Este trabalho trata sobre o aproveitamento de reservas minerais através dos conceitos de completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, considerando estes conceitos como parte da gestão de recursos e reservas, e como elementos que poderão contribuir para o aumento da vida útil do empreendimento mineiro e para redução de custos unitários. A gestão de recursos e reservas, no universo da mineração, usualmente, tem foco na ativa descoberta, rigor na quantificação e caracterização do minério. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foca no aumento do aproveitamento das reservas minerais em função da identificação e redução de perdas na cadeia produtiva. Tais reduções deverão se aplicar para além da frente de extração do minério (frente de lavra), tratando em especial a questão da recuperação do bem de interesse presente no minério (bem mineral). Apontando no sentido da completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, as soluções propostas para redução das perdas se baseiam em ajustes de operações unitárias e na linearização e integração do aproveitamento do minério numa só cadeia de valor. Desta forma perdas de minério poderão ser transformadas em produto na mesma cadeia, ao invés de considerar aproveitamentos alternativos com diversificação de destinos e produtos. Como estudo de caso, se utilizou a industrialização do folhelho pirobetuminoso do Subgrupo Irati no estado do Paraná - Brasil, operado pela Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. O folhelho pirobetuminoso, mas conhecido como xisto, é um minério cujo principal bem de interesse presente em sua composição é a matéria orgânica que quando decomposta termicamente produz óleo e gás. Para este aproveitamento do folhelho pirobetuminoso há uma cadeia produtiva com três grandes processos: mineração; tratamento de minérios e processamento. Sendo que, se tem associado a cada um destes processos, perdas de minério, que, se reduzidas, considerando o potencial energético e restrições para o processamento, implicam em maior aproveitamento das reservas minerais. / This work is about the use of mineral reserves through of the concepts of complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, and considers these concepts as part of the management of resources and reserves, and also consider that these concepts help to increase the life of the venture mining and to reduce unit costs. The management of resources and reserves in the world of mining usually has focused on active discovery and accuracy in the quantification and characterization of the ore. The methodology used in this work focuses on increasing the use of mineral reserves according to the identification and reduction of losses in the productive chain of mining beyond the front of extraction of ore (front of mine), addressing in particular the question of the recovery of valuable mineral ore (mineral-ore). Pointing towards the complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, the proposed solutions for reducing losses are based on adequacy of the unit operations and linearization and integration of the use of ore in a single value chain, so that losses of ore can be processed into product in the same chain instead of considering alternative uses with diversification of destinations and products. As a case study has the industrialization of the oil shale of the Subgroup Irati of the state Paraná - Brazil, operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. Oil shale is a ore whose mineral of interest in this composition is the organic matters that when thermally decomposed produces oil and gas. To achieve the production of oil and gas from the oil shale ore is subjected to three main processes within a supply chain: mining, ore processing and; processing. Since, it has been associated to each of these cases, loss of ore which reduced involve greater use of mineral reserves, considering the energy potential and limitations for the processing of oil shale.

The Eagle Ford is a well-known source rock for both sandstone (Woodbine) and carbonate (Austin and Buda) hydrocarbon reservoirs in East and South Texas. Recent discoveries have demonstrated that source rocks, such as the Eagle Ford, are capable of producing significant volumes of gas and oil. At the same time, variations in well producibility indicate that these rocks, like conventional reservoirs, display considerable geological heterogeneity. Yet, only limited research has been published on the subsurface stratigraphy and character of Eagle Ford facies. Understanding the types, controls, and distribution of these heterogeneities requires in-depth rock-based studies. In order to characterize Eagle Ford facies, 27 cores from 13 counties were investigated for rock textures, fabrics, sedimentary structures, and fossil assemblages. These studies were supported by light and electron microscopy as well as analysis of elemental chemistry and mineralogy. Regional subsurface stratigraphic correlations and facies distributions were defined using wireline logs calibrated from core studies. In South Texas, the Eagle Ford Formation was deposited during a second-order transgressive/regressive cycle on the flooded, oxygen-restricted Comanche Shelf. Nine depositional facies consisting predominately of organic-rich, fine-grained (5.0 % TOC) to coarser-grained (3.05 % TOC) fabrics were identified. Facies developed in low-energy environments episodically interrupted by higher-energy, event sedimentation (current winnowing, cohesive and non-cohesive density flows, and turbidity flows). Locally, these