neste trabalho estudou-se o processo de polimerização de estireno em miniemulsão, através do monitoramento in-line da conversão do monômero e do tamanho das partículas geradas durante o processo de polimerização, através das técnicas espectroscópicas de Infravermelho Próximo (Near Infra Red - NIR) e Raman. As medições off-line de conversão foram feitas através de gravimetria e do tamanho das partículas através de Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (Dynamic Light Scattering - DLS). Também foi objeto deste estudo a modelagem matemática do process de polimerização em miniemulsão, assim como sua simulação utilizando o programa Matlab. A metodologia adotada para a obtenção dos resultados envolveu o trabalho experimental de monitoramento da síntese de poliestireno em miniemulsão utilizando iniciador hidrossolúvel (persulfato de potássio), tensoativo (lauril sulfato de sódio) e co-estabilizantes (hexadecano e poliestireno) e equipamento rotor-estator, Ultra Turrax T25, para obtenção da miniemulsão. O modelo matemático envolveu a determinação de equações fenomenológicas representativas do sistema em questão, prevendo as possíveis variações na cinética e fenômenos físico-químicos, decorrentes de variações na formulação prevendo inclusive os mecanismos de nucleação existentes em função da concentração de tensoativo utilizado. Como resultado, este trabalho validou as metodologias avaliadas para monitoramento da conversão e diâmetro das partículas poliméricas e também, ao comparar as metodologias avaliadas, identificou a espectroscopia NIR como metodologia preferencial por não exigir preparação da amostra, fornecer respostas em tempo real, sem defasagem de tempo e também por permitir coletar espectros com pequenos intervalos de tempo, garante melhor precisão e evita a perda de informações do processo. / In this work, is the development of a detailed study of the miniemulsion polymerization process monitoring monomer conversion and particle size along process. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Near Infra Red - NIR) and Raman Spectroscopy were used to conversion and diameter determination. Gravimetric analyses were used to conversion determination. Dynamic Light Scattering (Dynamic Light Scattering - DLS) to particle size determination. It was also object of this study the Mathematical Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization Reaction Kinetic, as well as it simulation using Matlab software. The methodology used to obtain the results involved experimental work to synthesize and monitor miniemulsion polystyrene using water-soluble initiator (potassium persulfate), stabilizer (sodium lauryl sulfate) and co-stabilizers (hexadecane and polystyrene) and rotor-stator equipment Ultra Turrax T25 for miniemulsion obtaining. The mathematical model involved the determination of representative phenomenological equations this system, anticipating the possible variations in kinetics and physical-chemical phenomena, resulting from formulation variations mainly by verifying the surfactant concentration [S] to determine the existing nucleation mechanism when compared with the same surfactant critical micelle concentration [CMC]. The provided mechanisms are: micellar nucleation to [S] [CMC], droplets nucleation and homogeneous nucleation to [S] < [CMC]. As a result, this study validated the proposed methods for monitoring conversion and polymer particles diameter and also compare the evaluated methodologies, identifying NIR spectroscopy as a differential method among others for not to require sample preparation, supply answers in real time, no time delay and also to perform in shorter intervals, preventing the loss of process information.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE VERSAO FINAL p.pdf: 600430 bytes, checksum: 113989051c5b690930efb907ab67cfb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-14 / nenhum / The present work has the objective to make an analysis on the process of Instant Messaging through Internet, searching an intrinsic vision of the way, the internet users, the processes and its surroundings. An historical vision of the evolution of process of this tool to have a clear notion of its use and usefulness in differentiated occasions. Moreover, internet users were analyzed in a social-demographic vision in order to get a panorama of this new type of emissary/receptor of text, raising all the thematic one of the chats in details. On the other hand, it was argued the possibility of the existence of the fancy through the creation and experimentation of alternative identities, beyond considerations on the existence of virtual communities. It is conclude that the instantaneous communication by Internet is a difficult platform of virtual sociability, although not to hinder, the exercise of the fancy by means of the construction of alternative identities. Also it is verified that this model of communication disfavors the formation of virtual communities widely / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise sobre o processo de comunicação instantânea via Internet, buscando uma visão intrínseca do meio, dos internautas, dos processos e sua abrangência. Buscou-se uma visão histórica de todo o processo evolutivo desta ferramenta, a fim de que se pudesse ter uma clara noção de seu