Orientadores: Telma Teixeira Franco, Gustavo Paim Valença / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T22:38:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Reis_ErikaMarques_M.pdf: 5864399 bytes, checksum: 2029f038d594a8b5a6f1c34fc59a68f5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A procura por combustíveis renováveis tem aumentado e o óleo vegetal transesterificado (biodiesel) surge como alternativa mais promissora em relação ao petróleo e seus derivados, superando problemas de matrizes energéticas e ambientais. A obtenção do biodiesel é de interesse estratégico, por sua viabilidade econômica e a fácil adaptação no mercado de combustíveis. As principais matérias-primas do biodiesel são espécies vegetais oleaginosas com diferentes níveis de produtividade e adaptação a cada região do Brasil. Além das plantas oleaginosas, leveduras, fungos e microalgas são capazes de acumular lipídios, desempenhando papel fundamental na substituição de biodiesel oriundo de vegetais. A Agência Nacional de Petróleo (ANP) permitiu a incorporação de 10% de biodiesel ao diesel promovendo grande aumento na demanda de biodiesel. O presente trabalho tem como proposta investigar a transesterificação convencional e in situ da levedura Lipomyces starkeyi por rota etílica na presença de catalisadores (NaOH e H2SO4 ) para obtenção de biodiesel. No presente estudo a concentração mássica de lipídios de L. starkeyi pelo método Bligh & Dyer (51,15% ± 1,48) e o efeito do solvente sobre a extração lipídica por Soxhlet de L. starkeyi (hexano 2,36%, clorofórmio: metanol (44,75%) e etanol (32,76%) e Butt (hexano 26,18%, clorofórmio: metanol (40,81%) e etanol (30,19%) foram estudados. A eficiência da extração está relacionada diretamente com a polaridade do solvente. A composição do óleo foi determinada pela esterificação a ésteres metílicos e analisados por cromatografia gasosa. O óleo de L. starkeyi é composto basicamente por seis ácidos graxos entre 14 e 18 carbonos, com baixo grau de insaturação, característica desejável para a produção de biodiesel. A caracterização do óleo foi determinada por métodos teóricos e experimentais. A determinação de acilgliceróis por cromatografia líquida de alta perfomance por exclusão de tamanho do óleo observou-se que o hexano e clorofórmio: metanol obtiveram maior concentração de triacilglicerídios que o etanol. As transesterificaçoes in situ catálise ácida foi analisada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrômetro de massas. / Abstract: The demand for renewable fuels has increased and transesterified vegetable oil (biodiesel) emerges as a promising alternative to oil and its derivatives, overcoming problems of energy and environmental matrices. Obtaining biodiesel is of strategic interest for its economic viability and the easy adaptation of the fuel market. The main raw materials of vegetable oil biodiesel are species with different levels of productivity and adaptation to each region of Brazil. In addition to the oil plants, yeasts, microalgae and fungi are able to accumulate lipids, playing a key role in the replacement of biodiesel derived from vegetable. The National Petroleum Agency ( ANP ) has allowed the incorporation of 10 % biodiesel to diesel promoting large increase in demand for biodiesel . This paper aims to investigate the transesterification in situ and conventional yeast Lipomyces starkeyi by ethyl route in the presence of catalysts ( NaOH and H2SO4) to obtain biodiesel . In this study the mass concentration of lipids of L. starkeyi method by Bligh & Dyer ( 51.15% ± 1.48 ) and the effect of solvent on the extraction of lipids by Soxhlet ( 2.36% hexane , chloroform : methanol ( 44.75% ) and ethanol ( 32.76 %) and Butt ( 26.18% hexane , chloroform : methanol ( 40.81 %) and ethanol ( 30,19 % ) were studied the extraction efficiency is directly related to the polarity of the solvent . The oil composition was determined