rocks show evidence of early diagenetic recrystallization of calcite. Concurrent water anoxia and organic matter preservation persisted locally into later Austin deposition, resulting in formation of a three-fold division of the Cenomanian-Coniacian Eagle Ford Formation. Common facies of lower and upper Eagle Ford members include (1) unlaminated, fissile, clay- and silica-rich, organic-rich mudrocks, (2) laminated, calcareous, organic-rich mudrocks, and (3) laminated, foraminifera- and peloid-rich, organic-rich packstones. The transitional Eagle Ford member consists of highly-cyclic (1) ripple-laminated, organic-rich wackestone (cycle base) and (2) burrowed, organic-lean lime wackestones (cycle top). Transitional Eagle Ford facies developed in oxygen-restricted, basinal depositional environments as distal equivalents to burrowed, foraminiferal lime wackestones of the Austin Formation. Facies complexities in the Eagle Ford stem from complicated and interrelated processes of sediment production and distribution, diagenesis, and water column chemistry. Integrated core studies shed light on both controls of facies formation and their spatial distribution. These findings provide a framework for upscaling the fine-scale, heterogeneous character of shelfal Eagle Ford mudrocks; thus allowing development of predictive models into the distribution of key reservoir properties in the subsurface. / text

Wicked problems are a special subset of particularly complex issues that current problem-solving tools fail tofully address. Because of this deficiency, a new tool for evaluating and resolving wicked problems must be developed. Theories such as anti-positivism and systems thinking are explored in order to understand the nature of wicked problems, which are often defined by the involvement of multiple stakeholders as well as non-linear interrelations between various elements of the problem. Although traditional problem-solving methods are inadequate for wicked problems, there are certain tools that are more appropriate for handling such problems. These tools include the analytic hierarchy process, positional analysis, mess maps and heat maps. With their organized structures, visual languages and collaborative processes, these methods provide features that are well suited for tackling wicked problems. However, no single tool incorporates all of the necessary features. Therefore, a combination of the tools explored can yield a new and even more effective tool for wicked problems. This new tool, called STORM, is demonstrated through an evaluation of oil shale exploitation in Estonia. With Estonia currently dependent on energy from oil shale despite the environmental drawbacks, the situation is an ideal example of a wicked problem. The Estonian example shows how STORM can provide a greater understanding of wicked problems and allow resolutions to be negotiated. As sustainable development issues are usually considered to be wickedto sustainable development research.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The automated composting has been recommended in Brazil as a promising strategy for the treatment of large volumes of liquid waste generated in pig farms, to mitigate the pollution potential of the same. But one of the composting problems are the loss of nitrogen (N) through the emission of gases such as ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O). Althoug the reduction of these losses can be achieved by adding substances to the pig slurry (PS) during composting, little is known about the effect of such additives in the compound decomposition rate in the soil and its capacity to supply the crops N. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding retorted oil shale (ROS) and nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) to PS during their automated composting on carbon (C) and N mineralization of compounds in two types of soil with contrasting texture (Ultisol and Oxisol) and its relation to the accumulation of N in the culture of arugula (Eruca sativa). The work was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, in July 2015 to January 2016, consisting of an incubation experiment in the laboratory and the other in a greenhouse. The incubation experiment was conducted for 180 days under controlled temperature (25 °C) and humidity (80% of field capacity), in order to evaluate the mineralization of C and N in the soil. In each soil, they were evaluated the following treatments, with four replications and completely randomized design: T1- control without application of compost; T2- Compost with the application of only the PS at the substrate (mixture of wood shavings and sawdust) during composting; T3- Compost with added retorted oil shale (ROS) to PS during composting; T4- Compost with added ROS + DCD to PS during composting. In the greenhouse, we evaluated the effect of these same treatments of incubation on green mass (MG) production and dry (MD) and the accumulation of N in the culture of the arugula in two successive cuts, for 58 days of cultivation. The added amounts C and that was mineralized to 180 days in Latossolo ranged from 11.6 to 14.6% between the treatments T2, T3, T4, with no significant difference between them. In Ultisol mineralization index added C was significantly higher for the treatment T2 (21%) the average of the T3 and T4 (9.5%) which did not differ. The net N mineralization was observed only in treatment T2, with compost of DLS with additives (T3 and T4) showing occurrence of liquid N immobilization throughout the incubation period in