uso e serventia em ocasiões diferenciadas. Além disso, analisou-se o internauta numa visão sócio-demográfica a fim de se obter um panorama desse novo tipo de emissor/receptor de texto, levantando toda a temática dos bate-papos em detalhes. Por outro lado, discutiu-se a possibilidade da existência da fantasia através da criação e experimentação de identidades alternativas, além de considerações sobre a existência de comunidades virtuais. Conclui-se que a comunicação instantânea via internet é uma plataforma de sociabilidade virtual que dificulta, apesar de não impedir, o exercício da fantasia por meio da construção de identidades alternativas. Também se verifica que este modelo de comunicação desfavorece amplamente a formação de comunidades virtuais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:55:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GEORGE VERSAO FINAL p.pdf: 600430 bytes, checksum: 113989051c5b690930efb907ab67cfb6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-07-14 / nenhum / The present work has the objective to make an analysis on the process of Instant Messaging through Internet, searching an intrinsic vision of the way, the internet users, the processes and its surroundings. An historical vision of the evolution of process of this tool to have a clear notion of its use and usefulness in differentiated occasions. Moreover, internet users were analyzed in a social-demographic vision in order to get a panorama of this new type of emissary/receptor of text, raising all the thematic one of the chats in details. On the other hand, it was argued the possibility of the existence of the fancy through the creation and experimentation of alternative identities, beyond considerations on the existence of virtual communities. It is conclude that the instantaneous communication by Internet is a difficult platform of virtual sociability, although not to hinder, the exercise of the fancy by means of the construction of alternative identities. Also it is verified that this model of communication disfavors the formation of virtual communities widely / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de fazer uma análise sobre o processo de comunicação instantânea via Internet, buscando uma visão intrínseca do meio, dos internautas, dos processos e sua abrangência. Buscou-se uma visão histórica de todo o processo evolutivo desta ferramenta, a fim de que se pudesse ter uma clara noção de seu uso e serventia em ocasiões diferenciadas. Além disso, analisou-se o internauta numa visão sócio-demográfica a fim de se obter um panorama desse novo tipo de emissor/receptor de texto, levantando toda a temática dos bate-papos em detalhes. Por outro lado, discutiu-se a possibilidade da existência da fantasia através da criação e experimentação de identidades alternativas, além de considerações sobre a existência de comunidades virtuais. Conclui-se que a comunicação instantânea via internet é uma plataforma de sociabilidade virtual que dificulta, apesar de não impedir, o exercício da fantasia por meio da construção de identidades alternativas. Também se verifica que este modelo de comunicação desfavorece amplamente a formação de comunidades virtuais

L’évolution tendant à réduire la taille et augmenter la complexité des circuits électroniques modernes, est en train de ralentir du fait des limitations technologiques, qui génèrent beaucoup de d’imperfections et de defaults durant la fabrication ou la durée de vie de la puce. Les FPGAs sont utilisés dans les systèmes numériques complexes, essentiellement parce qu’ils sont reconfigurables et rapide à commercialiser. Pour garder une grande fiabilité de tels systèmes, les FPGAs doivent être testés minutieusement pour les defaults. L’optimisation de l’architecture des FPGAs pour l’économie de surface et une meilleure routabilité est un processus continue qui impacte directement la testabilité globale et de ce fait, la fiabilité. Cette thèse présente une stratégie complète pour le test et le diagnostique des defaults de fabrication des “mesh-based FPGA” contenant une nouvelle topologie d’interconnections à plusieurs niveaux, ce qui promet d’apporter une meilleure routabilité. Efficacité des schémas proposes est analysée en termes de temps de test, couverture de faute et résolution de diagnostique. / The evolution trend of shrinking feature size and increasing complexity in modern electronics is being slowed down due to physical limits that generate numerous imperfections and defects during fabrication steps or projected life time of the chip. Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are used in complex digital systems mainly due to their reconfigurability and shorter time-to-market. To maintain a high reliability of such systems, FPGAs should be tested thoroughly for defects. FPGA architecture optimization for area saving and better signal routability is an ongoing process which directly impacts the overall FPGA testability, hence the reliability. This thesis presents a complete strategy for test and diagnosis of manufacturing defects in mesh-based FPGAs containing a novel multilevel interconnects topology which promises to provide better area and routability. Efficiency of the proposed test schemes is analyzed in terms of test cost, respective fault coverage and diagnostic resolution.