by esterification to methyl esters and analyzed by gas chromatography. The oil L. Starkeyi is basically composed of six fatty acids between 14 and 18 carbons, with a low degree of unsaturation, a desirable characteristic for the production of biodiesel . The characterization of the oil was determined by theoretical and experimental methods. The determination of glycerides by liquid chromatography high performance size exclusion of the oil showed that the hexane and chloroform: methanol showed higher concentration of triacylglycerols that ethanol. The transesterifications in situ acid catalysis was analyzed by gas chromatography- mass spectrometry. / Mestrado / Engenharia de Processos / Mestra em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Elias Basile Tambourgi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T13:33:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SilvaFilho_SilverioCaturebada_M.pdf: 11803968 bytes, checksum: ac0bf42e347c7b4054a37bc3d2706838 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi mostrar como reduzir os impactos ambientais causados pelos óleos de frituras usados, através da produção de biodiesel. O estudo foi realizado na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil, na qual foi realizada uma análise dos custos e da logística da produção do biodiesel. Para tanto, os óleos de fritura usados foram coletados em algumas residências da cidade, misturado com etanol nas algumas proporções de 1:9 até 1:5 e transesterificados a 60°C, por 30min ou 90 min, para obter o biodiesel, usando o NaOH como catalisador. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas mostraram que os biodieseis obtidos encontraram-se dentro dos padrões da legislação brasileira. Este combustível pode ser usado nas frotas de ônibus, caminhões e máquinas, ou pode ser vendido para a um distribuidor; o que irá reduzir os custos com a aquisição de combustível entre U$ 0,8 e 4,5 milhões. Assim, Campinas poderá ganhar créditos ambientais e tornar-se uma cidade sustentável. Como proposta para coleta dos óleos usados, sugere-se o uso do plano logístico da coleta de lixo, através da anexação de um reservatório para os óleos, nos caminhões de lixo. A planta de biodiesel deve ser instalada no Distrito de Barão Geraldo, por estar próximo à refinaria de petróleo de Paulínia, às auto-estradas de grande importância nacional e às indústrias farmacêuticas, pois facilitará à aquisição de insumos e a distribuição e venda dos produtos / Abstract: The objective of this work was to show to reduce the environmental impacts of used cooking oils through the production of biodiesel. This study was conducted in Campinas city, São Paulo state from Brazil, in which were make an analysis of cost and logistic of the biodiesel producing. Cooking oils collected from Campinas homes were mixed with ethanol in some proportions and transesterified at 60°C, for 30 min or 90 min, in order to obtain biodiesel, using NaOH as a catalyst. The results of the physical-chemical analyses demonstrated that the biodiesels obtained possessed characteristics close to those required by Brazilian standards. This fuel could be used in fleets of buses, trucks and machines, or even sold to fuel distributors; which will be able to give a solving between U$ 0.8 and 4.5 millions. Thus, Campinas would gain environmental credits and become a sustainable city. As a proposal to collect the used cooking oils must be used the logistical planning to collect of garbage from Campinas houses, thought of one reservoir attached in garbage trucks. The biodiesel industrial plant must be placed in Barão Geraldo district, due to be next of petroleum refinery from Paulínia, highways of national importance and pharmaceutical industries; because it facilitates the acquisition of inputs and the distribution and sale of products / Mestrado / Sistemas de Processos Quimicos e Informatica / Mestre em Engenharia Química