both soils. The greater N mineralization rate for treatment T2 occurred in Argisol (19.4%) than in Latossol (10.8%). The addition of composts of DLS with (T2) and no additives (T2, T3, T4) provided an increase in the green and dry matter production and accumulation of nitrogen in the Arugula culture in both soils. In this way the use of the composts with and without additives is interesting for fertilization of cultures, it may increase in plant production, reduce environmental impacts and increase organic matter to the soil. / A compostagem automatizada vem sendo preconizada no Brasil como uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento do grande volume de dejetos líquidos gerados na suinocultura, visando mitigar o potencial poluidor dos mesmos. Porém, um dos problemas da compostagem são as perdas de nitrogênio (N) através da emissão de gases como amônia (NH3) e óxido nitroso (N2O). Embora a redução dessas perdas possa ser obtida através da adição de substâncias aos dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) durante a sua compostagem, pouco se conhece sobre o efeito de tais aditivos na taxa de decomposição do composto no solo e na sua capacidade de suprir N às culturas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de xisto retortado (XR) e do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD) aos DLS durante a sua compostagem automatizada, sobre a mineralização do carbono (C) e do N dos compostos em dois tipos de solo com textura contrastante (Argissolo e Latossolo) e sua relação com o acúmulo de N pela cultura da rúcula (Eruca sativa). O trabalho foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, em julho de 2015 a janeiro 2016, constando de um experimento de incubação em laboratório e outro em casa de vegetação. O experimento de incubação foi conduzido por 180 dias em condições controladas de temperatura (25 oC) e umidade do solo (80% da capacidade de campo) com o intuito de avaliar a mineralização do C e do N no solo. Em cada solo, foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos, com quatro repetições, no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado: T1- Testemunha sem aplicação de composto; T2- Composto com a aplicação somente de DLS no substrato (mistura de serragem + maravalha) durante a compostagem; T3- Composto com adição de xisto retortado (XR) aos DLS durante a compostagem; T4- Composto com adição de XR + DCD aos DLS durante a compostagem. Em casa de vegetação, foi avaliado o efeito dos mesmos tratamentos da incubação sobre a produção de massa verde (MV) e seca (MS) e o acúmulo de N na cultura da rúcula, em dois cortes sucessivos, durante 58 dias de cultivo. As quantidades C adicionadas e que foi mineralizada aos 180 dias no Latossolo, variaram de 11,6 e 14,6% entre os tratamentos T2, T3, T4, sem diferença significativa entre os mesmos. No argissolo o índice de mineralização do C adicionado foi significativamente maior para o tratamento T2 (21%) a média dos tratamentos T3 e T4 (9,5%) os quais não diferiram entre si. A mineralização líquida de N ocorreu apenas no tratamento T2, com os compostos de DLS com aditivos (T3 e T4) mostrando ocorrência de imobilização líquida de N durante todo período de incubação nos dois solos. O maior índice de mineralização do N para o tratamento T2 ocorreu no Argissolo (19,4%) do que no Latossolo (10,8%). A adição dos compostos de DLS com (T2) e sem aditivos (T2, T3, T4) proporcionou um incremento nas produções de massa verde e seca e no acúmulo de N na cultura da rúcula em ambos os solos. Desta maneira o uso do composto com e sem aditivos é interessante para a fertilização de culturas, pois pode incrementar na produção de plantas, reduzir impactos ambientais e incrementar matéria orgânica ao solo.

Este trabalho trata sobre o aproveitamento de reservas minerais através dos conceitos de completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, considerando estes conceitos como parte da gestão de recursos e reservas, e como elementos que poderão contribuir para o aumento da vida útil do empreendimento mineiro e para redução de custos unitários. A gestão de recursos e reservas, no universo da mineração, usualmente, tem foco na ativa descoberta, rigor na quantificação e caracterização do minério. A metodologia utilizada neste trabalho foca no aumento do aproveitamento das reservas minerais em função da identificação e redução de perdas na cadeia produtiva. Tais reduções deverão se aplicar para além da frente de extração do minério (frente de lavra), tratando em especial a questão da recuperação do bem de interesse presente no minério (bem mineral). Apontando no sentido da completa extração e adequada utilização do minério, as soluções propostas para redução das perdas se baseiam em ajustes de operações unitárias e na linearização e integração do aproveitamento do minério numa só cadeia de valor. Desta forma perdas de minério poderão ser transformadas em produto na mesma cadeia, ao invés de considerar aproveitamentos alternativos com diversificação de destinos e produtos. Como estudo de caso, se utilizou a industrialização do folhelho pirobetuminoso do Subgrupo Irati no estado do Paraná - Brasil, operado pela Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. O folhelho pirobetuminoso, mas conhecido como xisto, é um minério cujo principal bem de interesse presente em sua composição é a matéria orgânica que quando decomposta termicamente produz óleo e gás. Para este aproveitamento do folhelho pirobetuminoso há uma cadeia produtiva com três grandes processos: mineração; tratamento de minérios e