This work presents the use of analytical techniques, conventional and advanced for the chemical characterization of four samples of blends crude oils from the PETROBRAS station, Oiteirinhos II (Carmópolis-SE). These samples, which have different exploration characteristics, were identified as CEOL 1, CEOL 2, CEOL 3 and CEOL 4. After the collection in the field and subsequently separation of water residue through centrifugation at 2500 rpm, the blends were characterized by density, asphaltenes content, fractionation SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins and asphaltenes) and by the application of micropyrolisys off-line. The advanced characterization to elucidate the chemical relationship between the samples were made using the Thermogravimetry (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Spectroscopy in Ultraviolet (UV), Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight - Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS), Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography (GC x GC). The blends CEOL 3 presented the highest density (0.9737 g mL-1), confirming the results of MALDI-TOF-MS, that shows predominantly high molecular mass compounds in the composition. The SARA fractionation indicates the Saturated fraction as the largest fraction in all oils (> 50%). The analysis of TGA explained similar bands of mass loss in all blends and their asphaltenes. The characterization by IR showed bands related to the hydrocarbon composition and the UV showed the presence of mono, di and tri aromatics structures in the blends as well in their respective asphaltenes. The chromatographic analysis (GC/MS, GC-FID and GC x GC) showed that all blends have a paraffinic profile, with the predominance of n-alkanes of low molecular weight (n-C10 to n-C40) and characteristics of oxide depositional environment (Pr/Ph>1) and lacustrine origin (CPI>1). The analysis by GC/MS showed that the distribution area relating to the free n-alkanes in the CEOL 3 blends is approximately 30% lower than the other samples, and that after the micropyrolysis process these areas become approximately the same. For biomarkers, GC/MS was possible to identify the majority presence of tri- and tetracyclic terpanes (m/z 191) and regular steranes (m/z 217) as the major constituents of the blends, pointing also to the release of occluded biomarkers in asphaltenic structures after the micropyrolysis process. The identification and subsequent correlation between biomarkers indicated that the blends crude oils studied have partial biodegradation characteristics, with a blend of mature and immature oils from terrigenous and/or algal organic matter. / Este trabalho apresenta o emprego de diversas técnicas analíticas, convencionais e avançadas, para a caracterização química de quatro blendas de óleos brutos provenientes da estação da Petrobras de Oiteirinhos II (Carmópolis-SE). Estas amostras, que apresentam diferentes características de exploração, foram identificadas como CEOL 1, CEOL 2, CEOL 3 e CEOL 4. Após a coleta em campo e posterior separação dos resíduos de água por centrifugação a 2500 rpm, as blendas foram caracterizados a partir da determinação da densidade, do teor de asfaltenos, fracionamento SARA (Saturados, Aromáticos, Resinas e Asfaltenos) e aplicação da micropirólise off-line. A caracterização avançada, aplicada para elucidar a relação química entre as amostras, foram realizadas utilizando as técnicas de Termogravimetria (TGA), Espectroscopia no Infravermelho (IV), Espectroscopia no Ultravioleta (UV), Espectrometria de Massa por Tempo de voo com Desorção-Ionização a Laser Assistida por Matriz (MALDI-TOF-MS), Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG/EM), Cromatografia Gasosa com Detector de Ionização de Chama (CG-DIC) e Cromatografia Gasosa Bidimensional Abrangente (CG x CG). A blenda CEOL 3 apresentou a maior densidade (0,9737 g mL-1) corroborando com os resultados de MALDI-TOF-MS, mostrando a predominância de compostos de alta massa molecular em sua composição. O fracionamento SARA aponta a fração de Saturados como a maior fração em todos as blendas (>50%). A análise de TGA expôs faixas de perdas de massas semelhantes em todas as amostras e seus asfaltenos. A caracterização por IV apresentou estiramentos referentes à composição de hidrocarbonetos e o UV a presença de estruturas mono, di e tri aromáticos tanto nas blendas como em seus respectivos asfaltenos. As análises cromatográficas (CG/EM, CG-DIC e CG x CG) mostraram que todos as blendas possuem um perfil parafínico, com predominância de n-alcanos de baixo peso molecular (n-C10 a n-C40) com características de ambiente deposicional óxido (Pr/Ft>1) de origem lacustre (CPI>1). A análise por CG/EM mostrou ainda que a distribuição em área referente a n-alcanos livres presentes na blenda CEOL 3 é cerca de 30% menor do que as outras amostras, e que após o processo de micropirólise essas áreas passam a ser aproximadamente iguais. Para biomarcadores, por CG/EM foi possível identificar a presença majoritária de terpanos tri e tetracíclicos (m/z 191) e esteranos regulares (m/z 217), como constituintes majoritários das blendas em estudo, apontando ainda, a liberação de biomarcadores ocluídos nas estruturas asfaltênicas após o processo de micropirólise. A identificação e posterior correlação entre os biomarcadores indicaram que as blendas de óleos brutos possuem características de biodegradação parcial, com uma mistura de muito e pouco evoluídos termicamente, provenientes de matéria orgânicas terrígenas e/ou algas.

Neste trabalho estudou-se o processo de polimerização de estireno em miniemulsão, através do monitoramento in-line da conversão do monômero e do tamanho das partículas geradas durante o processo de polimerização, através das técnicas espectroscópicas de Infravermelho Próximo (Near Infra Red - NIR) e Raman. As medições off-line de conversão foram feitas através de gravimetria e do tamanho das partículas através de Espalhamento Dinâmico de Luz (Dynamic Light Scattering - DLS). Também foi objeto deste estudo a modelagem matemática do process de polimerização em miniemulsão, assim como sua simulação utilizando o programa Matlab. A metodologia adotada para a obtenção dos resultados envolveu o trabalho experimental de monitoramento da síntese de poliestireno em miniemulsão utilizando iniciador hidrossolúvel (persulfato de potássio), tensoativo (lauril sulfato de sódio) e co-estabilizantes (hexadecano e poliestireno) e equipamento rotor-estator, Ultra Turrax T25, para obtenção da miniemulsão. O modelo matemático envolveu a determinação de equações fenomenológicas representativas do sistema em questão, prevendo as possíveis variações na cinética e fenômenos físico-químicos, decorrentes de variações na formulação prevendo inclusive os mecanismos de nucleação existentes em função da concentração de tensoativo utilizado. Como resultado, este trabalho validou as metodologias avaliadas para monitoramento da conversão e diâmetro das partículas poliméricas e também, ao comparar as metodologias avaliadas, identificou a espectroscopia NIR como metodologia preferencial por não exigir preparação da amostra, fornecer respostas em tempo real, sem defasagem de tempo e também por permitir coletar espectros com pequenos intervalos de tempo, garante melhor precisão e evita a perda de informações do processo. / In this work, is the development of a detailed study of the miniemulsion polymerization process monitoring monomer conversion and particle size along process. Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Near Infra Red - NIR) and Raman Spectroscopy were used to conversion and diameter determination. Gravimetric analyses were used to conversion determination. Dynamic Light Scattering (Dynamic Light Scattering - DLS) to particle size determination. It was also object of this study the Mathematical Modeling of Miniemulsion Polymerization Reaction Kinetic, as well as it simulation using Matlab software. The methodology used to obtain the results involved experimental work to synthesize and monitor miniemulsion polystyrene using water-soluble initiator (potassium persulfate), stabilizer (sodium lauryl sulfate) and co-stabilizers (hexadecane and polystyrene) and rotor-stator equipment Ultra Turrax T25 for miniemulsion obtaining. The mathematical model involved the determination of representative phenomenological equations this system, anticipating the possible variations in kinetics and physical-chemical phenomena, resulting from formulation variations mainly by verifying the surfactant concentration [S] to determine the existing nucleation mechanism when compared with the same surfactant critical micelle concentration [CMC]. The provided mechanisms are: micellar nucleation to [S] [CMC], droplets nucleation and homogeneous nucleation to [S] < [CMC]. As a result, this study validated the proposed methods for monitoring conversion and polymer particles diameter and also compare the evaluated methodologies, identifying NIR spectroscopy as a differential method among others for not to require sample preparation, supply answers in real time, no time delay and also to perform in shorter intervals, preventing the loss of process information.