Orientador: Antonio Jose de Almeida Meirelles / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:50:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cren_ErikaCristina_M.pdf: 1127595 bytes, checksum: 7415435cfaea6997d1e6216cfc7a873c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Mestrado / Engenharia de Alimentos / Mestre em Engenharia de Alimentos

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (PhD (Food Science))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Food Science / unrestricted

It is the purpose of this work to study the solubility of naphthalene, the simplest polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as a function of the salt content and the temperature, in ranges that span those likely to be found in natural ecosystems. Another goal is to set up a high-pressure generator, to study the effect of pressure on the solubility of hydrocarbons.

No description available.

Forty four first-calf heifers were randomly selected to determine lactational and metabolic responses to high fat diets and isoacids. All heifers were allowed ad libitum consumption of a control diet for the first 2 weeks of lactation and then offered experimental diets Eor the next 4 weeks. Each 6 cows of twenty four were randomly assigned to 1) a control diet (C) with 35.2% corn silage, 14.4% alfalfa haylage and 50.4% concentrate (dry matter basis), 2) C with 2% calcium stearate (S) substituted for corn grain, 3) C with 2% tallow (T) for corn grain, and 4) C with 10% whole cottonseed (W) for corn grain, cottonseed meal and cottonseed hulls. The remaining 20 heifers were randomly assigned to diets C, S, T, and W, each with 4g/kg isoacids added (CI, SI, TI, and WI). Fat supplementation or isoacid addition did not affect milk production. Addition cf isoacid increased milk fat percentage, 4% fat-corrected milk, milk fat production (kg/day) and dry matter intake. Differences due tc isoacid were greatest when added to W. Increased milk lactose percentage and weight gain were evident in animal receiving WI compared to W ration. Fat supplementation depressed percentages cf milk fat, milk lactose and milk solids-not-fat. Milk protein percentage and somatic cell count were not affected by treatments. Plasma glucose,and glucose and epinephrine challenge parameters were not affected by diet. Peak plasma non-esterified fatty acid response to epinephrine injection, detected at 10 to 12 minites, was similar for C, S, T, and W. Concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids (VFA) and total VFA in rumen fluid were increased by fat supplements. Isoacid addition increased the amounts of isobutyrate and isovalerate; however, acetate and total VFA concentrations were decreased compared to CI when isoacids were added to high fat diets. The ratio of acetate to propionate was similar for all diets. Digestibilities cf dry matter, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber were not influenced by diet. The efficiency of energy utilization was highest for control diet. In conclusion, lactational, metabolic, and physiological responses to S, CI, and WI were favorable. Responses to W were lowest. / M.S.

Eighty-six crossbred (Duroc x Yorkshire) gilts were used in two trials (50 gilts in Trial 1 and 36 gilts in Trial 2) for an assessment of the effect of supplemental dietary fat during early gestation on fetal survival, fetal development, and fatty acid concentration in gilt plasma and fetal head and body. Three diets contained 4% (w/w) added fat either as coconut, soybean, or fish (menhaden) oils. A fourth diet was used as a control. On d 37 to 45 postbreeding, gilts were slaughtered and numerous fetal and ovarian measurements made. Two sets of four randomly selected fetuses per gilt from Trial 1 were prepared. Blood samples from each gilt were obtained on the day of slaughter for determination of the plasma fatty acid profile. Across both trials, percentage fetal survival did not differ according to treatment, but in Trial 2 fetal survival was higher (P < .06) for gilts fed fish oil, compared with the controls. The fatty acid profile of plasma of gilts and the conceptus tissues were similar; both were influenced by the fatty acid concentration of the diets. The ratio of n-3/n-6 fatty acids was higher in conceptus tissue than in maternal plasma and the ratio was higher (P < .05) for the fish oil diet compared with the other diets. The relatively high concentration of omega-3 fatty acids in fetal tissues supports the hypothesis that omega-3 fatty acids play a role in the development of the pig conceptus and contributes to improve fetal survival. However, the high percentage fetal survival observed in all the treatments may have masked benefits of supplemental oil. / Master of Science

The effects of varied concentrations of a natural sewage grease on the oxidative activities of activated sludge were investigated in an effort to determine the feasibility of using activated sludge as a treatment method for wastes high in grease content. The method employed to measure the oxidative activities of the activated sludge was the standard Warburg respirometer technique. Cumulative net BOD curves were plotted to determine the magnitude of the oxidation. Total grease analyses were performed throughout the test period to establish a definitive pattern of depletion by oxidation. The experimental results indicated that the grease was completely assimulated within 24 hours and that there were no adverse pH changes during the course of oxidation. On the basis of the experimental evidence activated sludge shows great promise as a treatment method for wastes high in grease content. / Master of Science

Master of Science