processamento. Sendo que, se tem associado a cada um destes processos, perdas de minério, que, se reduzidas, considerando o potencial energético e restrições para o processamento, implicam em maior aproveitamento das reservas minerais. / This work is about the use of mineral reserves through of the concepts of complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, and considers these concepts as part of the management of resources and reserves, and also consider that these concepts help to increase the life of the venture mining and to reduce unit costs. The management of resources and reserves in the world of mining usually has focused on active discovery and accuracy in the quantification and characterization of the ore. The methodology used in this work focuses on increasing the use of mineral reserves according to the identification and reduction of losses in the productive chain of mining beyond the front of extraction of ore (front of mine), addressing in particular the question of the recovery of valuable mineral ore (mineral-ore). Pointing towards the complete extraction and appropriate use of the ore, the proposed solutions for reducing losses are based on adequacy of the unit operations and linearization and integration of the use of ore in a single value chain, so that losses of ore can be processed into product in the same chain instead of considering alternative uses with diversification of destinations and products. As a case study has the industrialization of the oil shale of the Subgroup Irati of the state Paraná - Brazil, operated by Petróleo Brasileiro S. A. - PETROBRAS. Oil shale is a ore whose mineral of interest in this composition is the organic matters that when thermally decomposed produces oil and gas. To achieve the production of oil and gas from the oil shale ore is subjected to three main processes within a supply chain: mining, ore processing and; processing. Since, it has been associated to each of these cases, loss of ore which reduced involve greater use of mineral reserves, considering the energy potential and limitations for the processing of oil shale.

Oil shale industry in Estonia is looking at other mining technologies as alternative to strip mining and room and pillar mining methods. One such alternative to the room and pillar method is the punch-longwall mining method. Enefit Kaevandused AS, one of the major oil shale companies in Estonia, plans to employ this technology in exploiting some of its resources in the near future. This thesis examines the different stability problems related to the planned punch-longwall mining project in Narva oil shale mine. Determining optimal chain pillar dimensions and stability of the punch-longwall highwall slope are the main objectives of this project. Rock mechanical analyses have been done and recommendations are made based on the rock mechanical aspect of the mining process. Taavi Lõhmuste is responsible for the chain pillar stability analysis and Ott Oisalu for the punch-longwall highwall slope stability analysis. It is essential to understand the geology of a certain area in order to make accurate stability assessments. Because of the previously stated requirements, the geology of Estonian oil shale deposit is examined in the first part of the thesis in order to determine the geological and rock mechanical conditions to set the foundation for further analyses. In conclusion, for the part of the highwall slope, a properly designed barrier pillar plays a key role in the stability of the slope. After reviewing and analyzing the results of both highwall slope numerical models, it can be stated that the minimum length for the barrier pillar that still will yield in stable highwall slope is 65 meters. For the part of the chain pillars, in conclusion, it can be determined that optimal chain pillar dimensions that should be suitable, from the stability standpoint, are 6x6 meters for 3-entry system and 7x7 meters for 2-entry system (length x width).

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:25:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SandraCogo.pdf: 2373636 bytes, checksum: d172850e1c9a8f32913efad65b0c7579 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / In Brazil there are three major sedimentary basins and one of them is a sedimentary basin of Parana, which covers several states. Based on environmental concerns and reuse of waste accumulated there, spectroscopic techniques can be used to better characterize the byproducts of ore tailings and oil shale exploited, extracted this basin, in the portion of Irati formation, a mining of Petrobras, the Petrosix, installed since 1970, which transforms the organic matter contained in the ore in oil, gas and water. Samples of calschist (CS) shale fine (SF) and retorted shale (RS) were collected in different stages of the process there developed (from the mining to pyrolysis) and after macerated and broken down into sieve of 1mm to are calcined at different temperatures (200, 400 and 700 C) and washed in hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to study the organic radical. Using Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) were observed signs of Fe3+, Mn2+, as well as the organic radical in g = 2,003. A sign in g = 2,000 ± 3 was observed in samples of CS and SF, both in the samples calcined and in not calcined. When done the washing with H2O2 in the samples, this signal appears both in samples of CS and SF as well as the sample of the RS. This signal can be attributed to a defect in the structure of the quartz. / No Brasil existem