The thesis Diagnostics of rotating electric machines deals with the theory of diagnostics of rotating machines, focusing especially on the diagnosis of asynchronous motors of high power. Due to the importance of maintaining the trouble-free condition of these machines with regard to serviceability, the importance of their diagnosis is growing. Due to inappropriate working conditions or for many other reasons, different types of malfunctions may occur in the machine. The list and the way of occurrence of possible failures are included and explained in this thesis. With the growing age of the machine, it is important to check the insulation status through insulation testing. These tests are performed in the practical part of the thesis and the results are presented. In the case of asynchronous machines, each anomaly leaves a signature in the form of an electrical, magnetic or vibrational signal. These signals are analyzed and evaluated using a specific measuring equipment with the intention of deciding on the current state of the machine. Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) is considered to be the main diagnostic method of asynchronous machines in this thesis. This method is described in detail in this paper and is being applied in electrical engineering.

Cette recherche aborde un des grands défis liés à l'étude empirique des phénomènes linguistiques : l'optimisation des ressources matérielles et humaines pour la transcription. Pour ce faire, elle met en relief l’intérêt de la redite off-line, une méthode de transcription vocale à l’aide d’un logiciel de reconnaissance automatique de la parole inspirée du sous-titrage vocal pour les émissions de télé. La tâche de transcrire la parole spontanée est ardue et complexe; on doit rendre compte de tous les constituants de la communication : linguistiques, extralinguistiques et paralinguistiques, et ce, en dépit des difficultés que posent la parole spontanée, les autocorrections, les hésitations, les répétitions, les variations, les phénomènes de contact. Afin d’évaluer le travail nécessaire pour générer un produit de qualité ont été transcrites par redite une sélection d’interviews du Corpus oral de la langue espagnole à Montréal (COLEM), qui reflète toutes les variétés d'espagnol parlées à Montréal (donc en contact avec le français et l'anglais). La qualité des transcriptions a été évaluée en fonction de leur exactitude, étant donné que plus elles sont exactes, moins le temps de correction est long. Afin d'obtenir des pourcentages d’exactitude plus fidèles à la réalité –même s’ils sont inférieurs à ceux d'autres recherches– ont été pris en compte non seulement les mots incorrectement ajoutés, supprimés ou substitués, mais aussi liées aux signes de ponctuation, aux étiquettes descriptives et aux marques typographiques propres aux conventions de transcription du COLEM. Le temps nécessaire à la production et à la correction des transcriptions a aussi été considéré. Les résultats obtenus ont été comparés à des transcriptions manuelles (dactylographiées) et à des transcriptions automatiques. La saisie manuelle offre la flexibilité nécessaire pour obtenir le niveau d’exactitude requis pour la transcription, mais ce n'est ni la méthode la plus rapide ni la plus rigoureuse. Quant aux transcriptions automatiques, aucune ne remplit de façon satisfaisante les conditions requises pour gagner du temps ou réduire les efforts de révision. On a aussi remarqué que les performances de la reconnaissance automatique de la parole fluctuaient au gré des locuteurs et locutrices et des caractéristiques des enregistrements, causant des écarts considérables dans le temps de correction des transcriptions. Ce sont les transcriptions redites, effectuées en temps réel, qui donnent les résultats les plus stables; et celles qui ont été effectuées avec un logiciel installé sur l'ordinateur sont supérieures aux autres. Puisqu’elle permet de minimiser la variabilité des signaux acoustiques, de fournir les indicateurs pour la représentation de la construction dialogique et de favoriser la reconnaissance automatique du vocabulaire issu de la variation de l'espagnol ainsi que d'autres langues, la méthode de redite ne demande en moyenne que 9,2 minutes par minute d'enregistrement du COLEM, incluant la redite en temps réel et deux révisions effectuées par deux personnes différentes à partir de l’audio. En complément, les erreurs qui peuvent se manifester dans les transcriptions obtenues à l’aide de la technologie intelligente ont été catégorisées, selon qu’il s’agisse de non-respect de l'orthographe ou de la protection des données, d’imprécisions dans la segmentation des unités linguistiques, dans la représentation écrite des mécanismes d'interruption de la séquence de parole, dans la construction dialogique ou dans le lexique. / This research addresses one of the major challenges associated with the empirical study of linguistic phenomena: the optimization of material and human transcription resources. To do so, it highlights the value of off-line respeaking, a method of voice-assisted transcription using automatic speech recognition (ASR) software modelled after voice subtitling for television broadcasts. The task of transcribing spontaneous speech is an arduous and complex one; we must account for all the components of communication: linguistic, extralinguistic and paralinguistic, notwithstanding the difficulties posed by spontaneous speech, self-corrections, hesitations, repetitions, variations and contact phenomena. To evaluate the work required to generate a quality product, a selection of interviews from the Spoken Corpus of the Spanish Language in Montreal (COLEM), which reflects all the varieties of Spanish spoken in Montreal (i.e., in contact with French and English), were transcribed through respeaking. The quality of the transcriptions was evaluated for accuracy, since the more accurate they were, the less time was needed for correction. To obtain accuracy percentages that are closer to reality –albeit lower than those obtained in other research– we considered not only words incorrectly added, deleted, or substituted, but also issues related to punctuation marks, descriptive labels, and typographical markers specific to COLEM transcription conventions. We also considered the time required to produce and correct the transcriptions. The results obtained were compared with manual (typed) and automatic transcriptions. Manual input offers the flexibility needed to achieve the level of accuracy required for transcription, but it is neither the fastest nor the most rigorous method. As for automatic transcriptions, none fully meets the conditions required to save time or reduce editing effort. It has also been noted that the performance of automatic speech recognition fluctuates according to the speakers and the characteristics of the recordings, causing considerable variations in the time needed to correct transcriptions. The most stable results were obtained with respoken transcriptions made in real time, and those made with software installed on the computer were better than others. Since it minimizes the variability of acoustic signals, provides indicators for the representation of dialogical construction, and promotes automatic recognition of vocabulary derived from variations in Spanish as well as other languages, respeaking requires an average of only 9.2 minutes for each minute of COLEM recording, including real-time respeaking and two revisions made from the audio by two different individuals. In addition, the ASR errors have been categorized, depending on whether they concern misspelling or non-compliance with data protection, inaccuracies in the segmentation of linguistic units, in the written representation of speech interruption mechanisms, in dialogical construction or in the lexicon. / Esta investigación se centra en uno de los grandes retos que acompañan al estudio empírico de los fenómenos lingüísticos: la optimización de recursos materiales y humanos para transcribir. Para ello, propone el rehablado off-line, un método de transcripción vocal asistido por una herramienta de reconocimiento automático del habla (RAH) inspirado del subtitulado vocal para programas audiovisuales. La transcripción del habla espontánea es un trabajo intenso y difícil, que requiere plasmar todos los niveles de la comunicación lingüística, extralingüística y paralingüística, con sus dificultades exacerbadas por los retos propios del habla espontánea, como la autocorrección, la vacilación, la repetición, la variación o los fenómenos de contacto. Para medir el esfuerzo que conlleva lograr un producto de calidad, primero se rehablaron una serie de grabaciones del Corpus oral de la lengua española en Montreal (COLEM), que refleja todas las variedades del español en contacto con el francés y el inglés. La calidad de las transcripciones se midió en relación con la exactitud: a mayor exactitud, menor tiempo necesario para la corrección. Se contabilizaron las palabras eliminadas, insertadas y sustituidas incorrectamente; pero también computaron los signos de puntuación, las etiquetas descriptivas y demás marcas tipográficas de las convenciones de transcripción del COLEM; los resultados serían inferiores a los de otros