três grandes bacias sedimentares e uma delas é a bacia sedimentar do Paraná, a qual abrange vários estados brasileiros. Com base em preocupações ambientais e de reaproveitamento dos resíduos ali acumulados, técnicas espectroscópicas podem ser usadas, para uma melhor caracterização desses subprodutos e rejeitos do minério Xisto (folhelho pirobetuminoso) da porção da Formação Irati, explorado e extraído pela mineradora da Petrobrás, a Petrosix, instalada desde 1970, que transforma a matéria orgânica contida nesse minério em óleo, gás e água. As amostras de Cal Xisto (CX), Fino do Xisto (FX) e Xisto Retortado (XR) foram recolhidas, em fases diferentes do processo lá desenvolvido (desde a mineração a pirólise) e logo após maceradas e desagregadas em peneira de 1 mm, foram calcinadas em temperaturas diferentes (200, 400 e 700C) e lavadas em peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) para estudo do radical orgânico. Utilizando a Ressonância Paramagnética Eletrônica (RPE) foram observados os sinais de Fe3+e Mn2+ , assim como do radical orgânico em g=2,003. Um sinal em g=2,000±3 foi observado nas amostras de CX e FX, tanto nas amostras calcinadas como nas não calcinadas. Quando realizada a lavagem com H2O2 nas amostras, este sinal aparece tanto nas amostras de CX e FX como também na amostra do XR. Este sinal pode ser atribuído a um defeito na estrutura do quartzo.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo apresentar uma estimativa preliminar do volume de recurso contingente não-convencionais de folhelhos oleígenos (oil shale) na Formação Tremembé através de métodos probabilísticos aplicados à informações compiladas de bibliografias existentes sobre a bacia. Como base para esta estimativa utilizou-se informações obtidas através de sísmica 2D, poços existentes na área e perfis geoquímicos. Através da interpretação dos mesmos foram gerados os valores de inputs para os parâmetros utilizados no cálculo, como: espessura econômica, densidade do minério e valor de Ensaio Fisher (Litros de óleo por tonelada de rocha). Para a análise foi construída uma planilha Excel no qual já descrito cada parâmetro do cálculo. Foi utilizado o software @Risk, da Palisade Inc., que é capaz de atribuir distribuições estatísticas a parâmetros utilizados no cálculo obtendo, a partir do método Monte Carlo, distribuições dos possíveis resultados. A metodologia apresentada se demonstra mais adequada ao caso em estudo que o método determinístico, devido a restrição e ausência da precisão dos dados o que aumentaria as incertezas e as chances de erro no cálculo do volume, podendo impossibilitar uma avaliação, no caso do segundo. A metodologia probabilística ao mesmo tempo em que permite uma avaliação preliminar na ausência de dados precisos, ela gera cenários probabilísticos de resultados, possibilitando a antecipação da tomada de decisões em um projeto, permitindo sua continuação ou abandono. / This paper aims to present a preliminary estimate of the volume of unconventional resource (oil shale) in Tremembé Formation, with probabilistic methods applied to previous studies in the basin. The estimate was based on 2D seismic, well and geochemical profiles. The interpretation of these values were generated for the input parameters used in the calculation, such as economic thickness, density and value of the Fisher Assay (liters of oil per tonne of rock). The analysis was done in Excel with a description of each parameter used. The plug-in software @ Risk (Palisade Inc.) was used, enabling statistical distributions and the use of Monte Carlo simulation in the estimate. The methodology proved to be more appropriate to the case study than to the deterministic method, due to restriction and lack of accurate data which would increase the uncertainties and the chances of error in calculating the volume, allowing a preliminary assessment generating distributions probabilistic results, enabling the anticipation of the decision-making process.

The recovery characteristics of Bolu-Himmetoglu, Bolu-Hatildag, K&uuml / tahya- Seyit&ouml / mer, and Nigde-Ulukisla oil shale samples and Bati Raman, &Ccedil / amurlu, and Garzan crude oil samples were tested experimentally using retort and microwave heating techniques. Many parameters like heating time, porosity, water saturation were studied. To enhance the efficiency of the processes three different iron powders (i.e. / Fe, Fe2O3, and FeCl3) were added to the samples and the doses of the iron powders were optimized. While crude oil viscosities were measured to explain the fluid rheologies, since it is impossible to measure the shale oil viscosity at the laboratory conditions due to its very high viscosity, shale oil viscosities were obtained numerically by using the electrical heating option of a reservoir simulator (CMG, STARS 2007) by matching between the laboratory and numerical oil production and temperature distribution results. Then the field scale simulations for retorting of oil shale and crude oil fields were conducted. Since the microwave heating cannot be simulated by CMG, STARS, microwave heating was modeled analytically. In order to explain the feasibility of heating processes, an economic evaluation was carried out. The experimental, numerical, and analytical results show that field scale oil recovery from oil shales and heavy crude oils by electrical and electromagnetic heating could be economically viable. While microwave heating is advantageous from an operational point of view, retorting is advantageous if the technically feasibility of the study is considered.