trabajos, pero también más realistas. Asimismo, se consideró el tiempo necesario para producir y corregir las transcripciones. Los resultados se compararon con transcripciones mecanografiadas (manuales) y automáticas. La mecanografía brinda flexibilidad para producir el nivel de detalle de transcripción requerido, pero no es el método más rápido, ni el más exacto. Ninguna de las transcripciones automáticas reúne las condiciones satisfactorias para ganar tiempo ni disminuir esfuerzo. Además, el rendimiento de la tecnología de RAH es muy diferente para determinados hablantes y grabaciones, haciendo fluctuar excesivamente el tiempo de corrección entre una entrevista y otra. Todas las transcripciones rehabladas se hacen en tiempo real y brindan resultados más estables. Las realizadas con un programa instalado en la computadora, que puede editarse, son superiores a las demás. Gracias a las acciones para minimizar la variación en las señales acústicas, suministrar claves de representación de la mecánica conversacional y complementar el reconocimiento automático del léxico en cualquier variedad del español, y en otras lenguas, las transcripciones de las entrevistas del COLEM se rehablaron y se revisaron dos veces con el audio por dos personas en un promedio de 9,2 minutos por minuto de grabación. Adicionalmente, se han categorizado los errores que pueden aparecer en las transcripciones realizadas con la tecnología de RAH según sean infracciones a la ortografía o a la protección de datos, errores de segmentación de las unidades del habla, de representación gráfica de los recursos de interrupción de la cadena hablada, del andamiaje conversacional o de cualquier elemento léxico.

Due to the recursive and integrative nature of zero-velocity-update-aided (ZUPT-aided) inertial navigation systems (INSs), the error covariance increases throughout each ZUPT-less period followed by a drastic decrease and large state estimate corrections as soon as ZUPTs are applied. For dead-reckoning with foot-mounted inertial sensors, this gives undesirable discontinuities in the estimated trajectory at the end of each step. However, for many applications, some degree of lag can be tolerated and the information provided by the ZUPTs at the end of a step can be made available throughout the step, eliminating the discontinuities. For this purpose, we propose a smoothing algorithm for ZUPT-aided INSs. For near real-time applications, smoothing is applied to the data in a step-wise manner requiring a suggested varying-lag segmentation rule. For complete off-line processing, full data set smoothing is examined. Finally, the consequences and impact of smoothing are analyzed and quantified based on real-data. / <p>QC 20130114</p>

Mobile communication is very mature today due to the powerful computation and communication capabilities of mobile devices, the flourishing of mobile networks, the popularity of electronic commerce, and the completeness of e-payment mechanisms. It is a pleasure for mobile users to roam around the mobile networks and enjoy the mobile network services. However, there are a lot of security threats in the mobile networks, and thus we need an anonymous mutual authentication and key exchange scheme to guarantee the security and privacy for mobile users in the networks. A payment protocol is also required for charging the mobile users after using the mobile services. However, the existing payment schemes do not support anonymity and credit-based chargeability at the same time. In this dissertation, we propose a secure authentication scheme such that the mobile users can be anonymously authenticated by the system and the system can still make correct charge to these anonymous mobile users via a credit-based way simultaneously. We also propose a novel e-cash scheme which can support each mobile user to withdraw a generic e-cash and decide to spend it as an on-line e-cash or an off-line e-cash according to the payment requirement of the anonymous authentication scheme. Our proposed schemes are convenient and flexible for the mobile users, the system operator, and the bank. Besides, full privacy can be achieved for mobile users owing to the combination of our proposed schemes, which can be performed in current mobile devices efficiently with few battery energy consumptions. Furthermore, we provide anonymity control, no swindling, tamper resistance, secure mutual authentication, secure key exchange, and secure forward secrecy in the proposed anonymous authentication scheme and the e-cash scheme, where these security features are demonstrated by formal security models and theoretical proofs.